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70-465: KUB or KUBS or Kub or Kubs may refer to: 2K12 Kub , a Soviet mobile surface-to-air missile system Kubb , a Swedish lawn game with wooden blocks Kidneys, ureters, and bladder , a medical imaging technique Scania K UB , low-entry citybus chassis KUB, a ZALA Aero Group military UAV Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

140-726: A 2K12 Kub on July 24, 1982. The People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) procured a number of 2K12 Kub systems from the Soviet Union in 1981. According to the Central Intelligence Agency , Angola had obtained sixteen TEL launchers for the 2K12 Kub systems, which were deployed in the Moçâmedes District . The South African military noted that the missiles would make it difficult for it to provide air cover for its cross-border operations against guerrillas of

210-614: A Kub upgraded launcher (named "2K12 KUB CZ") with three Aspide 2000 missiles in launch containers was presented at the International Exhibition of Defence and Security Technologies (IDET) exposition in Brno . The modifications were made by Retia. The 2K12 system shares many components with the 2K11 Krug (SA-4) system. In many ways they are designed to complement each other; 2K11 is effective at long ranges and high altitudes, 2K12 at medium ranges and intermediate altitudes. The system

280-501: A MiG-29 hit the bomber with a R-27R missile. However, the U.S. Air Force disputes these claims, stating the bomber was actually hit by friendly fire, an AGM-88 High-speed, Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) that homed on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the jet was subsequently renamed In HARM's Way . Shortly following this incident, General George Lee Butler announced that the gunner position on B-52 crews would be eliminated, and

350-520: A South African weather balloon being used as a radar decoy over Tchipa. South African observers used the firing data to plot the location of the 2K12 Kub launchers and destroyed them in a concentrated bombardment with G5 howitzers . Forces of the Polisario Front acquired two full batteries of 2K12 Kub missiles from Algeria during the Western Sahara War , which they used effectively against

420-514: A comprehensive approach to the development of an aircraft, WCS was regarded as being not a just mere part or component of the aircraft, but rather a system that was as important to the aircraft as its airframe, and made the aircraft an integrated combat unit. As a large variety of jet aircraft were being designed and produced, the NII-17 provided the needed radars. These included the Toriy ( Thorium ), giving

490-580: A crane. The TEL is based on a GM-578 chassis, while the 1S91 radar vehicle is based on a GM-568 chassis, all developed and produced by Russian manufacturer MMZ . The development of the 2K12 started after 18 July 1958 at the request of the CPSU Central Committee. The system was set the requirements of being able to engage aerial targets flying at speeds of 420 to 600 m/s (820–1,200 kn) at altitudes of 100 to 7,000 m (330 to 23,000 ft) at ranges up to 20 km (12 mi), with

560-467: A crew of 3 was 19.5 t. The 2K12 can also be used at a regimental level, if used as such it can be accompanied by a number of additional radar systems for extended air search at longer range and lower altitude, to supplement the 1S91 "Straight Flush". These systems include the: The "Spoon Rest" and "Thin Skin" are mounted on a truck, "Long Track" on a tracked vehicle (a modified AT-T ) and "Flat Face" on

630-727: A medium-sized city now in Ivanovo Oblast . Upon completing secondary school, he first worked as an electrician in the Donetz Basin (Donbass) region of Eastern Ukraine , and then at the Donbass mines of Metrostroi (the operator of Moscow's subway system). In 1934, he was admitted to study radio technology at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI – also called Moscow Energy Institute) where he finished with distinction in 1940. The Higher Attestation Commission awarded him

700-541: A number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carried a radar with a range of 75 km (47 mi), as well as an optical sighting unit. Several other design bureaus were involved in creating the Kub , all coordinated by Tikhomirov. The Kub prototype was placed under test in August 1959. With the complex design and units from diverse sources, it was not unexpected that the initial tests were unsatisfactory. This led to changes in

