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97-633: In 1927, under the influence of the National One Party Movement, the independence movement forces active in Manchuria also began to discuss integration. The integration of the three departments, which were the autonomous institutions of the Korean community in Manchuria and the independence movement groups, was promoted. Still, the meeting was canceled due to internal conflicts among the departments and differences in their views on integration. In response,

194-747: A central organization responsible for the autonomy and industry of Koreans living in Korea. This policy reorganized the National People's Prefecture into a purely autonomous institution. In December of that year, the National Unity Party Organizational Alliance was also reorganized into the Korean Revolutionary Party and formed the Korean Revolutionary Army . All matters related to the independence movement and

291-548: A dual character: an administrative agency that enforces the autonomy of the Korean community, which is the basis of the independence movement in Northeast China, and a military government agency that is in charge of command, training, and operations of the independence army. The National People's Prefecture's headquarters was established in Xingyeong. Around 1927, the three branches of Manchuria had their sphere of influence, and

388-430: A hideout and base for activists who fled after the invasion. The funds for its activities depended more on the duties collected from Koreans living in Manchuria. As the economy became more difficult due to the invasion, the number of people unable to pay their dues increased. There were cases where the department even took government-style actions against them, such as collecting dues by force. Educational activities were

485-681: A relationship between Korea and China. It was about strengthening the bond. To enlighten farmers, the Ministry of Finance compiled the Farmers' Reading Book』 and operated monthly correspondence education and a traveling library. For publishing activities, the Korean Revolutionary Party founded the Korean Revolution as an organ magazine in April 1930. Namman Academy published Bonghwa (烽火) . For

582-825: A result, in August 1922, the Korean Unification Government was formed in southern Manchuria. On this basis, by March 1925, the three organizations of the General Staff Headquarters (參議府), the Righteous Government (正義府), and the Korean People's Association in Manchuria , which had been active in disparate ways in North and South Manchuria , were integrated into Heunggyeong (新賓縣), Sinbin-Hyeon, Liaoning Province. The three divisions established in this way have

679-448: A single national party to defeat Japanese imperialism and build a new nation where everyone would be politically and economically equal. Both sides' arguments were unable to reach a compromise even though the meeting lasted for 15 days, and the plenary session was adjourned. Afterward, the two sides held separate meetings in different places to solidify their respective claims while forming the 'National Unity Party Organization Council' and

776-530: A single national party was held. They gathered to discuss the issue of forming a single party for the Korean people in Manchuria. Still, there was a conflict between the positions of organizing around existing organizations and those of disbanding and reorganizing all existing organizations in terms of construction methods. Kim Dong-sam, a member of the General Staff Headquarters, gathered at Shinandun, 7 miles west of Giljangyeon-ro, and attempted to form

873-472: A single national party. We will actively strive to complete the Korean Independence Movement, the legacy of our revolutionary predecessors. By discussing matters such as ‘extracting common political complaints from all levels of the nation and concentrating the only national party,’ they sought to build a united front with national liberation and independence as the top goal. In September 1928,

970-755: A single party and establishing a military government. First, the Shuchenghoe met in Jilin in late December of that year and organized the 'Innovation Council.' The Innovation Council, promoted by the Military Government Committee of the New People's Department, the Kim Hui-san faction of the General Staff Headquarters, and the Kim Dong-sam, Kim Sang-deok, Kim Won-jik, and Lee Cheong-cheon sections who withdrew from

1067-561: A single party to unify the three divisions but failed. At this time, the representative of the General Staff Headquarters returned midway due to the severe crackdown by the Chinese and Japanese forces, and the representative of the Shinmin Prefecture arrived after the meeting ended and was unable to attend the plenary session. However, representatives of various organizations gathered from different parts of Manchuria set as specific agendas

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1164-530: A three-part integrated conference was held under the auspices of the General Staff Headquarters. However, the meeting eventually collapsed as differences in positions on integration could not be resolved. Thus, on November 15 of that year, the Kim Dong-sam and Ji Cheong-cheon factions of the Righteous Government, the Military Government Committee of the Shinmin Prefecture, and the Kim Seung-hak faction of

1261-638: A unique party. The National Unique Party Organizational Alliance would carry out the independence movement project, and the independence forces under the prefecture would be subordinated to the organizational alliance. In March 1929, representatives of Jeongui Prefecture Lee Dong-rim, Hyeon Ik-cheol, Go Icheo, Ko Yu-sin, Choi Dong-wook, Lee Taek, General Staff Headquarters representatives Shim Yong-jun, Lim Byeong-mu, and Yoo Gwang-geol, and Shin Min-bu representatives Lee Hyo-won gathered again in Jilin Province and held

