73-423: Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
146-482: A new trial for Joan of Arc (c. 1412–1431), at which she was posthumously vindicated. Callixtus III canonized the following four saints during his pontificate: Vincent Ferrer (3 June 1455), Osmund (1 January 1457), Albert of Trapani (15 October 1457), and Rose of Viterbo (1457). Callixtus III elevated nine new cardinals into the cardinalate in two consistories on 20 February 1456 and 17 December 1456, two of whom were cardinal nephews . The first of them
219-499: A "permanent" deacon (one not intending to become a priest) is decided by the regional episcopal conference . Matrimony , or Marriage, is another sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church, and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission. This sacrament, seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church, establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond, sealed by God. Accordingly,
292-499: A child reaches the age of reason. U.S. dioceses complied but did not bring confirmation forward with it from a subsequent age. The Sacrament of Penance (or Reconciliation) is the first of two sacraments of healing. The Catechism of the Catholic Church mentions in the following order and capitalization different names of the sacrament, calling it the sacrament of conversion, Penance, confession, forgiveness and Reconciliation. It
365-556: A deacon configures the man in the service of the bishop, especially in the Church's exercise of Christian charity towards the poor, and preaching of the word of God. Men who discern a vocation to the priesthood are required by canon law (canon 1032 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law ) to undertake a seminary program with graduate level philosophical and theological studies and a formation program that includes spiritual direction , retreats , apostolate experience, and learning some Latin. The course of studies in preparation for ordination as
438-412: A grave sin must receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before coming to communion." Regarding marriage, "basing itself on Sacred Scripture, which presents homosexual acts as acts of grave depravity, tradition has always declared that 'homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered' [...] contrary to the natural law." "The ordination of women is not possible." The efficacy of sacraments does not depend on
511-573: A lay person delegated by the diocesan Bishop with the approval of the Episcopal Conference and the permission of the Holy See ) and at least two other witnesses, though in the theological tradition of the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament uniquely are the couple themselves. For a valid marriage, a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self-giving to
584-506: A life of virtue." Later, as pope, Borgia canonized Ferrer on 3 June 1455. Borgia was chosen as a delegate of the Diocese of Lerida to the Council of Constance in 1416, but did not partake in the proceedings as King Alfonso V of Aragon was opposed to the council. Because of this he went to Barcelona as a representative of his diocese in a synod. Borgia cared strongly for the reestablishment of
657-442: A marriage between baptized people, validly entered into and consummated, cannot be dissolved. The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children. As a condition for validity, the sacrament is celebrated in the presence of the local Ordinary or Parish Priest or of a cleric delegated by them (or in certain limited circumstances
730-547: A professor of law at the University of Lleida ; he later served as a diplomat for the kings of Aragon . He became a tutor for King Alfonso V 's illegitimate son Ferdinand . After arranging a reconciliation between Alfonso and Pope Martin V , Borgia was made Bishop of Valencia. In 1444, Pope Eugene IV named him a cardinal , and Borgia became a member of the Roman Curia. During the siege of Belgrade (1456) , Callixtus initiated
803-716: A special authority. More precisely, they are not found in Gratian 's Decretum or the three official collections of the Corpus Juris Canonici (the Decretals of Gregory IX , the Sixth Book of the Decretals , and the Clementines ). The term was first applied to those papal documents which Gratian had not inserted in his "Decree" (about 1140), but which, however, were binding upon
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#1732849016973876-650: A title given to the collection by Jean Chappuis in the Paris edition of the "Corpus Juris" (1499 1505). He adopted the systematic order of the official collections of canon law, and classified in a similar way the "Extravagantes" commonly met with (hence "Extravagantes communes") in the manuscripts and editions of the Corpus Juris . This collection contains decretals of the following popes the regnal years of whom span two hundred years, from 1281 to 1482: Martin IV , Boniface VIII (notably
949-486: Is "strengthened and deepened." Like baptism, confirmation may be received only once, and the recipient must be in a state of grace (meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin ) in order to receive its effects. The "originating" minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop ; if a priest (a "presbyter") confers the sacrament – as is done ordinarily in the Eastern Churches and in special cases (such as