770-666: A project of a Sparrow -armed Kub at the MSPO 2008 defence exhibition in Kielce . It is reported also that Vympel initiated some work to use its RVV-AE air-to-air missile to modernise the Kvadrat SAM system. Also, the Czech company RETIA presented a SURN (fire control radar) upgrade featuring an optical channel and new multiple-function color displays as well as the radar upgrade and the IFF system. In 2011

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840-559: A recently developed reflex klystron (as it was later called) was selected. The experimental set was called Gneiss and operated at 16 cm (1.8 GHz). When the war started and the NII-9 radio-location capabilities went to Moscow, NII-20 took over the development of Gneiss . Tikhomirov was assigned Chief Designer, and retained this role through all future upgrades. The NII-20 was evacuated to Barnaul in July 1941. Under Tikhomirov's leadership,

910-455: A single shot kill probability of at least 0.7. The systems design was the responsibility of the now Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP). In addition to NIIP several other design bureaus were involved in the creation of the Kub missile system including Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant which designed and produced the chassis of the self-propelled components. Many of

980-573: A van. The "Score Board" IFF radar is mounted on a free standing tri-pod. Without the P-40 "Long Track" mobile radar vehicle, the 2K12 is unable to track aircraft at high altitudes. In the 1973 Yom Kippur War , the Egyptian and Syrian 2K12s surprised the Israeli military, who were accustomed to having air superiority over the battlefield. The highly mobile 2K12 took a heavy toll on the slower A-4 Skyhawk and even

1050-657: Is a Soviet low to medium-level air defence system designed to protect ground forces from air attack. 2К12 is the GRAU designation of the system. Each 2K12 battery consists of a number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carries the 1S91 (SURN vehicle, NATO designation "Straight Flush" ) 25 kW G / H band radar (with a range of 75 km (47 mi)) equipped with a continuous wave illuminator , in addition to an optical sight. The battery usually also includes four triple-missile transporter erector launchers (TELs), and four trucks, each carrying three spare missiles and

1120-410: Is able to acquire and begin tracking targets using the 1S91 "Самоходная установка разведки и наведения" (SPRGU - "Self-propelled Reconnaissance and Guidance Unit" / NATO: "Straight Flush" radar) at 75 km (47 mi) and begin illumination and guidance at 28 km (17 mi). IFF is also performed using this radar. It can only guide one or two missiles to a single target at any time. The missile

1190-424: Is initially command guided with terminal semi-active radar homing (SARH), with target illumination provided by the "Straight Flush" radar. Detonation is via either the impact or proximity fuze . On the latest models, this vehicle is also fitted with an optical tracking system which allows engagement without the use of the radar (for active RF emissions stealth reasons, or due to heavy ECM jamming ) in which case

1260-521: The Gneiss-2 radar was created ‘from scratch’ with limited staff and in an extremely challenging environment. At this time, the so-called ‘Tikhomirov style’ originated: frantic work schedules, extraordinary working capacity, incredible self-discipline, and insistence on high performance by the staff. In only a few months, the first pilot sets were tested with positive results. During the battle of Stalingrad in late 1942, Tikhomirov and his design team went to

1330-532: The 9K32 Strela-2 . The superior low altitude performance of the weapon, and its new CW semi-active missile seeker resulted in a much higher success rate compared to the earlier S-75 Dvina and S-125 Neva systems. While exact losses are disputed, around 40 aircraft are usually cited as lost to SAMs, and the 2K12 Kub proved the most effective of the three weapons. But in subsequent conflicts, its performance declined as captured examples resulted in effective counter-measures being developed. The Syrians also deployed

1400-683: The Argon for tail-protection of Tu-16 aircraft. The Soviet Union had begun experimenting with jet aircraft , and in support of this, Tikhomirov and the TsKB-17 initiated a number of designs for new aircraft microwave radars; these used magnetrons that had been developed in the Soviet Union. In 1946, the TsKB-17 and the NII-20 were combined to form the Moscow NII-17. Tikhomirov was appointed Deputy Director for Research and Chief Designer of airborne radars. In 1949, he