1358-458: The Shinmin Prefecture, the remnants of the General Staff Headquarters, and the majority faction of the Righteous Government formed the National Unity Party Organizational Alliance in January 1929. The 'National Unity Party Organization Alliance' launched itself as the parent body of the National People's Prefecture as an independent, autonomous government for Koreans, focused on its next goal, forming

1455-640: The 'National Unity Party Organization Promotion Association,' further intensifying the conflict. Since this innovation council aimed to establish a unified military government, its duration was limited to one year. Kim Dong-sam, Hwang Hak-soo, Ji Cheong-cheon , Kim Seung-hak, and 16 other members were elected as central executive committee members, including Chairman Kim Dong-sam and the central executive committee chairman. It had departments and executives such as Kim Won-jik, Military Committee Chairman Hwang Hak-su, Military Committee Chairman Ji Cheong-cheon, and Civil Affairs Committee Chairman Kim Seung-hak. In addition,

1552-423: The 1st Central Council was held by the principle of a two-party governance system similar to China's. The revolutionary work was delegated to a single national party organization. It was decided only to take charge of functions. The Korean Revolutionary Party carried out a dual-party operation to achieve Korea's independence with the same theory and method by gathering all the national capabilities. It later became

1649-540: The Battle of Nogu. After the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932, the Japanese Empire suppressed the independence movement on a large scale and strengthened its crackdown on the Korean community in Manchuria. As a result, the National People's Prefecture virtually ceased functioning properly. The National People's Prefecture declared itself the 'government' and sought to implement the ideology of modern democracy through

1746-600: The Central Committee, and 19 executives were arrested. In 1932, a joint Korean-Chinese operation was established through a joint meeting with the Korean Revolutionary Army and jointly fought the Battle of Yonglingga and the Battle of Heunggyeongseong by joining forces with the Chinese Volunteer Army, China's anti-Manchurian and anti-Japanese army. He won a great victory in the Battle of Gyeongseong and

1843-662: The Central Party Department and the Gilheuk Special Committee organized into seven departments, including the Central Department, Secretariat Department, Organization Department, Education Department, Economic Department, International Department, and People's Department, and three committees, including the Military Committee, Autonomy Committee, and Propaganda Committee. The Revolutionary Assembly

1940-740: The Chosun Revolutionary Party is generally as follows: The Korean Revolutionary Party had seven divisions and three committees, and the Korean Revolutionary Army was placed under the Military Committee. Hyeon Ik-cheol, head of the Central Executive Committee of the National People's Prefecture , served as the chairman of the Autonomous Committee of the Korean Revolutionary Party. Although the National Council and

2037-557: The Chosunghoe side organized the Innovation Council to continue the national movement. It also organized the 'United National Party Remanufacturer Association' to succeed and complete the formation of a unique national party, which had been a long-standing task. Kim Dong-sam was appointed as the chairman of the central executive committee, and Kim Jwa-jin and Kim Seong-gyo were appointed co-committee members, respectively. After setting

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2134-750: The Civil Affairs Committee, Choi Dong-Oh as Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, and Koi as Chairman of the Education Committee. Heo (高而虛) and Lee Woong (李雄) as military committee chairman and commander, and Yang Se-bong (梁世奉) as 1st company commander were elected. The headquarters was moved from Jilin to Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, in June. Japanese influence in Jilin Province strengthened, and activities became difficult. The headquarters

2231-546: The General Staff Headquarters gathered together to form the Innovation Council. Afterwards, the military faction of the Shinmin Prefecture, the mainstream faction of the General Staff Headquarters, and the secessionist faction of the Righteous Government which had been advocating disbanding and reorganizing existing organizations through the National Unity Party Promotion Association, organized

2328-476: The General Staff Headquarters tried to reach a compromise by holding a 'meeting of Jaegil activists' as an alternative, but this also failed. The reason for the collapse of the integrated conference is that, firstly, due to the conflicting opinions of each faction, the Shinmin and General Staff Headquarters sides decided to completely disband the Shinmin, General Staff Headquarters, and Righteous Government and break down

2425-607: The Innovation Council in December 1928. The side advocating for the Innovation Council were seven organizations, including the South Manchurian Youth Alliance and the North Manchuria Youth General Alliance, which advocated the complete dismantlement of established organizations with local and factional characteristics and the theory of individual-based organization. Their opinion was to organize

