Misplaced Pages

#281718

55-736: The area of the eastern slopes and valley of Mount Cereme has been known as the Kuningan Duchy since the Hindu period as part of the Galuh Kingdom circa 14th century. The name "Kuningan" is believed to have come from the Sundanese word kuning meaning "yellow". An alternate theory suggests the name proliferated from the Sundanese word kuningan , a local name for brass , the metal which has been produced and used for hundreds of years in this area. According to

110-566: A child named Prince of Kuningan. Prince of Kuningan established his realm and ascended the throne on 1 September 1498, a date regarded as the official establishment of Kuningan Regency. In the 1930s, many of the residents moved to Sumatra and Kalimantan to work in oil and gas mines. A notable event in Indonesian history occurred in Kuningan when the Linggadjati Agreement was signed between

165-428: A combined police force. The Dutch rejected these counter-proposals, but the concessions that Sjahrir had made cost him political support, leaving him fatally weakened. He resigned on 27 June. Sukarno then declared a state of emergency and took personal charge of the negotiations. On 29 June, van Mook wrote to Sukarno to repeat the main points that he believed must be agreed on, including continuing Dutch sovereignty and

220-617: A compromise on the form of the relationship between the USI and the Netherlands. The Dutch had wanted a political union ( Dutch : staatsverband ), while the Republicans had wanted merely an alliance ( Dutch : bondgenootschap ). The final agreement was for the USI to be a "sovereign and equal partner in a union", although the Dutch succeeded in persuading the Republicans to agree to the Dutch monarch being

275-719: A result of pressure from the Dutch Catholic Party, which wanted to conduct missionary activities in West Papua, Jonkman stated that the region would not after all be handed over to the United States of Indonesia, a statement at odds with Article 3 of the Linggadjati Agreement. On 19 December, the Dutch parliament ratified the agreement based on the Commission General's Elucidation. Although the agreement called for

330-649: Is a historical structure called Paseban Tritunggal (or Paseban Tri Panca Tunggal) built by Javanese-Sundanese local religion (Madraisme). Cipari Museum, a prehistoric themed museum, is also located in Cigugur. Kuningan Botanical Garden in Padabeunghar Village is 154.9 hectares and in September 2012, 29 hectares was on fire which killed 10,014 trees of 30 species. All of the burnt trees which are planted in 2007 have not yet catalogued because of its pioneer status. Kuningan

385-407: Is because farmers who are producing local patchouli oil do not pay attention to factors such as the treatment of raw materials, the proportion of patchouli stems used with leaves, distillation methods, types of material used, reliance on solar stills, and inappropriate cooling and circulation techniques in production. Quality improvement efforts that need to be adopted include improving the quality of

440-648: Is composed of volcanoes, steep terrain, forests, mountains rivers, and fertile agricultural land. The highest mountain in the province, Ciremai (3,076 m) is located between the border of this regency and Majalengka Regency . There are numerous tropical rainforests in Kuningan, which contain tree species such as Pinus ( Pinus merkusii ), teureup ( Artocarpus elasticus ), yellow mahogany ( Dysoxylum caulostachyum ), langsat ( Lansium domesticum ), and putat ( Planchonia valida ). Kuningan has an area of 1,194.09 km. The western and southern parts are relatively mountainous, around 266–720 m above sea level, while

495-488: Is divided into 32 districts ( kecamatan ), subdivided in turn into 376 villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan ). These are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the location of the district administrative centres, the number of villages in each district (totaling 361 rural desa and 15 urban kelurahan ), and its postal codes. Notes: (a) except

550-517: Is located in Cisantana village, Cigugur District. The traveller from Kuningan to Palutungan can pass through Cigugur fish pond and Cisantana Maria retreat cave. There is a presumed distinct species in Kuningan that can only be found in lakes in Darmaloka, Cigugur, Cibulan, and Linggarjati called kancra fish or dewa fish. In Sangkanhurip village, there are hot springs containing sulfur. In Cigugur, there

605-561: Is the home town of the Pesik football team. Its home base is Mashud Wisnusaputra Stadium. Other potential sports in Kuningan is athletics. Mount Cereme Mount Ciremai/Cereme (or Ciremay ) is a dominating symmetrical stratovolcano in West Java , Indonesia . It is located to the southwest of the major town of Cirebon . Mt Ciremai is strikingly visible towards the south from the main west–east corridor ( Jakarta - Surabaya ) rail link along