1470-662: The Chadian rebels captured Ouadi Doum air base, seizing virtually all heavy equipment used for the defense of this airfield, intact. Most of this equipment was transported to France and the United States in the following days, but some 2K12 Kub systems remained in Chad. With this catastrophe, the Libyan occupation of northern Chad – and the annexation of the Aouzou Strip – was over: by 30 March,

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1540-889: The Doctor of Engineering degree in February 1966. While pursuing his pre-graduation studies, Tikhomirov became a senior technician at the Nauchno-issledovatelsky institute-20 (Scientific Research Institute-20, NII-20) in Moscow , a close affiliate of the Aviapribor Plant, a manufacturer of aircraft instruments and radios. There he assisted in developing radiolokatory (radio-location, later called radar) equipment. Jointly with NII-9 in Leningrad , NII-20 developed an experimental set called Redut ( Redoubt ). Upon graduating from MEI, Tikhomirov

1610-457: The F-4 Phantom , forming a protective umbrella until they could be removed. The radar warning receivers on the Israeli aircraft did not alert the pilot to the fact that he was being illuminated by the radar. The 2K12 performed well according to a conversation between Israeli General Peled and Henry Kissinger , and caused the most Israeli losses of any Egyptian anti-aircraft missile, followed by

1680-535: The Gneiss-2M airborne radar design. Gneiss-2 radars were also mounted on Pe-3 and Douglas A-20 aircraft. In the wartime, about 230 sets with various Gneiss designations were built. Gneiss-5 and Gneiss-5C were also put into serial production, but were not fielded until after the war. In 1944, the aircraft radar activity was separated from NII-20 and became the Central Design Bureau-17 (TsKB-17). It

1750-773: The K-5 , began development in 1951. This was followed by the Topaz radar design for the Tu-16 bomber, and the Almaz ( Diamond ) radar for the Yak-25 and MiG-19 . The Izumrud-2 was for MiG-17 PFU, carrying the RC-1U, the first Soviet guided air-to-air missile. Tikhomirov was also leading the research on an advanced, multi-functional, airborne radar system incorporating a digital computer. Ardalion Rastov served as Tikhomirov's deputy in these efforts. In 1953, Tikhomirov

1820-513: The People's Liberation Army of Namibia , which were operating from Angolan sanctuaries. All of Angola's 2K12 Kub launchers were destroyed in a South African preemptive strike as part of Operation Protea . 2K12 Kub missile sites were also operated by Cuban expeditionary forces in Angola during Operation Excite/Hilti . On 26 June 1988, six 3M9M3 missiles launched from a Cuban 2K12 Kub battery were fired at

1890-635: The RUS-2 to become a fixed radio-location station. With other improvements, this was designated the RUS-2C , and also called the Pegmatit-2 (P-2). It operated at 4 m (75 kHz) with a pulse-power of near 40 kW. This was actually the Soviet Union's first fully capable, pulsed, radio-location system; several hundred sets in different versions were produced at Factory 339. Tikhomirov received his first Stalin Award (1943) for

1960-508: The RUS-2C development. Throughout the war, NII-20 and Factory 339 dominated radar equipment development and fabrication in the USSR. In late 1940, the Soviet Air Forces developed a requirement for an on-board enemy aircraft radio-location system. The NII-9 was directed to design such a set for the new Petlyakov Pe-2 dive bomber. With size and weight restrictions, a microwave design using

2030-457: The "Kub-M3" clearing testing and entering service in 1976. After the Rastov visit to Egypt in 1971 to see Kub in operation he decided upon the development of a new system, called Buk, where each TEL should have its own fire control radar (TELAR) and is able to engage multiple targets from multiple directions at the same time. The final major development of the Kub missile system was achieved during

2100-467: The 1990s and early 2000s. They were not able to shoot down any Coalition aircraft though several sites were destroyed as retaliation. In one incident, on September 11, 1996, during Operation Provide Comfort II , one missile was fired against two USAF F-16 in northern Iraq but missed. On December 30, 1998, a 2K12 Kub site near Talil fired 6-8 missiles at aircraft enforcing the Southern Watch component of