2522-704: The Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces have organized the 'Jihei Special Committee,' as well as sub-organizations such as the Catholic Party Department in each province and the County Party Department in each county, with over 100 units. Each prefecture had a branch party, and such branch parties were expanded to Korea. They were established in Pyeongan , Hwanghae , Gangwon , Chungcheong , Jeolla , and Gyeongsang Province , and organizational members joined in and carried out operational activities. Meanwhile,

2619-612: The Joseon Revolutionary Party were elected to the Central Executive Committee. The Joseon Revolutionary Party joined the National Revolutionary Party and announced the declaration of dissolution, officially disbanding. In October 1936, Yun Young-bae was dispatched to Korea to attempt to form a famous workers' and peasants' organization. National People%27s Prefecture The National People's Prefecture ( Korean : 국민부 , romanized :  gugminbu )

2716-446: The Korean Revolutionary Army and was the only one in the Manchuria region to fight under the banner of Korea's independence and revolution. At the time of its formation, the prefecture ratified a declaration and charter that set out the following principles: The National People's Prefecture formed the Central Executive Committee on May 28, 1929, with Hyeon Ik-cheol as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee, Kim I-Dae as Chairman of

2813-867: The Korean Revolutionary Army, a military organization. Hyeon Ik-cheol was elected as the chairman of the Chosun Revolutionary Party. The Chosun Revolutionary Party published magazines and publications to convey theories and political ideas of the independence movement to Koreans in South Manchuria. It promoted educational activities for Korean youth in Manchuria. At the time of its inception, Hyeon Ik-cheol (Central Executive Secretary), Hyeon Jeong-gyeong (玄正卿, politics), Lee Woong (李雄, military), Ko Yi-heo (高而虛, organization), Choi Dong-oh (崔東旿, diplomacy), Jang Seung-eon (張承彦, treasurer), Kim Bo-an (金輔安, education), and Gohal-sin [高轄信, also known as: Gohwal-sin (高豁信), Shenzhen] were active as executives. There were 3,500 and 2,000 quasi-party members in 100 branches and departments, including

2910-459: The Korean Revolutionary Party were separated in structure, many things were in common. In the end, the relationship between the Korean Revolutionary Party and the People's Council was between the one-party party and the administration based on the principle of two-party rule. The Korean Revolutionary Party was the only party in southern Manchuria. People's Council was an autonomous administrative agency of

3007-658: The Korean Revolutionary Party, which supported the National People's Prefecture activities, were weakened by internal strife between socialists and nationalists. In October 1929, the Korean Revolutionary Army attacked the South Korean Youth General Alliance, inciting the Nanman disaster that killed six executives who opposed the National People's Prefecture. The prefecture showed signs of division due to left-right opposition as left-wing organizations formed The Alliance to Overthrow Imperialism. In December 1929, they left

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3104-592: The Korean community was developing a movement for autonomy and independence. The coast of the Yalu River is under the jurisdiction of General Staff Headquarters, the area around Jilin and Bongcheon-province in southern Manchuria is under the jurisdiction of Righteous Government, and the area along the Jungdong Line in northern Manchuria is under the jurisdiction of the Korean People's Association in Manchuria. Although it

3201-412: The Korean community, and its organization and operation were placed under the leadership of the Korean Revolutionary Party. The Korean Revolutionary Army (朝鮮革命軍) was initially an independent army under the People's Council. Later, the Korean Revolutionary Party placed the army under the Military Committee, organized to support and nurture the People's Council, and operated under the political guidance of

3298-540: The Ministry of National Affairs and the Joseon Revolutionary Army. The Joseon Revolutionary Army government saw that an international crisis would arise around 1935-1936 and planned to use this time as an opportunity to attempt a groundbreaking reconstruction. To this end, in July 1935, Yoo Kwang-ho was dispatched to Seoul to form an in-ship work committee, and 27 members were sent to Korea. Separately, to connect with

3395-470: The Ministry of National Affairs was held, and the organization of the Joseon Revolutionary Party was decided. The Joseon Revolutionary Party was formed in Jilin Province in September 1929 as a sister organization with a political party character to the People's Council (國民府) under the mantra of “eradicating Japanese imperialism and achieving Korea's absolute independence.” Therefore, the Korean Revolutionary Party

3492-434: The Ministry of National Affairs was in charge of civil administration and the Korean Revolutionary Army was in charge of military activities. The Korean Revolutionary Party took charge of revolutionary work as the only party in the nation according to the principle of two parties ruling the country. The Korean Revolutionary Party led the self-governing Kookmin-bu (國民府), which managed the Korean community in South Manchuria, and