SECTION 10

#1732851814282

660-698: The Arab League , and with Indonesia maintaining governors in the area that had become the State of East Indonesia. Meanwhile, the Indonesians complained about the Dutch establishment of states in East Indonesia and West Borneo. The Dutch public's reception of the agreement was mixed – a survey found 38% of respondents supporting the agreement and 36% opposing it. One telegram to members of the Dutch Parliament compared

715-680: The Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies . On 17 August 1945, two days after the Japanese surrender , Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno declared Indonesian independence . The Dutch viewed the Indonesian leadership as collaborators with the occupying Japanese and were determined to reassert their control over the nation by force. Fighting broke out, which developed into a full-scale war of independence between Dutch forces and Indonesian republicans. By mid-1946, both sides were under pressure to negotiate. In July 1946, Acting Governor-General of

770-541: The Linggarjati Museum, Sangkanhurip Hot Springs, Cibulan and Cigugur fish pond, Darma Dam (Waduk Darma), Cipari's Ancient settlement, and Talaga Remis (Remis Lake). The area of Palutungan, a new location tourist destination, is known as the "Lembang of Kuningan" ( Lembang and is a famous tourist destination near Bandung ), located at 1,100 metres above sea level which has fresh air, good views and an 8-metre waterfall. The waterfall called Curug Putri (Lady Waterfall)

825-516: The 14th century, the Galuh Kingdom unified the majority of lands of the Sundanese under its government. The Kuningan Kingdom then was absorbed into the former. In the 15th century, an ulama and also a ruler named Syarif Hidayatullah settled in Cirebon , to spread Islam in this still pagan area. In the meantime, his pregnant wife Queen Ong-thien Nio from Ming China came to Kuningan and gave birth to

880-664: The Dutch East Indies Hubertus van Mook organised a conference in Malino at which representatives from Borneo and eastern Indonesia backed the proposal for a federal United States of Indonesia with links to the Netherlands. On 3 July 1946, a new Dutch government (Cabinet- Beel ) was formed, and this government established a Commission-General to set up a new political structure for the Dutch East Indies. This four-member commission, headed by former Dutch Prime Minister Willem Schermerhorn traveled to Jakarta to negotiate with

935-687: The Dutch and the Republican sides to cooperate in the establishment of a federal system, van Mook began to do so unilaterally, and in December, organised the Denpasar Conference which resulted in the establishment of the State of East Indonesia . This increased Republican opposition to the agreement, especially from the Indonesian National Party , Masjumi , and followers of Tan Malaka . This led to

990-670: The Fe (iron) content of patchouli oil because excessive levels make the oil too dark. Purification can reduce levels of iron from as high as 340.2 ppm down to 104.5 ppm. Further, densities that too small or too large reduce the low percentage of essential oil which can recovered. Identification of the main components of local patchouli oil indicates a value of patchouli alcohol (PA) of about 27-29%. Improved treatment of material to be distilled can raise levels of PA to about 30-32%. The Kuningan Regency has an area of 1,194.09 km; with an average population density of over 1,000 people per km in 2022. It

1045-459: The Indonesian and Dutch governments on 15 November 1946, in the village of Linggajati within the regency. There is a dedicated small museum in the village, about 25 km from Cirebon , which records the events of the Linggadjati conference. In the 1950s, due to the insurgency of Kartosuwiryo , many of the residents moved to Jakarta and other large cities on Java Island. Kuningan is located in

1100-612: The Java Sea near Indramayu . On the southeastern side, the Waduk Darma serves as the reservoir near the stream that drains eastward as the Cisanggarung River which later curved and headed north to mark the boundary between West Java and Central Java. There are numerous recreational and tourist sites on the slopes of Mt Ciremai. Various sites, including parks and cafes, attract crowds of visitors from Cirebon. The museum at Linggajati on

1155-659: The Kuningan Kingdom under his reign. Saunggalah was ruled by Rakeyan Dharmasiksa from 1163 to 1175. He was the son of Prabu Dharmakusuma, king of the Sunda Kingdom who had reigned 1157–1175. After the death of his father, Rakeyan Dharmasiksa succeeded as king of the Sunda Kingdom. As ruler of Saunggalah, he was then succeeded by his son Ragasuci, sometimes called Rajaputra. With the royal title of Rahiyang Saunggalah, he reigned until 1298. He married Dara Puspa, princess of Melayu Kingdom. Rahiyang Saunggalah then succeeded as king of