2170-519: The 2K12 "Kub" the system was accepted into service on 23 January 1967 and went into production that same year. It is sometimes claimed that the M-11 Shtorm naval system is a version of the 3M9 but this is not the case, as the M-11 Shtorm is a separate system and, unusually for Russian surface-to-air missiles, has no land-based variant. The 2K12 "Kub" was recommended for modernisation work in 1967 with

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2240-773: The 2K12 Kub to Lebanon in 1981 after the Israelis shot down Syrian helicopters near Zahlé . The SAM batteries were placed in the Bekaa Valley near the Beirut - Damascus road. They remained close to the existing Syrian air defense system but could not be fully integrated into it. Early in the 1982 Lebanon war , the Israeli Air Force concentrated on suppressing the SAM threat in the Beqaa Valley , launching Operation Mole Cricket 19 . The result

2310-414: The 2K12 complex, when the 1S91 radar is located at the center and 4x2P25 TELs at the vertices of a square around the radar. Engagement altitude Simultaneous engagements SURN 1S91 vehicle included two radar station – a target acquisition and distribution radar 1S11 and a continuous wave illuminator 1S31, in addition to an IFF interrogator and an optical channel. While 1S31 antenna was installed on

2380-403: The 2K12 effective replacement) with an integrated "Fire Dome" missile guidance radar. For comparisons between the 2K12, 9K37, see the 9K37 Buk entry. An earlier incremental upgrade saw the 2K12 missiles replaced with the 2K12E versions and this system was known as Kvadrat ("Квадрат", meaning square ). This name was derived from the most common arrangement pattern of the military vehicles of

2450-713: The Biological Instrument Design Commission was formed within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in the 1960s, Tikhomirov became its proactive and respected member. In 1979, Tikhomirov moved to the Institute of Oceanology, under the Academy of Sciences, where a laboratory for hydroacoustic equipment design was created upon his initiative; he worked there for the remainder of his life. For his accomplishments, Victor Vasilievitch Tikhomirov received

2520-551: The MiG-15, an “all-weather” interceptor capability, and the Izumrud ( Emerald ) gun-sight series, the first of which was used on the MiG-15 and MiG-17 fighters. Operating at microwave wavelengths, Izumrud used separate antennas for searching and tracking. This was the first time Tikhomirov applied automatic tracking modes, serving as a prototype for further WCS design. An air-to-air missile,

2590-518: The NFZ. American F-16s responded by dropping six GBU-12 laser-guided bombs on the site and also launching two HARMs "as a preemptive measure" to warn Iraqi radar operators against carrying out more firings. Army of Republika Srpska forces, using modified 2K12 Kub systems were successful in shooting down Scott O'Grady 's F-16 in 1995 Viktor Tikhomirov Victor Tikhomirov was born in Kineshma ,

2660-478: The NII-20. Engineers at the NII-20, with the cooperation of NII-9 in Leningrad, further improved the RUS-2 , developing a transmit-receive device (a duplexer ) allowing a single antenna, as well as a range display based on a cathode-ray oscilloscope . Germany began the invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. The NII-9 was evacuated eastward from Leningrad, and their engineers working on radio-location joined

2730-580: The NII-20. The major portion of the Aviapribor Plant evacuated to Kazan , and the part remaining in Moscow was designated Factory 339. To assist in defending Moscow against German aircraft, an improved RUS-2 was set up and operated by NII-20 personnel including Tikhomirov; it was first used on the night of July 22 when it detected a flight of 200 Luftwaffe bombers when they were 100-km (62-mi) away. This success led authorities to request additional radio-location sets. Under Tikhomirov's leadership, NII-20 redesigned

2800-772: The NIIP, Tikhomirov was appointed by the USSR Academy of Sciences as the Head of the Biological Experiment Automation Department of the Institute of Biological Physics. The Special Design Engineering Bureau for Biological Instrumentation was established upon Tikhomirov's initiative (it is presently known as the Institute of Biological Instrument Design). Under his supervision, many devices and equipment sets for automating biological research were developed; his accomplishments in biotelemetry were particularly important. When

