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44-567: Kulmbach is located in the middle of the Bavarian province of Upper Franconia , about 25 kilometres (15.5 miles) northwest of the city of Bayreuth . To the south of Kulmbach, the River Main begins at the confluence of its headstreams, the White Main and Red Main . Kulmbach is divided into the following districts (with population in brackets): From about 900 AD there was a small settlement in what

88-545: A fire in the city of Bayreuth and then again, for safety, during the Thirty Years War . Kulmbach was also burned as a Protestant town by imperial troops, but the Plassenburg proved impregnable. Finally, in 1642, the residence was moved permanently to Bayreuth, and Kulmbach lost its political importance. As a result, little of significance happened here in the years that followed. When Margrave Charles Frederick Alexander sold

132-521: A reconstituted Duchy of Franconia. After the abortive First Margrave War , Albert instigated the Second Margrave War and left a path of destruction throughout Franconia and other parts of the Holy Roman Empire. Eventually, a league against him formed, which ultimately invaded Kulmbach on St. Conrad's Day , 26 November 1553, and sacked the city. Many of its citizens were massacred or fled, and

176-453: A result of its favourable location on the historic and 'escorted' roads to Bamberg , Nuremberg , Eger , Hof and Leipzig trade in the town flourished - guilds were formed for the weavers, dyers and silk embroiderers. In 1398, 1500 to 2000 inhabitants lived in Kulmbach; this can be seen from a burggraviate inventory of land, houses and taxes. The town was ruled by a lordly Vogt or sheriff,

220-614: A stream that comes descends the mountain ( Culmin-aha, Culmna ). This stream was later renamed Kohlenbach due to a misunderstanding. When the male line of the Schweinfurt counts died out, Kulmbach passed to the Dießen line of the Andechs family through the marriage of the Schweinfurts' daughter and heiress, Gisela, to Count Arnold of Dießen. The counts acquired other lands around Kulmbach, built

264-512: Is a Regierungsbezirk (administrative [ Regierungs ] region [ bezirk ]) of the state of Bavaria , southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia , the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia , which are all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern ( Bavaria ). With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer , Upper Franconia has

308-525: Is now the district of Spiegel, which consisted of a forest lodge and a fortified tenant farm ( Fronhof ) to protect the river Main crossing at Grünwehr. The area later passed into the hands of the Count of Schweinfurt , whose power was usually exercised through the office of the walpode . Kulmbach was first mentioned as Kulma in a deed of gift in the Alcuin Bible between 1028 and 1040. The name comes from

352-556: Is served in aniseed rolls, the so-called Stölla . These sausages may be eaten at one of the many sausage stalls in the town. Known far beyond the town itself is the strong beer known as EKU 28 , brewed by the Kulmbacher Brauerei , which for years was regarded as the strongest beer in the world. Kulmbach has also earned a reputation as a food centre thanks to the Max Rubner Institute (Federal Agency for Food Safety, formerly

396-495: The Duchy of Oppeln , and in 1516 made him member of the tutelary government instituted for Hungary , and tutor of his son Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia . In 1521 he made an arrangement with Petar Keglević and pulled back from Hungary and Croatia ; this arrangement, accepted by Louis II in 1526, was not accepted by Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I until 1559. At the court of Hungary there were two parties arrayed against each other:

440-713: The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order , he turned his eyes and heart to the new faith proceeding from Wittenberg . The first reformatory writings began the work of winning him over to the evangelical cause. Martin Luther 's powerful testimony of faith at the Diet of Worms in 1521 made an indelible impression upon his mind, and the vigorous sermons of evangelical preachers in the pulpits of St. Lawrence and St. Sebald in Nuremberg , during

484-498: The Hussites sacked the town. In the course of rebuilding the town, which had been largely destroyed, St. Peter's Church was rebuilt in late Gothic style. It was here that the first Protestant church service was celebrated under Margrave George the Pious in 1528. The belligerent margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Albert Alcibiades , wanted to bring all Franconians under his rule and set up