SECTION 20

#1732851814282

1210-680: The Linggadjati agreement with the Dutch capitulation to Germany in 1940 , questioning why the agreement "extradited seventy million Indonesians to Sukarno". On 27 May 1947, the Commission General proposed the establishment of a federal council headed by a representative of the Dutch crown to serve as an interim government, as well as a joint police force and the regulation of food distribution. The Republic would not be allowed to have an independent foreign policy. The Dutch would cooperate with "various political entities of Indonesia" rather than exclusively

1265-529: The Netherlands, Suriname , and the Netherlands Antilles , would form a Netherlands-Indonesian Union with the Dutch monarch as the official head of this Union (Articles 5, 7 & 8). Both the United States of Indonesia and the Union would be established by 1 January 1949 at the latest (Article 12). Once the agreement was signed, both parties would reduce their armed forces (Article 16). Any disputes regarding

1320-632: The Old Megalithicum age, from around 3500 BC to 1500 BC. Meanwhile, Ekadjati argues in his book that the Neolithic era spanned from 2500 BC to 1500 BC. After that era, the Megalithic era began until the early centuries of the Common Era. Based on findings, at those times, prehistoric humans in Kuningan were at the transition of semi-nomadic and pastoralism . They mainly lived near rivers and water springs on

1375-457: The Republic. The Dutch side asked for a response in 14 days. The Indonesian side viewed this as an ultimatum – capitulate to the Dutch or face military action as it would mean de jure Dutch sovereignty over Indonesia. Sjahrir agreed to an interim government, but with the Republic comprising half the membership and East Indonesia and Borneo the other half, with no Dutch participation. He also rejected

1430-417: The Sunda Kingdom in 1298 with the royal title of Prabu Ragasuci. In Saunggalah, he was then succeeded by his son Citragandha. Ekadjati argues that based on this information, the rulers of the Kuningan Kingdom and the Sunda Kingdom were still relatives. Those two kingdoms were still distinct, not in the status of vassal and superior states, but the king of Kuningan had a lower status than the king of Sunda. In

1485-423: The Sundanese word for Otaheite gooseberry . On Mt Ciremai, as on many other mountains up and down Java, there has been serious deforestation in recent decades. It was reported in late 2012 that forest destruction on Mt Ciremai had reached 4,000 ha out of a total of 15,000 ha. Causes are said to include illegal logging , sand quarrying (often for construction purposes in nearby areas), and forest fires. Some of

1540-461: The agreement would be resolved by arbitration if joint consultation failed. The last resort was to be a ruling by the president of the International Court of Justice . Both sides made concessions. The republicans committed to the establishment of a federal Indonesian state, while the Dutch conceded the inclusion of Sumatra in the Republic of Indonesia as well as Java. The two sides reached

1595-512: The appointment of government supporters, and this, together with resignation threats from Indonesian leaders Sukarno and Hatta , ensured the agreement was ratified by the Indonesian side on 5 March 1947. The agreement was signed in Jakarta at 5.30 pm on 25 March 1947 in the presence of 70 guests from the Netherlands, Indonesia, and other nations. The signing was followed by speeches from Schermerhorn, van Mook, and Sjahrir. There were celebrations on

1650-430: The area still needs to be improved. The selling price of patchouli in the region fluctuates markedly. This reflects several factors including market access to end users and the role of national brokers in the marketing chain. Standards of processing and refining of raw materials are not of high standards. Distillation is done at the local level and quality is still low (not meeting ISO levels). Amongst other things, this

1705-470: The consequences of deforestation of this kind, evident in the Cirebon area close to the sea near Mt Ciremai, include extensive siltation of the rivers that flow northwards into the Java Sea and more frequent flooding in lowland areas. Numbers of small streams have their source on the slopes of Mt Cereme. Most of them went northwest towards Majalengka to join the large Manuk River in the northwest that drains to

Kuningan Regency - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-682: The dam was started in 1942, but it was completed in the early 1960s. A legendary creature in the form of a giant white eel was believed by residents as the reason for the lengthy duration of the construction. According to the 2000 census, Kuningan had 958,753 residents which made the density 813/km. Around 83% of them were in rural area, while the rest were in the city (regency) center. The field of works varied at that time: 169,509 people were in agriculture, 1,355 in mining, 24,965 in processing industry, 1,084 in water, gas, and electricity, 24,474 in constructions and engineering, 1,995 in commerce, 19,342 in transportation, 1,626 in finance, 41,851 in services, and

