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78-574: Krasniqi is a historical Albanian tribe and region in the Accursed Mountains in northeastern Albania , bordering Kosovo . The region lies within the Tropoje District and is part of a wider area between Albania and Kosovo that is historically known as Gjakova highlands (Highlands of Gjakova ). Krasniqi stretches from the Valbona river in the north to Lake Fierza in the south and includes

156-475: A fis . The Malësors lived in three geographical regions within northern Albania. Malësia e Madhe (great highlands) contained five large tribes, four of which ( Hoti , Kelmendi , Shkreli , Kastrati ) having a Catholic majority and Muslim minority and with Gruda evenly split between both religions. Within Malësia e Madhe there were seven small additional tribes. During times of war and mobilisation of troops,

234-400: A century. During that time the tribal system was almost eradicated by the communists. After the collapse of communism in the early 1990s, northern Albania underwent demographic changes in tribal areas, sometimes becoming depopulated. Much of the population seeking a better life, moved either abroad or to Albanian cities such as Tiranë, Durrës or Shkodër; populations historically stemming from

312-595: A common ancestor, while the tribe, fara or gjeri , is much smaller than a northern Albanian fis . The members of a fara have a common ancestor who is the eponymos founder of the village. The political organization is communal; every neighbourhood sends a representing elder ( plak ) to the governing council of the village ( pleqësi ), who elect the head of the village ( kryeplak ). The Albanian term farë ( definite form : fara ) means "seed" and "progeny". In northern Albania it had no legal use, whereas in southern Albania, fara

390-452: A danger to the empire compared to previous uprisings. The Albanian revolt of 1911 was begun during March by Catholic Albanian tribesmen after they returned from exile in Montenegro. The Ottoman government sent 8,000 troops to quell the uprising and ordered that tribal chieftains stand trial for leading the rebellion. During the revolt, Terenzio Tocci , an Italo-Albanian lawyer gathered

468-505: A different content depending on the region. No uniform or standard classification exists as societal structure showed variance even within the same general area. The term fis is the central concept of Albanian tribal structure. The fis is a community whose members are linked to each other as kin through the same patrilineal ancestry and live in the same territory. It has been translated in English as tribe or clan . Thus, fis refers both to

546-500: A distinction in the region of possessing a legendary rock associated with Lekë Dukagjini . The Mirdita region was also a large powerful devoutly Catholic tribe with 2,500 households and five bajraktars that could mobilize 5,000 irregular troops. A general assembly of the Mirdita often met in Orosh to deliberate on important issues relating to the tribe. The position of hereditary prince of

624-702: A fifteenth century warrior who fought the Ottomans. Disputes would be solved through tribal law within the framework of vendetta or blood feuding; the activity was widespread among the Malisors. In situations of murder, tribal law stipulated the principle of koka për kokë (a head for a head) where relatives of the victim are obliged to seek gjakmarrja (blood vengeance). Nineteen percent of male deaths in İşkodra vilayet and 600 fatalities per year in Western Kosovo were from murders caused by vendetta and blood feuding during

702-453: A part of them settled in new territory and formed a new fis that may or may not have held the same name as the parental group. The concept of farefisni refers to the bonds between all communities that stem from the same fis . Farë literally means seed . Among southern Albanians, it is sometimes used as a synonym for fis , which in turn is used in the meaning of fis i vogël . The term bajrak refers to an Ottoman military institution of

780-871: A rebellion in mid-April 1877 against government control and the Ottoman Empire sent troops to put it down. Montenegro attempted to gain support among the Malisors even though it lacked religious or ethnic links with the Albanian tribesmen. During the Eastern Crisis and subsequent border negotiations in April 1880, Italy suggested that the Ottoman Empire give Montenegro the Tuz district, containing mainly Catholic Gruda and Hoti populations, which would have split between them both countries. With Hoti this would have caused tensions and instability because of their traditionally having precedence over

858-528: A similar story from Marash Uci, elder of Hoti . According the story, the ancestors of the Krasniqi are said to have stemmed from Bosnia and migrated through Montenegro to the area of Reç , north of Shkodra . Then, sometime after 1600, they moved inland to the area of Dushaj i Epërm, east of Fierza , in what is broadly their present region. Here they took over land that had been settled by the Gashi and gradually drove