3589-627: The National People's Prefecture and engaged in revolutionary work. Therefore, only these revolutionary troops were allowed to carry weapons, and each unit appointed a military committee member as a representative to form a military committee, which was the leading body of the revolutionary army. The Korean Revolutionary Army, which had 12,000 troops, reorganized the ten units into seven and stationed them in various locations. It appointed Lee Jin-seon as commander-in-chief, Yang Byeok-hae as vice-commander, and Lee Woong as chief of staff. He left an excellent record by launching an armed anti-Japanese movement around

3686-440: The National People's Prefecture. In addition, the socialists caused internal strife, which fell into chaos, but the situation was soon brought under control, and the battle line was reorganized. In September 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. In January 1932, the department's factions attended the central committee meeting hosted by the Korean Revolutionary Party and discussed response measures. On January 20, 1932, Japanese police raided

3783-569: The National Unique Party Organizational Alliance to organize the National Unique Party, and in 1929, formed the Joseon Revolutionary Party. An independence movement organization that developed an anti-Japanese independence movement in Manchuria in 1929 by leading the People's Council, an autonomous organization, and the Joseon Revolutionary Army, an armed group. On September 20, 1929, the 1st Central Council of

3880-563: The National Unity Party Organization Alliance and organized the Joseon Revolutionary Army, an armed organization of the Peoples Council, under the leadership of the Joseon Revolutionary Party. The Joseon Revolutionary Party, as the nation's only party in South Manchuria, realized a system complete with the trinity of the party, government, and military under the leadership of the Korean Revolutionary Party, in which

3977-524: The New People's Government. Third, after dispatching representatives, infighting broke out in the General Staff Headquarters, causing the issue of recalling all of the dispatched representatives. Although the unification of the three branches was the consistent wish of all independence activists at the time, the Jilin Conference was divided in this way, making complete integration of the national movement in Manchuria more difficult. The Minjeong faction of

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4074-485: The New People's Ministry to establish conditions for integration discussions to begin in earnest. However, soon after their meeting, difficult issues such as conflict of opinion between different factions, a dispute over the right of a representative of the Shinmin Prefecture, and recall of the representative of the Council of Councilors became entangled, making it impossible for a formal meeting to be properly held. Accordingly,

4171-448: The Righteous Government filed the Military Government Committee in April 1929. The Innovation Council was subsequently disbanded due to a lack of activity. In May that year, the Ministry of Finance formed a Central Executive Committee and established each department and its person in charge. He participated in the conference faction during the movement to form a single national party. It is an organization organized by nationalists, including

4268-633: The Righteous Government following the breakdown of the Three-Party Unification Conference, declared the dissolution of the New People's Government and the General Staff Headquarters in their name. In addition to the autonomy of Koreans, the main project goals were in four areas: active assistance in promoting the Great Tang Dynasty, military election and prevention of enemy invasions, organization of legal Chinese local self-government institutions, and handling of leftover affairs. After

4365-706: The Seonminbu (鮮民府) and destroyed the pro-Japanese faction. They raided the headquarters, killed pro-Japanese collaborators, and dismantled the headquarters organization. He did not hesitate to gain the cooperation of the Chinese Nationalist Party and confront Korean socialists. In the early days of its establishment, the National People's Prefecture encompassed Heunggyeong, Hwanin, Yuha, Tonghwa, Jian, Gwanjeon, Bongye, Haeryong, and Fushun. Local executive committees were established in places such as Wukseong (無順) and Bongseong (鳳城), and representatives were elected. Under

4462-609: The Shinminbu military government faction, the Chamuibu mainstream faction, and the Jeonguibu secession faction disbanded the existing organizations and organized an innovation assembly in December 1928. In response, the majority faction of Jeonguibu, the Minjung faction of Shinminbu, and the remaining faction of Chamuibu formed Kukminbu in April 1929. Between 1928 and 1929, as the movement to unite

4559-410: The absolute independence of Korea, establish a labor and democratic regime, and at the same time confiscate and state-owned large corporations and institutions, and confiscate large land holdings. Hyeon declared his purpose, saying, “It is distributed to farmers and promotes the balanced development of their lives through all efforts.” Although they are 'an association of nationalists,' the main reason for

4656-512: The activities of the Joseon Revolutionary Party in China, Choi Dong-oh and Kim Hak-kyu moved to China. They aimed to concentrate the movement forces within the jurisdiction to support the practical struggle in Manchuria. He also participated in the formation of the National Revolutionary Party, which included national movement parties in the jurisdiction. In the National Revolutionary Party, formed in July 1935, Choi Dong-oh, Kim Hak-kyu, and Kim Hwal-seok of