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528-498: The Magyar party under the leadership of Zápolyas and the German party under the leadership of George of Brandenburg, whose authority was increased by the acquisition of the duchies of Ratibor and Oppeln by hereditary treaties with their respective dukes and of the territories of Oderberg , Beuthen , and Tarnowitz as pledges from the king of Bohemia , who could not redeem his debts. By

572-538: The Plassenburg , one of the most important Renaissance buildings in Germany, began. However, George Frederick's successor, Margrave Christian, moved the location of his Residenz in 1604 to neighbouring Bayreuth as the Plassenburg no longer fulfilled the ideas of courtly absolutism, and the expansion of the castle came to an end. Nevertheless, the margravial residence returned to Kulmbach several times, once, in 1605, due to

616-626: The Teutonic Order's state of Prussia into the secular Duchy of Prussia . After the accession of King Louis II, George was aided in his reforming efforts by Queen Maria , a sister of Charles V and Ferdinand I , who was favorably inclined toward the new doctrine. As the adviser of the young king, George firmly advocated the cause of the new gospel against the influences and intrigues of his clerical opponents and successfully prevented their violent measures. His relationship with Duke Frederick II of Liegnitz , Brieg , and Wohlau , and with Duke Charles I of Münsterberg - Oels , who had both admitted

660-524: The religious colloquy of Regensburg in 1541 where Elector Joachim II made a last attempt to bridge the differences between the Catholics and Lutherans and with his nephew requested Luther's cooperation. The Diet of Regensburg was the last religious meeting which he attended. He is one of the figures on the Prussian Homage painting by Jan Matejko . George was married three times. His first marriage

704-695: The Council of Nuremberg he worked for the institution of a church visitation on the model of that of the Electorate of Saxony , from which after repeated revisions and emendations the excellent church order of Brandenburg-Nuremberg of 1533 was developed. After its introduction in Nuremberg and his territories in Franconia, it was also introduced in his dominions in Upper Silesia. George's influence manifested itself also in

748-841: The Federal Institute for Meat Research), which has come to prominence since the BSE scandal. Kulmbach has traditionally been a manufacturing base for the drinks and food industry. Relatively recently it has become a home to biotechnical pharmaceuticals in the shape of Roche Kulmbach GmbH (previously Alnylam Europe AG) , as well as the construction and management of hot water and air conditioning equipment, heat pumps, storage and direct heating equipment, such as that made by Glen Dimplex . "AGO" specialises in biomasse and cogeneration power stations. See List of honorary citizens of Kulmbach See Hohenzollern or Brandenburg-Kulmbach Upper Franconia Upper Franconia ( German : Oberfranken )

792-529: The Franconian territories. In the hereditary lands Brandenburg-Ansbach in Franconia, where with his older brother Casimir of Brandenburg-Kulmbach he had assumed the regency in place of their father, he encountered greater difficulties, although the popular spirit was inclined toward the Reformation. Owing to his marriage with a Bavarian princess and to his military command in the imperial service, his brother

836-575: The March of Brandenburg-Bayreuth to his cousin, the King of Prussia, on account of his lover, Lady Elizabeth Craven, Kulmbach, too, became Prussian, and the Plassenburg was used in the years that followed as a camp for French prisoners of war. Since the Plassenburg represented an obstacle to French and Bavarian forces advancing against Prussia in 1806, the town of Kulmbach was occupied in October and November that year. After

880-731: The Pious ( Georg der Fromme ), was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the House of Hohenzollern . He was born in Ansbach , the second of eight sons of Margrave Frederick the Elder and his wife Sophia of Poland , daughter of Casimir IV of Poland and Elisabeth of Habsburg . Through his mother, he was related to the royal court in Buda . He entered the service of his uncle, King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary , living at his court from 1506. The king received him as an adopted son, entrusted him in 1515 with

924-461: The Reformation into their territories, contributed not a little to the expansion of the gospel in his own lands. But it was his own personal influence, energy, and practical spirit that introduced the new doctrine and founded a new evangelical and churchly life. He made efforts to secure preachers of the new gospel from Hungary, Silesia, and Franconia, and tried to introduce the church order of Brandenburg-Nuremberg, which had already found acceptance in