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936-511: A threat to their tribal way of living and left it to their bajraktars to deal with the Ottoman political system. Officials of the Late Ottoman period noted that Malisors preferred that their children learn the use of a weapon and refused to send them to government schools that taught Turkish, which was viewed as a form of state control. Most Albanian Malisors were illiterate. In southern Albania,

1014-530: A tribal system among southern Albanians, which was regulated by the Code of Zuli ( Kanuni i Papa Zhulit/Zulit or Kanuni i Idriz Sulit ). In Kurvelesh the names of the villages were built as collective pluralia to designate the tribal settlements. For instance, Lazarat is a toponym that refers to the 'descendants of Lazar'. The northern Albanian tribes are fiercely proud of the fact that they have never been completely conquered by external powers, in particular by

1092-583: Is a reservoir in Albania and Kosovo . The Drin River and parts of the White Drin and Black Drin also runs through the reservoir. The size of the lake is 72.6 km (28.0 sq mi), of which 2.46 km (0.95 sq mi) belong to Kosovo. It is 70 km (43 mi) long and has a depth of 128 m (420 ft). In the Albanian side of the lake there are many canyons and some small islands. The dam

1170-414: Is so closely related to "old age", that "to arbitrate" ( me pleknue ) and ( plekní ) means both "seniority" and "arbitration". The fis is divided into a group of several closely related houses ( mehala ) and a main house ( shpi ). The head of mehala is the krye (lit. "head", pl. krenë or krenët ), while the head of the house is the zoti i shpis ("the lord of

1248-458: The krenë (chieftains) of the vëllazni , respectively. Unlike the northern Albanian tribes, the lineage groups of southern Albanians did not inhabit a closed region, but constituted ethnographic islands located on mountains surrounded by a farming environment. One of the centres of these lineage societies was based in Labëria in the central mountains of southern Albania. A second centre

1326-571: The Kanuni i Malësisë së Madhë , a variant of the Kanun . Albanian tribes The Albanian tribes ( Albanian : fiset shqiptare ) form a historical mode of social organization ( farefisní ) in Albania and the southwestern Balkans characterized by a common culture , often common patrilineal kinship ties and shared social ties . The fis ( Albanian definite form : fisi ; commonly translated as "tribe", also as "clan" or "kin" community) stands at

1404-476: The Ottoman Empire . This fact is considered as orthodox on a heritage and historical level by the tribes. In the 18th century the Ottomans instituted the system of bajrak military organization in northern Albania and Kosovo. From the Ottoman perspective, the institution of the bajrak had multiple benefits. Although it recognized a semi-autonomous status in communities like Hoti, it could also be used to stabilize

1482-431: The 17th century. In international bibliography of the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was often mistakenly equated with the fis as both would sometimes cover the same geographical area. The result of this mistake was the portrayal of bajrak administrative divisions and other regions as fis in early anthropological accounts of Albania, although there were bajraks in which only a small part or none at all constituted

1560-455: The 19th century BCE. In northern Albania, IA Çinamak ( Kukës County ), half of the men carried J-L283. The Krasniqi and Nikaj lineages diverge after 1500 CE which is consistent with their origin story from the two brothers Kolë and Nikë Mekshi. The Margegaj belong to the Krasniqi lineage which confirms the oral tradition which considers them descendants of Kolë Mekshi. The Krasniqi and the Nikaj share

1638-571: The Austrian kultursprotektorat in the late 1760s, which gave some religious freedom to Catholics in the Ottoman Empire under the state protection of the Austrian Empire. This allowed for the Catholic parishes of Gjakova and Prizren to rebuild their churches and schools. The tribe's (historical) patron saint is St. George, whom they still revere after Islamization. The Krasniqi tribe is known to follow

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1716-674: The Gjakovë highlands contained eight tribes that were mainly Muslim; in the Luma area near Prizren there were five tribes, mostly Muslim. Other important tribal groupings further south include the highlanders of the Dibra region known as the "Tigers of Dibra". Among the many religiously mixed Catholic-Muslim tribes and one Muslim-Orthodox clan, Ottoman officials noted that tribal loyalties superseded religious affiliations. In Catholic households there were instances of Christians who possessed four wives, marrying

1794-548: The Hoti, Gruda, Shkreli, Kelmendi and Kastrati tribes. In later negotiations with the Ottomans, an amnesty was granted to the tribesmen with promises by the government to: build roads and schools in tribal areas, pay wages of teachers, limit military service to the Istanbul and Shkodër areas, grant the right to carry weapons in the countryside but not in urban areas, appoint bajraktar relatives to certain administrative positions and compensate