4753-709: The administrative districts for Korean self-governance were designated as Namil-gu for the Wonchamuibu jurisdiction, Jungil-gu, and Bukil-gu for the Jeonminminbu jurisdiction to govern the entire Manchuria. After reorganizing this system, the Innovation Council focused on purging pro-Japanese factions. It significantly destroyed Japanese colonial institutions such as the Seonminbu and the Korean Community Association until they were disbanded in May 1929. As described above,

4850-614: The collapse of the Three-Divisions Unification Conference in Jilin, the Jeongui Prefecture, the Civil Affairs Committee of the New People's Government, and the council including Shim Yong-jun of the General Staff Headquarters' Ministry of Justice requested the formation of a unified autonomous government and the construction of a single party in response to the above-mentioned 'United National Party Remand Promotion Association'. The Korean Revolutionary Army and

4947-524: The dispute in the Grand Council of the Provincial Council and implement a defense of the general jeonman general. In response to the argument for the naturalization of Korean immigrants and the acquisition of autonomy, the General Staff Headquarters adhered to the so-called group-centered organization theory of promoting a single party while leaving the various organizations as they were at the time, so

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5044-423: The enlightenment of farmers, they compiled the Farmers' Reading Book and operated a monthly correspondence education and traveling bookstore. Kookmin Department set up a store in Hongmyoja, Sinbinhyeon, raised expenses, and used it as a communication base. In Tonghe County, efforts were made to establish an economic foundation by establishing the Northwest River Farm. The farm is in Jilin, Manchuria, and it also became

5141-455: The establishment of the three prefectures, the Japanese government had been taking advantage of the lethargy of the Republic of China and the pro-Japanese tendencies to more actively invade Manchuria while making every effort to suppress anti-Japanese Koreans, so the integration of the three autonomous regions was a more urgent task. It was then, influenced by the movement for a single national party that began to develop within China in July 1926,

5238-442: The existing ten units into seven units. However, in August 1931, the Japanese arrested Hyeon Ik-chul, the chairman of the Revolutionary Party of Korea. The Joseon Revolutionary Party held a central committee meeting in Sinbin-Hyeon in January 1932 and discussed countermeasures against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. At this meeting, the elder faction led by Choi Dong-oh (崔東旿) insisted on moving to China because working in Manchuria

5335-405: The following policy, the front and back of the Innovation Council became one and focused on promoting a single party. Next, the second meeting for the integration of the three autonomous division was held in Jilin in October of the same year as a meeting of the three division led by the Righteous Government, which supported the council and attended by representatives of the Council of Ministers and

5432-424: The formation of the Alliance for the Unification of the Frontline against Japan. After establishing Manchukuo, the Japanese imperialists extensively suppressed the independence movement forces and strengthened the crackdown on the Korean community in Manchuria. In response, at the military and people's representative meeting held in November 1934, the government of the Joseon Revolutionary Army was formed by integrating

5529-560: The general meeting of county and civilian representatives held in November 1934, it was decided to integrate the Kukmin Prefecture and the Korean Revolutionary Army to form the Korean Revolutionary Army Government with the party as its governing administration. The Korean Revolutionary Army and the Korean Revolutionary Party, which supported the National People's Prefecture activities, were weakened by internal strife between socialists and nationalists and naturally disbanded as their leading figures were killed one after another. However, due to

5626-473: The independence movement groups in Manchuria into single ranks developed, the effort to integrate was confronted by the 'Council faction and the 'Chuseonghoe' faction, and both camps were opposed by the 'Council faction's People's Council, and it was established as an innovation council of the 'Chosunhoe' faction. Since then, the Peoples Council has been carrying out self-governing activities and anti-Japanese independence movements in Korean society while maintaining

5723-501: The independence movement in Manchuria and autonomous administration. The National People's Prefecture was created as the provisional government of Manchuria and an independent organization for the self-governance of Koreans living in Manchuria. Afterward, the prefecture moved its central headquarters to Henggyeong, Xinbin County, Liaodong Province. It held the first Central Council on September 27 of that year, separating civil administration from military administration and reorganizing it into

5820-504: The independence movement, and its organization and operation were unique. It was equipped with a system to be placed under the political leadership of the political party, the Korean Revolutionary Party. Most were nationalists, and this party was a coalition of nationalist forces. Nevertheless, the declaration announced at its establishment strongly advocated socialist logic. In other words, they “eradicate Japanese imperialism, destroy all forces of internal oppression and exploitation, complete