1022-531: Is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone." The word "priest" here (in Latin sacerdos ) includes both bishops and those priests who are also called presbyters . Deacons as well as priests ( sacerdotes ) are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion, and lay people may be authorized to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion. The Eucharistic celebration
1095-478: Is accepted, provided that the water flows over the skin, since otherwise it is not a washing. Confirmation or Chrismation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation. "It is called Chrismation (in the Eastern Churches: anointing with holy myron or chrism) because the essential rite of the sacrament is anointing with chrism. It is called Confirmation because it confirms and strengthens baptismal grace." It
1168-611: Is being increasingly restored. The Eucharist, also called the Blessed Sacrament , is the sacrament – the third of Christian initiation, the one that the Catechism of the Catholic Church says "completes Christian initiation" – by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and participate in the Eucharistic memorial of his one sacrifice. The first of these two aspects of
1241-489: Is bound by the " seal of confession ", which is inviolable. "Accordingly, it is absolutely wrong for a confessor in any way to betray the penitent, for any reason whatsoever, whether by word or in any other fashion." A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication whose lifting is reserved to the Holy See . In some dioceses, certain sins are "reserved" which means only certain confessors can absolve them. Some sins, such as violation of
1314-463: Is conferred by "the anointing with Sacred Chrism (oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop), which is done by the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the sacramental words proper to the rite." These words, in both their Western and Eastern variants, refer to a gift of the Holy Spirit that marks the recipient as with a seal. Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism
1387-453: Is made a deacon , a deacon is made a priest and a priest is made a bishop , dedicated for service to the Church. In descending order of rank, the three degrees are referred to as episcopate, presbyterate and diaconate. The bishop is the only minister of this sacrament. Ordination as a bishop confers the fullness of the sacrament, with membership of the College of Bishops , the successor body in
1460-511: Is not truly and properly a sacrament; let him be anathema . CANON IV.- If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation, but superfluous; and that, without them, or without the desire thereof, men obtain of God, through faith alone, the grace of justification; – though all (the sacraments) are not necessary for every individual; let him be anathema. "Sacred tradition and Sacred Scripture form one sacred deposit of
1533-433: Is seen as "the source and summit" of Christian living, the high point of God's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God, the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven. So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration (see Mass ) is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation and is recommended on other days. Also recommended for those who participate in
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#17328490169731606-429: Is the sacrament of spiritual healing of a baptized person from the distancing from God resulting from sins committed. When people sin after baptism, they cannot have baptism as a remedy; Baptism, which is a spiritual regeneration, cannot be given a second time. The sacrament involves four elements: "Many sins wrong our neighbour. One must do what is possible in order to repair the harm (e.g., return stolen goods, restore
1679-429: The Council of Basel (1431–1439). Borgia was appointed Bishop of Valencia by Pope Martin V on 20 August 1429 and was consecrated on 31 August 1429. He authorized Pedro Llorens to take possession of the see in his name. Borgia also tutored Alfonso V's illegitimate son Ferrante . Pope Eugene IV elevated him to the cardinalate on 2 May 1444 after he managed to reconcile the pope and King Alfonso V of Aragon. He
1752-552: The Last Rites . The other Last Rites are Confession (if the dying person is physically unable to confess, at least absolution, conditional on the existence of contrition, is given), and the Eucharist, which when administered to the dying is known as "bread for the journey" or by the Latin name " Viaticum ", literally "provisions for a journey". Holy Orders is the Sacrament by which a layman
1825-635: The Sentences by Peter Lombard , and these seven were confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215. The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists the sacraments as follows: "The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments. There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism , Confirmation or Chrismation , Eucharist , Penance , Anointing of