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968-493: The capitulation of its Prussian garrison, the castle was slighted in order to render it militarily useless. Finally, Kulmbach was granted to Bavaria in 1810. In 1846 it was connected to the King Ludwig South-North Railway . This resulted in a tremendous economic boom - particularly for the breweries - as their products could now be readily exported. So the number of breweries grew to 26 in 1882. In 1890 Kulmbach

1012-530: The development of the German Reformation as a whole. When a union of the evangelicals in upper and lower Germany was contemplated as a means of improved defense against the retaliatory measures of the Roman Catholic Church , George had a meeting with Elector John of Saxony at Schleitz in 1529, where they agreed on certain articles of faith and confession to be drawn up by Luther; the commission

1056-455: The diet there in 1522, deepened the impression. The study of Luther's translation of the New Testament , which appeared in 1522, established his faith on personal conviction. Moreover, he entered into correspondence with Luther, discussing with him the most important problems of faith, and in 1524 he met him personally during the negotiations concerning his brother Albert 's secularization of

1100-446: The evangelization of monasteries, the use of monastic property for evangelical purposes, and especially the foundation of lower schools for the people and of higher schools for the education of talented young men for the service of church and state. He despoiled the churches and cloisters in his domains of all their gold and silver, their monstrances, vessels, chalices, pearls, jewels, images and precious vestments. He used 50,000 florins of

1144-496: The first fort, the Plassenburg , in the first third of the twelfth century and founded a market town and a church in today's upper town ( Obere Stadt ). In 1180 the House of Andechs was elevated to an imperial princedom by the Emperor Barbarossa and given the title of Duke of Merania after the town of Marano between Venice and Trieste (now Marano Lagunare ). Around 1231 Kulmbach was granted town rights . In place of

1188-630: The following years, due to territorial changes (e. g. loss of Tyrol , addition of the Palatinate ), the number of Kreise was reduced to 8. One of these was the Mainkreis (Main District). In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus the name Mainkreis changed to Upper Franconia. Next to

1232-653: The former episcopal residence city of Bamberg , the capital Bayreuth , the former residence city of Coburg and the classicist centre of Hof , as well as the towns of Lichtenfels , Kronach , Gößweinstein and Kulmbach , the Weißenstein Palace , Banz Abbey and the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers , the scenic attractions of the River Main and the low mountain ranges of the Fichtel Mountains with

1276-520: The further appropriation of the Duchy of Jägerndorf , George came into possession of all Upper Silesia . As the owner and mortgagee of these territories he prepared the way for the introduction of the Protestant Reformation , here as well as in his native Franconia . Earlier than any other German prince or any other member of the Hohenzollern line including even his younger brother Albert ,

1320-401: The local government reforms of 1972, the districts of Kulmbach and Stadtsteinach were merged and Kulmbach is now the county town. The local elections of 2014 and 2020 resulted in the following representation on the town council: Kulmbach is twinned with: Besides the usual Upper Franconian specialties, there is Kulmbacher Bratwurst sausage which consists of a very fine ground pork and

1364-527: The mayor and a council of prominent citizens. As a result of the transfer of the princely privilege in 1363, and the electorate and the March of Brandenburg in 1415, all subsequent Franconian Hohenzollerns called themselves Margraves of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. From 1411 to 1529 Kulmbach townsfolk stood as chancellors at the head of the administration for the March of Brandenburg (Dr. Frederick Sesselmann, Sigismund Zehrer and Sebastian Stublinger). On 31 January 1430

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1408-655: The monastery of Himmelkron . Later, they pledged the castle and town. In 1340, after the death of the last Orlamünde, pursuant to an agreement, the burggraves of Nuremberg , members of the Hohenzollern family, took over Kulmbach and Plassenburg. Until the 17th century, Plassenburg was the residence of the burggrave office or Amt . Later it was the Amt for the Hohenzollern Principality of Kulmbach (also: Brandenburg-Kulmbach or, after 1604, Brandenburg-Bayreuth ). As