2870-510: The bases at Faya Largeau and Aouzou had to be abandoned. The LARAF now had a completely different task: its Tu-22 Bs were to attack the abandoned bases and destroy as much equipment left there as possible. The first strikes were flown in April, and they continued until 8 August 1987, when two Tu-22Bs tasked to strike Aouzou were ambushed by a captured 2K12 Kub battery used by the Chadian Army. One of

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2940-668: The bombers was shot down. Libyan air defense, including 2K12 Kub batteries, was active during the 2011 military intervention in Libya . Several 2K12 Kub batteries, along with other SAM systems and military equipment, were supplied to Iraq before and during the Iran–Iraq War as part of large military packages from the Soviet Union. The batteries were active since the start of the war in September 1980, scoring kills against U.S-supplied Iranian F-4 Phantoms and Northrop F-5s . The SA-6/Kub

3010-512: The design bureaus would later go on to co-operate in the development of the successor to the 2K12 "Kub", the 9K37 "Buk" . First trials of the missile system were started at the end of 1959 to discover a series of problems: In August 1961 Toropov was replaced by Lyapin as the Chief Designer of Vympel and in January 1962 Tikhomirov was replaced by Figurovskiy as the Chief Designer of NIIP. Still,

3080-554: The design, followed by further testing, all greatly lengthening the development schedule. By the end of 1961, Tikhomirov and his team had solved the basic developmental problems, but the project was far behind schedule. Although Tikhomirov justified two years of additional development, the Defense Ministry did not agree; consequently, Tikhomirov was relieved of his duties in 1962. Ardalion Rastov, whom he had mentored since 1953, took over as Chief Designer. The first success came when

3150-460: The development of its successor, the 9K37 "Buk" in 1974. Although the Buk is the successor to Kub it was decided that both systems could share some interoperability, the result of this decision was the "Kub-M4" system. The Kub-M4 used Kub-M3 components which could receive fire control information from the 9А310 transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) of the 9K37 Buk. The advantage of interoperability

3220-446: The effective altitude is limited to 14 km/46000 ft. The optical tracking method also allows engagements to altitudes below that where the radar is able to track targets. Maximum target speed is around Mach 2 for head-on engagements and Mach 1 for tail-chase engagements. Top speed of the missile is approximately Mach 2.8. In contrast to the elaborate Patriot missile or even the simpler Hawk system fielded by US forces, most of

3290-615: The fighters of the Royal Moroccan Air Force , including shooting down two Mirage F1 fighters in 1981 during a major battle in Guelta Zemmur . On 19 August 2003, a Polish Air Force Su-22M4K was accidentally shot down by friendly fire during an exercise by a Polish 2K12 Kub battery. The aircraft was flying 21 km (13 mi) from the coast over the Baltic Sea near Ustka . The pilot, General Andrzej Andrzejewski , ejected and

3360-431: The fighting scene where they installed airborne radars on Pe-2 frontline bombers and performed all set-up procedures on the spot. Official testing of the Pe-2 with Gneiss-2 onboard took place at Leningrad in 1943, and it was then that the radar was commissioned. Tikhomirov received his second Stalin Award for the Gneiss-2 design (1946). In mid-1943, NII-20 moved back to Moscow, and in the same year Tikhomirov completed

3430-460: The following comment: “Victor Tikhomirov left a most profound imprint on today's inimitable style of doing research at our enterprise. In fact, he created an entire school of designing radars and WCSs of fighters.” Ardalion Rastov, the person who replaced Tikhomirov on the Kub program, has been quoted as saying: “Tikhomirov organized a wonderful team, where not administrative power, but the power of common sense and reason reigned.” After leaving