1815-441: The early stages, but he was not needed as the two sides established good relations. The two sides initialed the draft agreement on 15 November. The agreement comprised an introduction, 17 articles, and a final clause. According to the terms, the Netherlands agreed to recognize the Republic as exercising de facto authority over Java , Sumatra , and Madura (Article 1). The Republic would become one of three constituent states of

1870-668: The eastern and northern parts are lower, between 120 and 220 m. Most of the rivers in the regency flow toward the Java Sea from the western and southern to the northern and eastern parts of the regency. The exception is the Jolang River , which flows southward to the Indian Ocean . In Darma District, there is the Darma Dam (Waduk Darma) functioning as a clean water and irrigation source, fish farm, and tourist destination. The construction of

1925-472: The eastern part of West Java. It is bordered by Cirebon Regency to the north, Majalengka Regency to the west, Ciamis Regency and Cilacap Regency to the south, and by Brebes Regency and Cilacap Regency (both in Central Java Province) to the east and southeast. The regency capital is the town of Kuningan. Its mean elevation is 680 metres (2,520 ft) above sea level. The regency's landscape

1980-597: The eastern slopes of Mount Ciremai. The area around Kuningan was originally under the control of the Tarumanagara Kingdom. After the split between the Galuh and Sunda kingdoms , Galuh ruled the region, the reference to which was found in the story of Parahyangan ( Carita Parahyangan ). At the end of the 7th century, the Tarumanagara Kingdom collapsed. The Kuningan Kingdom , and other small kingdoms, came to rule

2035-718: The establishment of an opposition group, the Republican Fortress ( Indonesian : Benteng Republik ). Supporters of Prime Minister Sjahrir and the agreement, including the Socialist Party of Indonesia and the Communist Party of Indonesia formed the Left Wing ( Indonesian : Sayap Kiri ). To ensure ratification of the agreement, the Central Indonesian National Committee was increased in size through

2090-651: The federal United States of Indonesia , along with the State of Borneo and the Great Eastern State, comprising the region of the Eastern Dutch East Indies known as the Great East . Any region that did not want to join the USI could determine its relationship with the USI and the Netherlands through a democratic process. (Articles 2, 3 & 4). The constitution of the USI would be drawn up by an elected Constituent Assembly. The Netherlands Indies, together with

2145-400: The head of this union. The Dutch Commission-General subsequently issued an "Elucidation" to the agreement, interpreting it as a "program of principles" to bring the status of the Dutch kingdom into line with the political facts in the Dutch East Indies. On 10 December 1946, the Dutch government announced its interpretation of the agreement in a statement from Foreign Minister Jan Jonkman . As

2200-426: The joint police force. New Prime Minister Amir Sjariffuddin accepted the de jure Dutch authority but refused to agree to the joint police force. The Dutch then also demanded an end to Republican hostilities and the food blockade of Dutch-controlled areas by midnight on 16 July. The Republicans agreed to a ceasefire if the Dutch would also be bound by it. The Indonesian side also suggested arbitration under Article 17 of

2255-580: The king of the Galuh Kingdom, to invade the Kuningan Kingdom which was still ruled by Sang Pandawa. After the conflict, Danghiyang Guru Sempakwaja appointed Sang Pandawa a resiguru in Layuwatang. The king's position was then succeeded by Demunawan in 723 with the royal title of Rahiyangtang Kuku. During his rule, the capital city of the kingdom was Saunggalah (now in Salia Kampong, Ciherang Village, Nusaherang District ). Parts of Galunggung were also absorbed by

Kuningan Regency - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-465: The local tradition, the name Kuningan derived from Prince Arya Kuningan or Adipati Kemuning, a local hero and ruler of this region circa 1498. The oldest archaeological findings in the region were found in 1972, objects such as sherds, stone tools, gravestones, and ceramics were unearthed in the Cipari megalithic site with shreds of evidence from the bronze and iron metallurgical culture, assumed it belong to

2365-400: The mountain for a night for some groups. As is frequently the case in other parts of Indonesia, groups are expected to register with local officials before beginning the climb. Care is needed because inexperienced hikers sometimes run into considerable difficulties. Groups often begin the climb from Linggajati in the east, Palutungan from the south near the town of Cigugur, or Majalengka to

2420-537: The negotiations then moved to Cirebon from where it was easier to communicate with Sukarno and Hatta. Most of the negotiations took place at the residence of the Kwee family of Ciledug , now a museum, in the hill station of Linggadjati around 25 km south of Cirebon , although the final document was initialed in Cirebon . The Dutch side comprised the following: On the Republican side were: Former British ambassador to Egypt Lord Killearn acted as an intermediary in