1872-508: The Malisors returning from Montenegro with money and food. The final agreement was signed in Podgorica by both the Ottomans and Malisors during August 1912. The highlanders had managed to thwart the centralist tendencies of the Young Turk government. The last tribal system of Europe in northern Albania stayed intact until 1944 when Albanian communists seized power, ruling the country for half

1950-630: The Mirditë chieftains on 26/27 April 1911 in Orosh and proclaimed the independence of Albania, raised the flag of Albania and declared a provisional government. After Ottoman troops entered the area to put down the rebellion, Tocci fled the empire abandoning his activities. On 23 June 1911 Albanian Malisors and other revolutionaries gathered in Montenegro and drafted the Greçë Memorandum demanding Albanian sociopolitical and linguistic rights with signatories from

2028-486: The Ottoman conquest of Albania and the Balkans in the late 15th century and was followed by a process of strengthening of the tribe ( fis ) as a means of organization against Ottoman centralization particularly in the mountains of northern Albania and adjacent areas of Montenegro . It also remained in a less developed system in southern Albania where large feudal estates and later trade and urban centres began to develop at

2106-453: The Ottoman state. Through a series of conflicts and renegotiation a state of balance was found between Ottoman centralization and tribal autonomy. Hence, the Ottoman era is marked by both continual conflict and the formalization of socio-economic status within Ottoman administration. Members of the tribes of northern Albania believe that their history is based on the notions of resistance and isolationism. Some scholars connect this belief with

2184-524: The Piperi tribe. The name of the first ancestor, Keq , which means bad in Albanian, is given in Malësia to only children or to children from families with very few children (due to infant mortality). In those families, an "ugly" name ( i çudun ) was given as a spoken talisman to protect the child from the " evil eye . The name Kastër has also been recorded as Krasno , Kras or Krasto . Edith Durham recorded

2262-629: The Young Turk Revolution and subsequent restoration of the Ottoman constitution , the Hoti, Shala, Shoshi, and Kastati tribes made a besa (pledge) to support it and stop blood feuding with other tribes until November 6, 1908. However, Albanian tribes that showed enthusiasm had little knowledge of what the constitution would do for them. During the Albanian revolt of 1910, Malisors such as the Shala tribe fought against Ottoman troops that were sent to quell

2340-412: The area of Gegënia an importance within the empire that differed from Toskëria. Still many Ottoman officers thought that Ghegs, in particular the highlanders, were a liability instead of an asset. They were commonly referred to as a "wild" ( Turkish : vahşi ) and backward people living poverty and ignorance for 500 years, and hostile to civilisation and progress. In areas of Albania were Malisors lived,

2418-480: The bajraktar (chieftain) of Hoti was recognised by the Ottoman government as leader of all forces of the Malësia e Madhe tribes, having collectively some 6,200 rifles. Malësia e Vogël (small highlands) contained seven Catholic tribes such as the Shala with four bajaraktars, Shoshi , Toplana , and Nikaj containing some 1,250 households with a collective strength of 2,500 men that could be mobilised for war. Shoshi had

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2496-411: The beginning of the 19th century). Pouqueville in particular reported that each village (Alb. katun ) and each town was some kind of autonomous republic composed of farë brotherhoods. In other accounts he mentioned the 'great farë ' tribes, each having their polemarchs . These chiefs had boluk-bashis (platoon commanders), analogus to the northern fis , the bajraktarë and

2574-431: The borderlands; in their new capacity, these communities would defend the borders of the empire as their own territory. Furthermore, in times of rebellion the Ottomans could use the office of head bajraktar to divide and conquer the tribes by handing out privileges to a select few. On the other hand, autonomy of the borderlands was a source of conflict as the tribes tried to increase their autonomy and minimize involvement of

2652-599: The center of Albanian organization based on kinship relations, a concept that can be found among southern Albanians also with the term farë ( Albanian definite form : fara ). Inherited from ancient Illyrian social structures, Albanian tribal society emerged in the early Middle Ages as the dominant form of social organization among Albanians. The development of feudalism came to both antagonize it, and slowly integrate aspects of it in Albanian feudal society, as most noble families themselves came from these tribes and depended on their support. This process stopped after