3500-409: The goal of improving combat characteristics (longer range, improved ECCM , reliability and reaction time) established for the new chief designer Ardalion Rastov . A modernised variant underwent trial testing in 1972 eventually being adopted in 1973 as the "Kub-M1". The system underwent another modernisation between 1974 and 1976, again the general combat characteristics of the system were improved with

3570-446: The gun turrets permanently deactivated, commencing on 1 October 1991. On January 19, 1991, a USAF F-16 (serial 87-228) was shot down by a 2K12 Kub during the massive (though ill-fated) Package Q Strike against a heavily defended Baghdad . It was the tenth coalition aircraft lost in combat in Operation Desert Storm . The pilot, Captain Harry 'Mike' Roberts, ejected safely but was taken prisoner and freed in March 1991. The aircraft

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3640-446: The system downed a target aircraft in February 1964, within the two years that Tikhomirov had projected. The Kub air-defense missile system ultimately passed all testing and was commissioned into service in 1966. In NATO nations, it was called Gainful , as well as SA-6. Later it was sold internationally to 25 nations under the export name Kvadrat ( Square ). The NIIP continued in developing air-defense and related systems. In 1995, it

3710-406: The system rides on two tracked self-propelled vehicles, rather than towed or mounted on trucks, and either the launcher or control vehicle can be set to launch in only 15 minutes after changing location. The fairly large missiles have an effective range of 4–24 km (2.5–15 miles) and an effective altitude of 50–14,000 m (164–45,931 ft). The missile weighs 599 kg (1,321 lb) and

3780-576: The title Kub . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kub&oldid=1091193478 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 2K12 Kub The 2K12 "Kub" ( Russian : 2К12 Куб ; English: ' cube ') ( NATO reporting name : SA-6 "Gainful" ) mobile surface-to-air missile system

3850-430: The upper section of the superstructure and the 1S11 on the lower, they could turn around independently. To make the height of the vehicle lower the central cylinder was able to hide inside the prime mover. The acquisition range of the radar was reported as 50 km (31 mi) for an F-4 Phantom II type of target. Total weight of the 1S91 vehicle with a crew of 4 was 20.3 tonnes and 2P25 vehicle with 3 missiles and

3920-421: The warhead weighs 56 kg (123 lb). Top missile speed is approx. Mach 2.8. The combined propulsion system 9D16K included solid fuel rocket motor which, when burned out, forms the combustion chamber for a ramjet in a pioneering design putting this missile far ahead of its contemporaries in terms of propulsion. The missile was fitted with a semi-active radar seeker 1SB4, designed by MNII Agat , which

3990-424: The work was not intensified. Before 1963 only 11 of 83 missiles fired had the seeker head installed; only 3 launches were successful. Kub downed its first-ever air target on February 18, 1963, during the state trials at Donguz test site , Orenburg Oblast . It was an Ilyushin Il-28 bomber. The system entered an extended testing period between 1959 and 1966, after overcoming the technical difficulties of producing

4060-400: Was a complete success. Several 2K12 Kub batteries, along with S-75s and S-125 systems, were destroyed in a single day. While Syria's own air defenses remained largely intact, its forces in Lebanon were left exposed to attacks by Israeli strike aircraft for the remainder of the war. It has been reported, however, that at least one Israeli F-4 Phantom fighter-bomber was shot down in the area by

4130-420: Was able to track the target by Doppler frequency since the start. Later upgrades (3M9M3 missile) could do this before the start. Chief Designer of the seeker head was Yu.N. Vekhov, since 1960 – I.G. Akopyan. In 1977 a new version, the 3M9M1 (DoD designation SA-6B ) was created with three missiles fitted onto a different chassis (the same as that of the 9K37 "Buk" (NATO reporting name "Gadfly" / DoD SA-11 ),

4200-418: Was also used during the 1991 Gulf War . The threat posed by these SAMs led to the US Navy outfitting the ALQ-167 Bullwinkle Jamming pod on their F-14A/A+ Tomcats and A-6E TRAM/SWIP Intruder aircraft. On the opening night of Desert Storm, on 17 January 1991, a B-52G was damaged by a missile. Different versions of this engagement are told. It could have been an S-125 or a 2K12 Kub while other versions report