1452-417: The most alluring offers of Silesian possessions if he would support the emperor, but he strongly rejected them. Next to the elector of Saxony, he stands foremost among the princes who defended the reformed faith. After the death of his cousin, Joachim I , who was a strict Catholic, he assisted his sons in the introduction of the Reformation in the territories of the Electorate of Brandenburg . He took part in

1496-642: The north-east and the Czech Republic to the east. After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria the state was totally reorganized and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative government regions (German: Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk )), in Bavaria called Kreise (singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers. In

1540-531: The old Plassenburg, the site of which is unclear, the dukes built a new castle on a hill spur above Kulmbach. The rule of the Meranian family ended with the last Duke of Merania, Otto II, who died childless in 1248. After years of inheritance disputes the castle of Plassenburg and hence rule over Kulmbach went in 1260 to the Thuringian counts of Orlamünde . The Orlamündes finished the new Plassenburg castle and founded

1584-401: The proceeds to pay off Casimir's gambling debts and other liabilities, and he endowed his son Frederick with ecclesiastical benefices with a total revenue of 190,000 florins. He tried to gain, by his continued correspondence with Luther and other reformers such as Urbanus Rhegius , efficient men for the preaching of the gospel and for the organization of the evangelical church. Hand in hand with

1628-578: The region was 40.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 1.2% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €34,900 or 116% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 96% of the EU average. 49°57′N 11°35′E  /  49.950°N 11.583°E  / 49.950; 11.583 George of Brandenburg-Ansbach George of Brandenburg-Ansbach ( German : Georg ; 4 March 1484 – 27 December 1543), known as George

1672-463: The state assembly of October 1526. It was only after the death of his brother that as sole ruler he could successfully undertake and carry out reformation in the Franconian territories, with the assistance of councillors such as Johann von Schwarzenberg and through the new resolutions of the state assembly of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1528). At the same time George maintained his correspondence with Luther and Philipp Melanchthon , discussing such questions as

1716-484: The town itself was burned to the ground. On 21 October 1554 the Plassenburg, whose garrison had hitherto held out against their enemy, was also set on fire and destroyed. The sack is recreated in the German Tin Soldiers Museum at the Plassenburg, this diorama constitutes the largest of its kind in the world. From 1557 the town was rebuilt under the new margrave, George Frederick. In 1559 the reconstruction of

1760-571: The town of Wunsiedel and the Franconian Forest belong among the region's major tourist attractions. There are also numerous spas like Bad Rodach , Bad Steben , Bad Staffelstein , Bad Berneck and Bad Alexandersbad . Oberfranken is subdivided into nine Landkreise (districts) and four Kreisfreie Städte (district-free or independent cities). The lowest level is divided into 214 municipalities (including four cities). Landkreise : Kreisfreie Städte : The gross domestic product (GDP) of

1804-409: The world's highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route ( Fränkische Brauereistraße ) runs through many popular breweries. The administrative region borders on Thuringia ( Thüringen ) to the north, Lower Franconia ( Unterfranken ) to the west, Middle Franconia ( Mittelfranken ) to the south-west, and Upper Palatinate ( Oberpfalz ) to the south-east, Saxony ( Sachsen ) to

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1848-424: Was allied more closely with the old church and resisted the new reforming efforts. But the pressure of the estates of the land soon compelled him to allow preaching according to Luther's doctrine, although he ensured retention of the old church ceremonies, even of those that were contrary to the new faith. George protested against such half-measures and showed his dissatisfaction with the half-hearted resolutions of

1892-515: Was elected as a free ( kreisunmittelbar ) town. In 1933, the NSDAP seized power in Kulmbach and the Imperial School of German Technology ( Reichsschule der deutschen Technik ) was established in the Plassenburg. As a result, Kulmbach was even given an additional motorway junction which is now the start of today's A 70 autobahn . In early 1945, Kulmbach was captured by American troops without a fight. In

1936-563: Was executed in the seventeen articles of Schwabach on the basis of the fifteen theses of the Marburg Colloquy . But neither at the Convention of Schwabach nor at that of Schmalkalden did George approve armed resistance against the emperor and his party, even in self-defense. He opposed the emperor energetically at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, when the emperor demanded the prohibition of evangelical preaching. King Ferdinand made George

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