2730-425: The concept of "negotiated peripherality"; throughout history the territory that northern Albanian tribes occupy has been contested and is peripheral. Northern Albanian tribes often exploited their position and negotiated their peripherality in profitable ways, which also affected their national program; its significance and challenges are different from those in southern Albania. Such peripheral territories are zones of

2808-451: The death penalty. Ali Pasha also reached an agreement with the Kurveleshi population not to trespass their territories, which at that time were larger than the area they inhabit today. Continualy since the 18th century, blood feuds and their consequences in Labëria have been limited principally by the councils of elders. The mountain region of Kurveleshi represents the last example of

2886-572: The defter of the sanjak of Scutari in 1485 as Hrasto . This toponym's etymology probably comes from the Slavic word hrasto (oak). It had ten households and its head household was that of Petri, son of Gjonima . One of the household heads, Nika Gjergj Bushati was related to the Bushati fis . Villages that later were part of Krasniqi that appear in the defter of 1485 are Shoshan (20 households) and Dragobia (six households). These villages were not part of

2964-569: The descendants no longer consider themselves Albanian (i.e. Kuči, Mahine etc.). Malësia e Madhe , in the Northern Albanian Alps between Albania and Montenegro, historically has been the land of ten bigger and three smaller tribal regions. Two of them, Suma and Tuzi, came together to form Gruda in the 15th to 16th century. The people of this area are commonly called "highlanders" ( Albanian : malësorë ). The Dukagjin Highlands includes

3042-494: The dynamic creation of culture, where it is possible to manipulate regional and national histories to the advantage of certain individuals and groups. Malisor society used tribal law and participated in the custom of bloodfeuding. Ottoman control mainly existed in the few urban centres and valleys of northern Albania but was minimal or almost non-existent in the mountains, where Malisors lived an autonomous existence according to kanun (tribal law) of Lek Dukagjini. Western Kosovo

3120-471: The early 17th century, the Krasniqi community had been fully established. Daniele Farlati in "Illyricum sacrum VII" (1817), p.261, mentions it as Castranichius . The settlement of Krasniqi at that point had 60 households with 475 people. He also remarked the extreme poverty that the Krasniqi were enduring. In 1671, both Krasniqi and Nikaj are mentioned in the report of Shtjefën Gaspari . In 1695-1696, Krasniqi brotherhoods Kolgecaj and Kolmekshaj are mentioned for

3198-406: The east, and includes most of the upper Valbona valley. It borders on the traditional tribal regions of Bugjoni to the south, Gashi to the northeast, Nikaj-Mërtur to the west, and Bytyçi to the east. The main settlements of the region are the town of Bajram Curri, Bujan , Shoshan, Kocanaj, Dragobia, Bradoshnicë, Degë, Llugaj, Murataj, Margegaj , Lëkurtaj, Bunjaj. Krasniqi has its roots in

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3276-640: The empire only posted Ottoman officers who had prior experience in other tribal regions of the state like Kurdistan or Yemen that could bridge cultural divides with Gheg tribesmen. Under Sultan Abdul Hamid II , Ottoman officials were posted to Albanian populated lands. Some Albanians strongly disproved of blood feuding, seeing it as inhumane and uncivilised, and an unnecessary waste of life that created social disruption, lawlessness and economic dislocation. To resolve this problem, Ottoman officials formed Blood Feud Reconciliation Commissions (musalaha-ı dem komisyonları) that produced results with limited success. In

3354-509: The exiled member of the tribe would be burned. Disarmament was regarded as the most embarrassing verdict. The Law of Lek Dukagjini (kanun) was named after a medieval prince Lekë Dukagjini from the fifteenth century who ruled in northern Albania and codified the customary laws of the highlands. Albanian tribes from the Dibra region governed themselves according to the Law of Skanderbeg (kanun), named after

3432-492: The expense of tribal organization. One of the most particular elements of the Albanian tribal structure is its dependence on the Kanun , a code of Albanian oral customary laws . Most tribes engaged in warfare against external forces like the Ottoman Empire. Some also engaged in limited inter-tribal struggle for the control of resources. Until the early years of the 20th century, Albanian tribal society remained largely intact until

3510-469: The first spouse in a church and the other three in the presence of an imam, while among Muslim households the Islamic tradition of circumcision was ignored. Among Gheg Malësors of the highlands, the fis is headed by the oldest male ( kryeplak ) and forms the basic unit of tribal society. The governing councils consist of elders ( pleqt , singular: plak ). The idea of law administration