1898-555: The "sacraments of the dead" (in the meaning that the souls of the sinners which are regarded dead before God may obtain life through these sacraments), whereas the other five are collectively the "sacraments of the living". The number of the sacraments in the early church was variable and undefined; Peter Damian for example had listed eleven, including the ordination of kings. Hugh of Saint Victor enumerated nearly thirty, although he put Baptism and Holy Communion first with special relevance. The current seven sacraments were set out in
1971-563: The 1456 appearance of Halley's Comet , believing it to be an ill omen for the Christian defenders of Belgrade from the besieging armies of the Ottoman Empire . No known primary source supports the authenticity of this account. The 29 June 1456 papal bull of Callixtus III calling for a public prayer for the success of the crusade makes no mention of the comet. By 6 August, when the Turkish siege
2044-711: The Acts of the Apostles Baptism, Laying of the Hands (Confirmation/Chrismation) and Breaking of the Bread are administered to the faithful within a short span of time (Acts 2: 42; 8:14; 19:6). The Eastern Churches followed the Sacraments of Initiation from early days. Latin Church, though administered the three sacraments- Baptism, Confirmation and Eucharist- separately, they retained the idea of unity of these sacraments. Thus CCC 1233 implies that
2117-410: The Catholic Church references this order at No. 1212, and at No. 1322 says: "The holy Eucharist completes Christian initiation.". Administering the Eucharist before Confirmation began in the Latin Church, unlike other Christian bodies, due to Pope Pius X 's 1910 decree Quam singulari Christus amore (transl.: "How special was Christ's love"), which said Communion should not be delayed beyond when
2190-518: The Christian initiation is completed by years long preparation in the Latin Church. Many of the Eastern Churches have restored their original tradition of Christian initiation which they lost in Latinization. The Roman Catholic Church sees baptism as the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation. In the Western or Latin Church , baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on
2263-573: The Christian's life of faith". "The Church affirms that for believers the sacraments of the New Covenant are necessary for salvation", although not all are necessary for every individual. The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "Christian initiation is accomplished by means of the sacraments which establish the foundations of Christian life. The faithful born anew by Baptism are strengthened by Confirmation and are then nourished by
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2336-579: The Church to that of the Apostles , and entrusting to him the threefold office to teach, sanctify, and govern the People of God . Ordination as a priest calls the priest to take, in the Eucharistic celebration, the role of Christ , the Head of the Church, the one essential High Priest, and confers on him the power and responsibility, as the bishop's assistant, to celebrate the sacraments except for Holy Orders. Ordination as
2409-556: The Crusade, and to engage the prayers of the faithful for the success of the enterprise. It was by order of Callixtus III that the bells were rung at midday to remind the faithful that they should pray for the welfare of the crusaders. The princes of Europe were slow in responding to the call of the pope, largely due to national rivalries. England and France's Hundred Years' War had just ended in 1453. Forces led by John Hunyadi ( Hungarian : Hunyadi János ), Captain-General of Hungary, met
2482-501: The Eucharist." The Catechism of the Catholic Church says, "In the Eastern rites the Christian initiation of infants also begins with Baptism followed immediately by Confirmation (Chrismation) and the Eucharist, while in the Roman rite it is followed by years of catechesis before being completed later by Confirmation and the Eucharist, the summit of their Christian initiation" ( CCC 1233). Again in
2555-509: The Mass is reception, with the proper dispositions, of Holy Communion. This is seen as obligatory at least once a year, during Eastertide. During the second half of the 2010s some dioceses of Latin Church in the United States, as elsewhere, returned to the original order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation, that is: Baptism, Confirmation and, lastly, first Communion. The Catechism of
2628-532: The Sick , Holy Orders , and Matrimony ." The list of seven sacraments already given by the Council of Florence (1439) was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent (1545–1563), which stated: CANON I.- If any one saith, that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by Jesus Christ, our Lord; or that they are more, or less, than seven, to wit, Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Order, and Matrimony; or even that any one of these seven
2701-560: The Turks and defeated them at Belgrade on 22 July 1456). Shortly after his victory, Hunyadi himself died of a fever. On 29 June 1456, Callixtus III ordered the church bells to be rung at noon (see noon bell ) as a call to prayer for the welfare of those defending Belgrade. To commemorate this victory, Callixtus III ordered the Feast of the Transfiguration to be held annually on 6 August. In 1456