2475-413: The north coast of Java. It is the highest point in West Java . At the summit of Mt Ciremai, there is a 0.5 km wide crater. Eruptions are relatively infrequent in historical time but explosive activity and lahars from the summit have been recorded. Mount Ceremai is especially significant because it is the highest mountain in the province of West Java . The name Cereme or Ciremai is derived from

2530-597: The republican delegation and arrived in Indonesia on 14 September. These negotiations with the Indonesian authorities began on 7 October 1946 and a ceasefire in Java and Sumatra was agreed to and signed on 14 October. Recognizing their still weakened position following World War II , the Netherlands was more prepared to negotiate with the republic than they were later in the Indonesian National Revolution . In November,

2585-421: The rest of 769 were in other fields. According to the 2010 census, Kuningan's population was 1,035,589 people, consisting of 520,632 males and 514,957 females. The population was 97% Muslim, 2% Catholics and 1% followers of other religions. Its ethnic composition consisted of Sundanese 95%, Javanese 2%, and other groups 3%. The 2020 census showed a population of 1,167,686, while the official estimate as at mid 2023

2640-594: The slopes around the summit, however, the popular forest sanctuary is in Linggajati, on the eastern slopes. On the Southeastern slopes near the city of Kuningan, there is the Cipari megalithic site which is an important archaeological site of the Indonesian prehistoric period . Groups of hikers, including parties of students, regularly climb the peak. This often takes 12 hours or more for the round trip, and involves camping on

2695-406: The slopes of Mt Ceremai which records the important historical event of the Linggadjati Agreement during the struggle for Indonesian Independence in 1946 attracts many visitors during weekends. The Mt Ciremai National Park extends for a considerable distance around the slopes of the mountain. The eastern slope of Mt Cereme has several interesting places, popular among tourists and visitors. Near

2750-500: The streets of Jakarta and Palembang, South Sumatra. However, the agreement had been interpreted differently by the two sides, particularly regarding the meaning of the terms "cooperation" and "federal". Both sides were unhappy with the agreement, and one member and two advisers to the Commission-General resigned in protest after it was signed. The Dutch were unhappy with the Republic establishing foreign relations, including with

2805-624: The territory of the former Tarumanagara. The Kuningan Kingdom territory was situated between the Galuh and Indraprahasta Kingdoms . The first king of the kingdom was Sang Pandawa, also called Sang Wiragati. In 671, Sang Pandawa married his daughter, Sangkari to Demunawan. He was the son of Danghiyang Guru Sempakwaja, a resiguru (clergy) of Sanghiyang (a fusion of ancestor-worshiping religion and Hinduism), based in Galunggung. However, Danghiyang Guru Sempakwaja disliked Sang Pandawa's behavior. He asked Sanjaya,

SECTION 50

#1732851814282

2860-437: The town of Cilimus (between Cirebon and Kuningan city), there is a natural volcanic hot springs of Sangkanhurip. It is a popular tourist spot for spas and relaxation among people of Cirebon and Kuningan. The clear spring water and ponds of Cigugur and Cibulan are a natural water swimming pool that is also the sanctuary of rare Kancra bodas fish, which are considered sacred fish among locals. Forest sanctuary can be found on

2915-592: The village of Cihirup (with a post code of 45593). (b) except the village of Mekasari (with a post code of 45576). (c) comprising 10 kelurahan (Awirarangan, Cigintung, Cijoho, Ciporang, Cirendang, Citangtu, Kuningan, Purwawinangun, Winduhaji and Windusengkahan) and 6 desa . (d) except the villages of Kasturi and Padarek (both with a post code of 45553). (e) comprising 5 kelurahan (Cigadung, Cigugur, Cipari, Sukamulya and Winduherang) and 5 desa . There are several tourist locations in Kuningan Regency such as:

2970-495: The west. Linggadjati Agreement The Linggardjati Agreement ( Linggajati in modern Indonesian spelling) was a political accord concluded on 15 November 1946 by the Dutch administration and the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia in the village of Linggajati, Kuningan Regency , near Cirebon in which the Dutch recognised the republic as exercising de facto authority in Java , Madura , and Sumatra . In 1942,

3025-425: Was 1,201,764. In addition to Indonesian , the official national language, the other widely spoken language in the regency is Sundanese . In some areas near the eastern border with Central Java , Javanese and Banyumasan are also spoken. Small scale enterprise in the regency includes the production of patchouli oil, an essential oil produced from Patchouli . But the cost and quality of patchouli oil produced in

#281718