3588-473: The first time. Heavy taxation against Catholics and Ottoman repression kickstarted the conversion of the population to Islam at the end of the 17th century. This process was mostly finished by the middle 19th century, but the Krasniqi community in and around the towns of Gjakova and also Prizren remained Catholic. From these Krasniqi families stem Catholic archbishop Matej Krasniqi and apostolic vicar Gaspër Krasniqi . The Catholics of Krasniqi were put under

3666-465: The first, historical, direct ancestors of the Krasniqi and Nikaj tribes. To Kolë Mekshi trace their descend the Kolmekshaj brotherhoods and their branches. They form the population of Shoshan and Dragobia. They also founded Bradoshnicë, Degë, Kocanaj, Murataj and also form half of the village of Margegaj . For the other half of Margegaj, there have been two oral stories. According to the first Mark Gega

3744-582: The following tribes: There are six tribes of the Gjakova Highlands ( Albanian : Malësia e Gjakovës ) also known as Malësia e Vogël ("Lesser Malësia"): The "seven tribes of Puka" ( Albanian : shtatë bajrakët e Pukës ), inhabit the Puka region. Durham said of them: "Puka group ... sometimes reckoned a large tribe of seven bairaks. Sometimes as a group of tribes". Fierza Reservoir The Fierza Reservoir ( Albanian : Liqeni i Fierzës )

3822-852: The highlands of Gjakova, but over the centuries has spread to neighbouring areas. Thus, today many descendants of the Krasniqi fis are found within present-day Kosovo , especially in the western part (to the east of Krasniqi itself), having settled there since late 17th century. On the Kumanovo side of the Skopska Crna Gora , descendants of the Krasniqi fis were recorded in the villages of Gošince , Slupčane , Alaševce (in Lipkovo ) and Ruđince (in Staro Nagoričane ) in 1965. A group of them migrated to Istanbul. Oral traditions and fragmentary stories were collected and interpreted by writers who travelled in

3900-419: The historical Piperi tribal region in what is now Montenegro. His sons, the brothers Lazër Keqi (ancestor of Hoti , Ban Keqi (ancestor of Triepshi) , Merkota Keqi (ancestor of Mrkojevići ) and Vas Keqi (ancestor of Vasojevići ) had to abandon the village after committing murder against the locals, but Keq and his younger son Piper Keqi remained there and Piper Keqi became the direct ancestor of

3978-450: The house"). A house may be composed of two or three other houses with property in common under one zot . A political and territorial unit consisting of several clans was the bajrak (standard or banner). The leader of a bajrak , whose position was hereditary, was referred to as bajraktar (standard bearer). Several bajraks composed a tribe, which was led by a man from a notable family, while major issues were decided by

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4056-517: The kin community that live in its traditional territory, while fis i vogël refers to the immediate family members and their cousins ( kushëri ). In this sense, it is sometimes used synonymously with vëllazëri or vllazni in Geg Albanian. This term refers to all families that trace their origin to the same patrilineal ancestor. Related families ( familje ) are referred to as of one bark /pl. barqe (literally, belly ). As some tribes grew in number,

4134-457: The kinship ties that bind the community and the territorialization of that community in a region exclusively used in a communal manner by the members of the fis . In contrast, bashkësi (literally, association ) refers to a community of the same ancestry that has not been established territorially in a given area that is its traditional home region. It is further divided into fis i madh and fis i vogël . Fis i madh refers to all members of

4212-561: The late Ottoman period, due to the influence of Catholic Franciscan priests, some reduction of blood feuding among Albanian highlanders was achieved. For instance, guilt was restricted to the offender or their household and one tribe accepted the razing of the offender's home as compensation for the offense. Ottoman officials viewed the violence committed by Malisors in the 1880s-1890s as a tribal problem not related to nationalism or religion. They also noted that Albanian tribesmen who identified with Islam did so in name only and lacked knowledge of

4290-512: The late Ottoman period. Besa is a word in the Albanian language meaning "pledge of honor", "to keep the promise". Besa is an important institution within the tribal society of the Albanian Malisors, and is one of the moral principles of the Kanun . Albanian tribes swore oaths to jointly fight against the government and in this respect the besa served to uphold tribal autonomy. The besa