2774-493: The West, where the sacrament is normally reserved for those who can understand its significance, it came to be postponed until the recipient's early adulthood; in the 20th century, after Pope Pius X introduced first Communion for children on reaching the age of discretion , the practice of receiving Confirmation later than the Eucharist became widespread; but the traditional order, with Confirmation administered before First Communion,
2847-512: The baptism of an adult or in danger of the death of a young child) in the Latin Church ( CCC 1312–1313) – the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil (known as " chrism " or " myron ") blessed by the bishop on Holy Thursday itself or on a day close to it. In the East, which retains the ancient practice, the sacrament is administered by the parish priest immediately after baptism. In
2920-454: The canonical laws not contained in the "Decree" of Gratian. This term is now applied to the collections known as the "Extravagantes Joannis XXII" and the "Extravagantes communes", both of which are found in all editions of the "Corpus Juris Canonici". When Pope John XXII (1316-1334) published the decretals known as the Clementines, there already existed some pontifical documents binding upon
2993-570: The celebrant's being in the state of grace. Their power comes not from the celebrant nor from the recipient but from God. In them Christ himself is at work. However, the actual effects ("the fruits") of the sacrament depends also on the recipient's disposition: "in order that the liturgy may be able to produce its full effects, it is necessary that the faithful come to it with proper dispositions, that their minds should be attuned to their voices, and that they should cooperate with divine grace lest they receive it in vain". The Catholic Church teaches that
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3066-441: The celebrated Bull Unam Sanctam ), Benedict XI , Clement V , John XXII, Benedict XII , Clement VI , Urban V , Martin V , Eugene IV , Callistus III , Paul II , Sixtus IV . Chappuis also classified the "Extravagantes" of John XXII under fourteen titles, containing in all twenty chapters. These two collections have no official value. On the other hand, many of the decretals included in them contain legislation binding upon
3139-485: The custom that bells be rung at midday to remind the faithful to pray for the crusaders. The tradition of the Angelus noon bell still exists in most Catholic churches to this day. He was also responsible for the retrial of Joan of Arc that saw her vindicated. He appointed two nephews as cardinals , one of whom became Pope Alexander VI . He is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Callixtus". Alfonso de Borgia
3212-471: The effectiveness of the sacrament in that person. The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, are meant to nourish, strengthen and give expression to faith. While the Church itself is the universal sacrament of salvation, the sacraments of the Catholic Church in the strict sense are seven sacraments that "touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life: they give birth and increase, healing and mission to
3285-403: The energy, constancy and purpose which he displayed in dealing with the burning question of the day – the protection of Western civilization from the Turkish power. In this matter he gave a grand example to Christendom, and it is to be observed that in the midst of the military and political interest which claimed so large a share of his time and attention, he did not neglect the internal affairs of
3358-604: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Callistus III Pope Callixtus III ( Italian : Callisto III , Valencian : Calixt III , Spanish : Calixto III ; 31 December 1378 – 6 August 1458), born Alfonso de Borgia ( Valencian : Alfons de Borja ), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 April 1455 to his death, in August 1458. Borgia spent his early career as
3431-627: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life The term Extravagantes (from the Latin extra , outside; vagari , to wander) is applied to the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church , to designate some papal decretals not contained in certain canonical collections which possess
3504-489: The favour they enjoyed among canonists. Sacraments in the Catholic Church God Schools Relations with: There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church , which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus Christ and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with
3577-538: The mother of Pedro Luis de Borja and Pope Alexander VI . His other sister Catalina became of the mother of Luis de Milà y de Borja . Alfonso was baptized at Saint Mary's Basilica in Xativa , where he is honored with a statue in his memory. Borgia studied grammar, logic and the arts in Valencia and went in 1392 to the University of Lleida where he obtained a doctorate in both canon law and civil law . His early career