4270-496: Was an increase in the number of fire control channels and available missiles for each system as well as a faster service entry for Buk system components. The Kub-M4 was adopted into service in 1978 following completion of trials. Some early development implementations of the Buk missile system heavily utilized Kub components, including the 3M9 missile. There are several plans to integrate active radar homing missiles into Kub. For instance, Polish WZU of Grudziadz demonstrated

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4340-433: Was appointed Director and Research Supervisor. In addition to completing Argon , Tikhomirov led the design of Selen ( Selenium ) radar systems for attack aircraft detection. His most important development at that time was the Kadmiy ( Cadmium ), a radar gun-sight and high-precision aircraft range-finder; he received his third Stalin Award for this work (1953). There emerged a Tikhomirov ‘school’ of design. In this, with

4410-418: Was assigned as an engineer at NII-20, working in a team to improve Redut . This soon evolved to the Radio Ulavlivatel Samoletov-2 ( Radio Catcher of Aircraft ) designated RUS-2 . Although mobile, this was a bi-static system with separated transmitter and receiver vans and antennas. Tikhomirov's capabilities were soon recognized, and in early 1941, he was made Laboratory Head and Deputy Technical Manager of

4480-486: Was elected as a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Technical Sciences (Radio Engineering, Electronics, Automation, and Remote Control). Since Tikhomirov did not hold an academic degree at that time, this was a very unusual action by the Academy. Because of the large scope of Tikomirov's research, a branch of NII-17 was formed in Zhukovsky, an aviation research center 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Moscow. In February 1956, this branch

4550-416: Was established by the USSR Council of Ministers in 1956, and Tikhomirov was among 12 leading designers initially receiving this title. Tikhomirov was the only Designer General from the radar-WCS field; all of the others were aircraft designers. In July 1958, the NIIP began the design of a new, highly advanced, mobile air-defense system. Eventually designated the 2k12 Kub ( Cube ), each battery consisted of

4620-422: Was on a mission to attack the Air Defense Headquarters Building. It had flown 4 combat missions before being lost. The 2K12 Kub threat was largely controlled by Allied EW assets together with the older S-75s and S-125 missile systems. Most of the losses were due to IR guided SAMs. Kubs continued to be used by the Iraqi military, along with other SAM systems, to challenge the Western imposed no-fly zones during

4690-457: Was renamed the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (Tikhomirov NIIP). Other portions of the original NII-17 became the Scientific Research Institute of Radar (NIIR) and, later Phazotron-NIIR . Both of these firms, as well as the previously mentioned Vega Radio Engineering, credit Tikhomirov as the technical leader of their founding organization. Anatoly Kanashchenkovа, Director and Designer General of Phazotron-NIIR, made

4760-479: Was rescued after two hours in the water. The system was deployed by Libya during the border dispute with Chad and proved a threat for French aircraft . On 16 February 1986, the system failed in detecting low flying French jets which were attacking the Ouadi Doum airbase . On January 7, 1987, the French Air Force were successful in destroying a 2K12 Kub radar site in the Faya Largeau area with SEPECAT Jaguars armed with Martel anti-radiation missiles. In March,

4830-417: Was responsible for design of all airborne radars, as well as weapon control systems (WCS). Tikhomirov was assigned as Deputy Director for Research in TsKB-17, and remained in the role of Chief Designer in several design trends. The TsKB-17 is today the Vega Radio Engineering Corporation. As the war was drawing to a close, TsKB-17 designed and prepared production plans for several new airborne radars, including

4900-460: Was transformed into an independent enterprise, designated as Specialist Design Bureau-15 (OKB-15), and commonly called the Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP). Tikhomirov was initially the Research Supervisor, and then became Director. The first NIIP projects supervised by Tikhomirov included several models of Uragan ( Hurricane ) airborne radar systems for interceptor aircraft. The title of Designer General of aviation equipment

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