4368-586: The latter tribe eastwards. In the process of establishing themselves as a tribal unit, they also drove the Thaçi westwards across the Drin River . The reference to Bosnia might actually refer to the region of Plav (eastern Montenegro), where the mountains of Hoti ( malet e Hotit ) are located. The name Kastër and its variants correspond to a settlement that appears in the Decani chrysobulls of 1330 as Krastavljane and in

4446-402: The other four tribes during peace and war. The tribes affected by the negotiations swore a besa (pledge) to resist any reduction of their lands and sent telegrams to surrounding regions asking for military assistance. During the late Ottoman period Ghegs often lacked education and integration within the Ottoman system, even though they had autonomy and military capabilities. Those factors gave

4524-663: The period of the Ottoman dominion. Afterwards, these lineage segments increasingly became the basic political, economic, religious, and predatory units of social organization. According to Pouqueville these forms of social organizations disappeared with the dominion of the Ottoman Albanian ruler Ali Pasha , and definitely ended in 1813. In the Pashalik of Yanina , in addition to the Sharia for Muslims and Canon for Christians, Ali Pasha enforced his own laws, allowing only in rare cases

4602-535: The region in the 19th century about the early history of Krasniqi. Johann Georg von Hahn recorded the first oral tradition about Krasniqi's origins from a Catholic priest named Gabriel in Shkodra in 1850. According to this account, the first direct male ancestor of the Krasniqi was Kastër Keqi , son of a Catholic Albanian named Keq who fleeing from Ottoman conquest settled in the Slavic-speaking area that would become

4680-583: The religion. In the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 the new Young Turk government established the Commissions for Reconciliation of Blood Feuds that focused on regions such as İpek (Pejë) and Prizren. The commissions sentenced Albanians who had participated in blood feud killing. The Council of Ministers allowed the Commission to continue their work in the provinces until May 1909. After

4758-481: The rise to power of the communist regime in 1944, and is considered to be the only example of a tribal social system with tribal chiefs and councils, blood feuds and oral customary laws , to survive in Europe until the middle of the 20th century. Fundamental terms that define Albanian tribal structure are shared by all regions. Some terms may be used interchangeably with the same semantic content and other terms have

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4836-460: The same community or the same administrative unit as other tribes of northern Albania and Montenegro like Hoti or Piperi which were in the process of their final formation at that time. Most Krasniqi form a fis (tribe) in the sense that they are patrilineally descended from the same male progenitor. Most brotherhoods of Krasniqi come from Kolë Mekshi who lived in the mid 16th century. After 1550, he and his brother Nikë Mekshi are acknowledged as

4914-539: The same patrilineal ancestor. As such, they both belong to the same branch haplogroup J2b-M241>L283. J-L283 is a Paleo-Balkan lineage which has been found in samples throughout the region from coastal Dalmatia (Bronze Age) to eastern Dardania (Roman era) as well as in Iron Age Daunians (Italy). It represents 14-18% of Albanian lineages. The oldest J-L283 sample in northern Albania is found in MBA Shkrel as early as

4992-539: The same progenitor with Gashi tribe ca. 1200 CE. Their connection indicates that their lineage was present in its present location (Tropojë) in the Middle Ages. The Krasniqi share no close patrilineal relation with all other fis which their traditions connect them with. This highlights that oral traditions do not necessarily reflect "real" kinship relations, but are complex social constructs which are influenced by many different factors. As for much of its history Krasniqi

5070-461: The social system is based on the house ( shpi or shtëpi ) and the fis , which consists of a patrilineal kinship group and an exogamous unit composed of members with some property in common. The patrilineal kinship ties are defined by the concept of "blood" ( gjak ) including moral and physical characteristics that are shared by all the members of a fis . The fis generally consists of three or four generations sharing

5148-623: The town Bajram Curri . Members of the Krasniqi tribe are also found in Kosovo and Northern Macedonia. The region is called Krasniqe ( Krasniqja in definite Albanian) and its people are called Krasniqë . The Krasniqi region is situated in the District of Tropoja and stretches from the Montenegrin border in the north to Lake Fierza in the south, from the Mërturi region in the west to the District of Has in

5226-570: The tribe assembly whose members of the tribe were male. The Ottomans implemented the bayraktar system within northern Albanian tribes, and granted some privileges to the bayraktars (banner chieftains) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the Ottoman forces . Those privileges entitled Albanian tribesmen to pay no taxes and to be excluded from military conscription in return for commitment to military service as irregular troops; however few served in that capacity. Malisors viewed Ottoman officials as