3650-795: The other, excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage. If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian, their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained. If one of the two is not a Christian (i.e. has not been baptized ), the competent authority's dispensation is necessary for validity. Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
3723-462: The pope and presented him with the roll of the law. Callixtus III then read from the law and stated "We ratify the law, but condemn your interpretation", which instigated a riot at the ceremony that endangered the pope's life. Not quite two years after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Callixtus was chiefly concerned with the organization of Christian Europe against an invasion by the Ottoman Empire . At
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#17328490169733796-585: The pope issued the papal bull Inter Caetera (not to be confused with Inter Caetera of 1493), reaffirming the earlier bulls Dum Diversas and Romanus Pontifex which recognized Portugal's trade rights in territories it had discovered along the West African coast. This confirmation of Romanus Pontifex also gave the Portuguese the military Order of Christ under Henry the Navigator . Callixtus III ordered
3869-611: The proper disposition. The sacraments are often classified into three categories: the sacraments of initiation (into the Catholic Church and the mystical body of Christ ), consisting of Baptism , Confirmation , and the Eucharist ; the sacraments of healing, consisting of the Sacrament of Penance and the Anointing of the Sick ; and the sacraments of service: Holy Orders and Matrimony . Furthermore, Baptism and penance were also known as
3942-647: The recipient's head, while reciting the baptismal formula: "I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit " (cf. Matthew 28:19 ). In the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite immersion or submersion is used, and the formula is: "The servant of God, N., is baptized in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." Though sprinkling is not normally used, its validity
4015-410: The reputation of someone slandered, pay compensation for injuries). Simple justice requires as much. But sin also injures and weakens the sinner himself, as well as his relationships with God and neighbour. Absolution takes away sin, but it does not remedy all the disorders sin has caused. Raised up from sin, the sinner must still recover his full spiritual health by doing something more to make amends for
4088-496: The sacrament is also called Holy Communion. The bread – which must be wheaten, and which is unleavened in the Latin, Armenian and Ethiopic Rites, but is leavened in most Eastern Rites – and wine – which must be from grapes – used in the Eucharistic rite are, in Catholic faith, transformed in their inner reality , though not in appearance , into the Body and Blood of Christ, a change that is called transubstantiation . "The minister who
4161-558: The sacramental seal, consecration of bishops without authorization by the Holy See, direct physical attacks on the Pope, and intentional desecration of the Eucharist are reserved to the Holy See. A special case-by-case faculty from the Sacred Penitentiary is normally required to absolve these sins. Anointing of the Sick is the second sacrament of healing. In this sacrament a priest anoints
4234-425: The sacraments are "efficacious signs of grace , instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us." The Church teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes ex opere operato , by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. However, a recipient's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block
4307-606: The sick with oil blessed specifically for that purpose. "The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger by reason of illness or old age" (canon 1004; cf. CCC 1514). A new illness or a worsening of health enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time. When, in the Western Church, the sacrament was conferred only on those in immediate danger of death, it came to be known as " Extreme Unction ", i.e. "Final Anointing", administered as one of
4380-424: The sin: he must 'make satisfaction for' or 'expiate' his sins. This satisfaction is also called 'penance'" (CCC 1459). In early Christian centuries, this element of satisfaction was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution, but now it usually involves a simple task for the penitent to perform later, in order to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation. The priest
4453-557: The time, it was said that Callixtus III "speaks and thinks of nothing but the crusade", spending hours discussing the topic with a warlike zeal. An extensive building program underway in Rome was cancelled and the money funneled toward a crusade. Papal nuncios were dispatched to all the countries of Europe to beseech the princes to join once more in an effort to check the danger of a Turkish invasion. Missionaries were sent to England , France , Germany , Hungary , Portugal , and Aragon to preach