5917-408: The independence movement. In April 1930, he founded "The Korean Revolution" as an organ magazine and published "Bonghwa at the provincial Nanman Academy, showing the political and ideological enlightenment. On the other hand, certain limitations and problems can be pointed out, such as internal conflict in the early stages of its establishment, suppression of socialist forces, and the burden it places on

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6014-446: The integration of the three prefectures also began to be discussed. To unite all the capabilities of Koreans living in Manchuria necessary for the national independence movement and fight against Japanese imperialism, even the unification of the three divisions in North and South Manchuria had to be achieved as soon as possible. Moreover, since the establishment of the three branches, the Japanese imperialists had been taking advantage of

6111-409: The leadership of the General Staff Headquarters in Jilin and Banseok, Manchuria, and this issue was seriously discussed. The first was a meeting held for 15 days from May 12, 1928, to the 26th of the same month, with 39 representatives of 18 organizations, including the General Staff Headquarters, including Kim Dong-sam and Hyun Jeong-gyeong, as well as Park Geon-gyeom and others from Beijing, to organize

6208-419: The lethargy of the Chinese Nationalist government and the pro-Japanese tendencies of the Jangjakrim warlords in the eastern Samseong province to invade Manchuria while making every effort to oppress Koreans more actively. Hence, the unification of the three branches was an even more urgent issue. As such, the unification of the three branches, which required cooperation from the beginning of the establishment of

6305-561: The main focus of the Ministry of Education. Seodangs were established in villages, elementary schools in districts, and secondary schools in rural areas to train talented individuals. Representative educational institutions included Hwaheung Middle School and Dongmyeong Middle School. Believing that securing excellent teachers was essential in educational work, he established an affiliated teacher's school in Wangqingmun and trained teachers. The prefecture made special efforts to educate Korean children and established elementary schools and schools in

6402-417: The maintenance of the party organization for political guidance of anti-Japanese combat activities. Since the Alliance of National Unique Party Organizations had already been active as a party, activities of the party appeared even before the Joseon Revolutionary Party was organized. In December of that year, the Joseon Revolutionary Party was entrusted with all affairs related to the independence movement from

6499-413: The majority faction, in Jilin in April 1929. At the time of founding, Hyeon Ik-cheol was the chairman of the central executive committee, and 23 primary executive committee members were also appointed. Lee Woong, head of the military department, served as the Korean Revolutionary Army commander. His headquarters also moved from Jilin to Henggyeong. On September 20, 1929, the first Central Committee revised

6596-501: The method of struggle against Japan based on the world situation, the issue of forming a single party, and various other issues related to the military, finance, politics, education, labor, youth, etc. However, unfortunately, the meeting did not proceed smoothly and was divided as follows. This is because there were conflicting opinions on how to form a single party, such as group-oriented organization theory, group-oriented organization theory, individual-oriented organization theory, etc., and

6693-412: The military were decided to be promoted by the Korean Revolutionary Party and the Korean Revolutionary Army. Accordingly, three organizations were established: the National People's Prefecture, the Korean Revolutionary Party, and the Korean Revolutionary Army. With the Korean Revolutionary Party leading the organization and operation of these three organizations, a two-party ruling system similar to China

6790-427: The only party that supported and fostered the National People's Prefecture. The factions within the party were socialists and nationalists who advocated for socialist logic. The Korean Revolutionary Army served as its armed wing until December of the same year. The Central Party Department of the Korean Revolutionary Party is located in Liaodong Province , the location of the National People's Prefecture, and separately,

6887-428: The only party. It acted as a party army in charge of military duties for the independence movement. The Korean Revolutionary Army greatly reorganized the organization on December 20, 1929, to concretely realize the party's ideology. Through this reorganization, the Joseon Revolutionary Army appointed Lee Jin-task as the commander-in-chief, Yang Se-bong as the deputy commander, and Lee Ung as the chief of staff and organized

6984-669: The party's central executive chairman, Kim Dong-san as the national executive chairman, and Yang Se-bong (梁世奉) as the commander-in-chief of the Joseon Revolutionary Army. In September 1931, the full-scale Japanese invasion of Manchuria and the establishment of 'Manchukuo' followed, and the activities of the Revolutionary Party of Korea gradually declined. After the Manchurian Incident in September 1931, he left Manchuria. He went south to Korea, and in November 1932, he participated in

7081-502: The people by taking the form of a ruling group. In 1931, Japan, as a means of realizing its ambition to invade Manchuria , caused the so-called Wanpaoshan Incident to drive a wedge between the Korean and Chinese peoples. At this time, the National People's Prefecture declared that this incident was the result of Japan's evil conspiracy and made every effort to resolve the situation. After the Manchurian Incident , when Japan occupied all of Manchuria, some leading figures defected and left