5304-571: The tribe with the title Prenk Pasha (Prince Lord) was held by the Gjonmarkaj family. Apart from this princely family, the Franciscan Abbot held some influence among the Mirdita tribesmen. The government estimated the military strength of Malësors in İşkodra sanjak as numbering over 30,000 tribesmen and Ottoman officials were of the view that the highlanders could defeat Montenegro on their own with limited state assistance. In Western Kosovo,

5382-405: The tribes have become scattered. Locals that remained in northern Albanian areas have maintained an awareness of their tribal identity. The following is a list of historical Albanian tribes and tribal regions. Some of the tribes are considered extinct because no collective memory of descent has survived (i.e. Mataruga, Rogami etc.) while others became slavicised very early on and the majority of

5460-452: The uprising and disarm the population by collecting guns and replacing the Law of Lek with state courts and laws. Malisors planned further resistance and Albanian tribes living near the border fled into Montenegro while negotiating terms with the Ottomans for their return. The Ottoman military commander Mahmud Shevket concluded that the Bajraktars had become Albanian nationalists and posed

5538-453: The usage of local Albanian tribal customary laws . After annexing Suli and Himara into his semi-independent state in 1798, he tried to organize the judiciary in every city and province according to the principle of social equality, enforcing his laws for the entire population, Muslims and Christians. To limit blood feud killings, Ali Pasha replaced blood feuds (Alb. gjakmarrje ) with other punishments such as blood payment or expulsion or

5616-485: The will to enforce them dissipated. In times of revolt against the Ottomans, the besa functioned as a link among different groups and tribes. Besa is an important part of personal and familial standing and is often used as an example of " Albanianism ". Someone who breaks his besa may even be banished from his community. During the Great Eastern Crisis , Prenk Bib Doda, hereditary chieftain of Mirdita initiated

5694-534: Was a Catholic community, its early history is traced through official reports of Catholic clergy to the Vatican. In the 1628 report of Benedetto Orsini, they are mentioned for the first time as Crastignichieia . The tribe's name was recorded in 1634 as Crastenigeia in a report of the Catholic bishop Gjergj Bardhi and four years later, his nephew, bishop Frang Bardhi passed through Krasniqi territory and noted that they had their own church. These reports highlight that by

5772-423: Was a came from Shkreli , while according to the second one he was a son of Kol Mekshi. The inhabitants of Kolgecaj (renamed to Bajram Curri in 1957), Lëkurtaj and Bunjaj stem from other brotherhoods that were unrelated to the Kolmekshaj, but later were included in the tribe. Lauka et al. (2022) tested Krasniqi and Nikaj men to test the correlation of oral traditions with genetic data. The Krasniqi and Nikaj men have

5850-480: Was also an area where Ottoman rule among highlanders was minimal to non-existent and government officials would ally themselves with local power holders to exert any form of authority. Western Kosovo was dominated by the Albanian tribal system where Kosovar Malisors settled disputes among themselves through mountain law. In a period without stable state control, it was the tribe who tried its members. The usual punishments were fines , exile or disarmament. The house of

5928-513: Was based in Himara in southwest Albania. A third centre was based in the Suli region , located far south in the middle of a Greek population. The tendency to build segmentary lineage organizations of these mountain communities increased with the degree of their isolation, causing the loss of the tribal organization of the Albanian highlanders in southern Albania and northern Greece since the 15th century, during

6006-502: Was used legally instead of the term fis of the northerners until the beginning of the 19th century, to mean a politically autonomous tribe and a 'brotherhood' ( Gheg Alb. vëllazni ; Tosk Alb. vëllazëri ; or Alb. bark , "belly"). Attestations of these forms of social organization among southern Albanians are reported by Leake and Pouqueville when describing the traditional organization of Suli (between 1660 and 1803), Epirus , and of southern Albania in general (until

6084-488: Was used to regulate tribal affairs both between and within tribes. The Ottoman government used the besa as a way to co-opt Albanian tribes into supporting state policies or to seal agreements. During the Ottoman period, the besa would be cited in government reports of Albanian unrest, especially in the tribes. The besa formed a central place within Albanian society in order to generate military and political power. Besas held Albanians together, united them and would wane when

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