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#17328490169734526-509: The unity of the church and his influence with the Aragonese monarch was the factor that allowed for the conclusion of the accord between the king and the new pope. In 1418, he was named as the rector of San Nicolas of Valencia. He was also the vice-chancellor of the University of Lleida from 1420 to 1423. In 1424, he resigned his position and dedicated his service to the Aragonese king. In 1424, he
4599-497: The whole Church but not included in the "Corpus Juris". This is why these Decretals were called "Extravagantes". Their number was increased by the inclusion of all the pontifical laws of later date, added to the manuscripts of the "Corpus Juris", or gathered into separate collections. In 1325 Zenselinus de Cassanis added a gloss to twenty constitutions of Pope John XXII, and named this collection "Viginti Extravagantes pap Joannis XXII". The others were known as "Extravagantes communes",
4672-410: The whole Church, also to other decretals of a later date, and possessed of the same authority. Bernardus Papiensis designated under the name of "Breviarium Extravagantium", or Digest of the "Extravagantes", the collection of papal documents which he compiled between 1187 and 1191. Even the Decretals of Gregory IX (published 1234) were long known as the "Liber" or "Collectio Extra", i.e. the collection of
4745-481: The whole Church, e.g. the Constitution of Paul II, "Ambitios", which forbade the alienation of ecclesiastical goods. This, however, is not true of all of them; some had even been formally abrogated at the time when Chappuis made his collection; three decretals of John XXII, are reproduced in both collections. Both the collections were printed in the official (1582) edition of the Corpus Juris Canonici . This explains
4818-438: The word of God, committed to the Church." "In the liturgy, above all that of the sacraments, there is an immutable part, a part that is divinely instituted and of which the Church is the guardian, and parts that can be changed , which the Church has the power and on occasion also the duty to adapt to the cultures of recently evangelized peoples." Baptism cannot be changed to allow a non-Trinitarian formula. "Anyone conscious of
4891-420: Was Rodrigo de Borgia who later became Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503), infamous for his corruption and immorality. The second was Luis Julian de Milà . The pope approved of the establishment of the University of Greifswald in 1456. According to one story that first appeared in a 1475 posthumous biography and was subsequently embellished and popularized by Pierre-Simon Laplace , Callixtus III excommunicated
4964-606: Was born in La Torreta in 1378. La Torreta was at the time in the Señorío de Torre de Canals (but is now a neighborhood of Novetlè ). At the time he was born in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon . He was the eldest child of Juan Domingo de Borja y Doncel and Francina Llançol. His sister Isabel married Jofré Llançol i Escrivà (son of Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet ), and become
5037-588: Was broken, the comet had not been visible in either Europe or Turkey for several weeks. Callixtus III died on 6 August 1458. His remains were transferred in 1586 and again in 1610 with the remains of his nephew Alexander VI to Santa Maria in Monserrato . His remains were transferred once more on 21 August 1889 in the chapel of San Diego. In his will he left 5000 ducats to establish a hospital. Catholic historian Ludwig von Pastor opined: "Except for his nepotism, Calixtus III deserves high praise, more especially for
5110-448: Was elected pope at an advanced age as a "compromise candidate" in the conclave of 8 April 1455 . He took the pontifical name Callixtus III. He was crowned on 20 April 1455 by Cardinal Protodeacon Prospero Colonna . After his coronation, he rode a white horse through the streets of the city and followed the ancient custom, known as Monte Giordano, where representatives of the Jews met with
5183-557: Was elevated as the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati . He took up his official residence in Rome and was a member of the Roman Curia . He participated in the papal conclave of 1447 that saw the election of Pope Nicholas V . He was known for an austere and charitable life. Borgia's coat of arms after he was consecrated featured a grazing ox. As pope it remained the same. Borgia
5256-484: Was named as the apostolic administrator of the see of Mallorca. It was at that time that the king desired that he be made a cardinal ; Pope Martin V refused the request. During the Great Western Schism he supported Antipope Benedict XIII and was also the driving force behind Antipope Clement VIII 's submission to Pope Martin V in 1429. He then served as a diplomat to the kings of Aragon , especially during
5329-476: Was spent as a professor of law at the University of Lleida. Around 1411, he attended a sermon by Vincent Ferrer . Afterward, the Dominican said to the future pope: "My son, you one day will be called to be the ornament of your house and of your country. You will be invested with the highest dignity that can fall to the lot of man. After my death, I shall be the object of your special honour. Endeavor to persevere in
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