7178-573: The prefecture and formed the Korean Revolutionary Army Gilgang Command to oppose them. The Korean Revolutionary Party took full charge of the administration, while the Korean Revolutionary Army commanded authority over the party. As roles were divided between the parties, a two-party governance system was established with the party as the center. However, due to the National People's Prefecture's enlightenment movement, hundreds of independence fighters were produced and later led

7275-557: The prefecture published the National People's Prefecture newspaper and various publications as needed to promote national consciousness. Among the National Affairs Department projects, the peasant movement not only protects farmers from unfair administrative measures and various restrictive measures by Chinese government officials and the tyranny and exploitation of Chinese landlords but also blocks Japan's plot to drive division between Chinese and Koreans, thereby establishing

7372-575: The program and deleted the mission of revolution. The Central Committee also adopted a declaration and charter. Accordingly, the platform and charter enacted at the Three-Ministry Unification Conference in March of that year were revised to delete phrases such as 'for Korea's independence' and 'military department' and to 'improve the culture of the Korean people in Manchuria, industrial development, and public security and self-defense.' It

7469-641: The provincial and county party departments. The central figures of the Korean Revolutionary Party were Choi Dong-suk, Li Dong-seon, Goh-sin Shin, and Lee Jeong. Looking at the content of the constituent executives, Oksana was the central secretary, and the seven chairpersons were Ok Jeong-won (Political Department), Gao Hee-soo (Organization Department), Kim Shin-an (Education Department), Jang Sang-gu (Sports Ministry), Choi Dong-oh (Foreign Ministry), and Goh. Hwalshin (propaganda department) and Lee Woong (military department) were appointed respectively. The initial formation of

7566-716: The regional executive committee, a chairman, hundreds of heads of households, and ten heads of households were appointed and entrusted with the census of families and the collection of various duties. The money collected in this way was used as maintenance expenses for the Korean Revolutionary Army in consultation with the Inspector General of Police and the Korean Revolutionary Army Company Commander. The main projects were limited to civil activities, public information, education, and farmers' rights advocacy campaigns. As part of public affairs activities,

7663-457: The second Sambu. An integrated meeting was held. Although there was no overall attendance from Chokseonghoe and others, the unification of the three branches was absolute for the national movement in Manchuria. After repeated discussions on April 1, 1929, the National People's Prefecture was established. While opposing the Prefecture's Chaejinhoe, Hyeon Ik-cheol succeeded Sambu and took charge of

7760-566: The separation of powers. Of course, it was true that it had its problems and limitations of the times. However, while the Shanghai Provisional Government in the first half of the 1930s remained a nominal government, the Kookmin Ministry was a semi-autonomous government that performed state functions. In this sense, the fact that the National People's Prefecture established mutual relations with the Korean Revolutionary Party and

7857-475: The socialist logic in the declaration is that the revolutionary socialist ideology was widely accepted within the national movement following the success of the Russian Revolution at the time. The majority of the Korean community in Manchuria were peasants; it can be seen that accepting this logic was more advantageous in terms of propaganda. However, the conflict between the nationalist and socialist factions

7954-466: The three branches, was finally concreted by the following resolution of the 4th Central Committee of the Ministry of Justice in August 1927. The desire to form a single party as a method of unifying the three branches was a typical public opinion discussed among independence activists at home and abroad at the time, and the 'two parties' system was established as a single ideology due to the influence of various trends that prevailed after World War I . It

8051-464: The time of the establishment of Manchukuo. Since its establishment, they have fought against the Japanese military or police or joined forces with Chinese anti-Japanese troops. As an organization organized through difficulties, the determination of the National People's Prefecture was remarkable. Korea and China waged a joint anti-Japanese struggle through the Korean Revolutionary Army. They even attacked

8148-555: The two parties were unable to reach a compromise in the end. Second, in the New People's Government, both the Military Government Committee and the Civil Administration Committee dispatched their respective representatives, which led to an argument called the Representation Rights Struggle, in which each party accused the other of being reactionary and claimed that Jafar was the official representative of

8245-475: The two sides fought tightly, with some insisting on organizing a 'council' and others 'promoting council.' am. In addition, some did not participate in this meeting from the beginning and tried to form an 'established association.' Those who advocate for the 'Council' are 11 organizations, including the General Staff Headquarters, Yaksan Workers' Union, and Damuldan, which claim or support group-oriented or group-centered organization theory, and they are 'preparing

8342-497: The village. He established Hwaheung Middle School (化興中學校) in Wangcheongmun (汪淸門), Xinbin County (新賓縣), and also established a school called Namman Academy within the middle school to intensively nurture young talents. He also made efforts in education projects, building a Seodang in each village and establishing Hwaheung Middle School to foster talented young people. After the fall of the prefecture, Chief of Staff Kim Hak-gyu (金學奎)

8439-476: Was a government, the highest goal was the country's independence through the ‘war of independence theory.’ Meanwhile, to unite all the capabilities of the people in Manchuria necessary for the national independence movement and wage a more effective anti-Japanese war, even the complete integration of the three autonomous regions of Manchuria, which were established and active separately in North and South Manchuria, had to be achieved as soon as possible. Moreover, since

8536-475: Was also moved from Jilin to Henggyeong in the Daedun region. The first Central Committee was held on September 20, 1929, and a declaration, platform, and charter were adopted, and the Central Executive Committee was reorganized on the 27th. As a result, it was decided that the National People's Prefecture would be solely responsible for the autonomous administration of the jurisdictional region. On September 20, 1929,

8633-582: Was an organization of the Korean independence movement group and a self-governing autonomous prefecture in Manchuria that Korean refugees populated in April 1929. At the end of 1920, various anti-Japanese groups and corps in Dongsamseong, which did not surrender to the Japanese army's Gando Massacre and recovered, carried out anti-Japanese warfare externally with their affiliated independence forces while actively developing mutual integration movements internally. As

8730-518: Was dispatched to the jurisdiction to request support from the Chinese Nationalist Government, but it was unsuccessful. In particular, it suffered a major blow when the Japanese assassinated Yang Se-bong, the commander-in-chief of the Korean Revolutionary Army, in September 1934. In this situation, to unite the National People's Prefecture members, the Korean Revolutionary Party and the Korean Revolutionary Army came together. Ultimately, at

8827-460: Was established. On the other hand, the armed struggle for independence was promoted centered around the newly organized Korean Revolutionary Party and the Korean Revolutionary Army. In response to this, the Civil Affairs Committee of the Shinmin Prefecture, the Sim Yong-jun (沈龍俊) affiliate of the General Staff Headquarters, and Hyeon Ik-cheol (玄益哲) and Go hal-shin (aka Gohal-shin), affiliates of

8924-562: Was extreme. As a result, Hyeon Ik-cheol of the nationalist force drove out the socialist faction of Yeon Ha-seok and took over real power. The Korean Revolutionary Party engaged in party activities in Manchuria in the early 1930s along with the Korean Independence Party (Manchuria). Unlike other political parties, which all have independent military powers belonging to the party and focus their activities on policy proposal and organization, they are characterized in that they emphasize

9021-424: Was formed in December 1929, and the Korean Revolutionary Party was in charge of making the prefecture a single-party region. The independence army was organized, military committee chairman Lee Woong served concurrently as commander, and each company commander was appointed. The Korean Revolutionary Army, collected at the same time as the formation of the Korean Revolutionary Party, was an armed army independent from

9118-427: Was in charge of matters related to the independence movement of the People's Council and decided to organize the armed organization under the Korean Revolutionary Army.506) This was in response to the trend of the times called 以黨工作·以黨統治. The Peoples Council divided the roles as an autonomous administrative agency of the Korean community and the Korean Revolutionary Army as an organization in charge of military missions for

9215-578: Was intended to achieve the purpose of independence as a method of 'maneuvering.' This One-Party Movement began in earnest with the formation of the 'Great Independence One-Party Promotion Association' in Beijing in 1926, and after that, the One-Party Movement became active in various parts of the country and abroad. Thus, in 1927, Singanhoe was formed in Korea, and a new phase unfolded in the national independence movement. Several unified councils were under

9312-545: Was no longer difficult. On the other hand, the young faction, such as Yi Ho-won and Kim Bo-an, adhered to the position that armed struggle should continue in Manchuria. However, around January 20, 1932, while the meeting was in progress, the Japanese imperialists raided the meeting place and arrested nine people, including Lee Ho-won and Kim Bo-won. The suppression continued until February; about 60 people were arrested, and 80 were martyred. The Joseon Revolutionary Party completely reshuffled its leadership and elected Go Yi-he (高而虛) as

9409-607: Was only said that ‘the sole duty is to do this.’ Also, instead of abolishing the Military Department among the central organizations, it was decided to establish the Public Security Department and the Secret Service at each strategic location. The Three-Party Unification Conference in Jilin collapsed due to the conflict between the council and the Provincial Council; the two sides took different paths, promoting

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