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46-542: Korea Review ceased publication in 1922, just a few years after its formation. However, its campaign to win support for Korean independence succeeded in strengthening organizations like the League of Friends of Korea and in bringing Japanese aggression to the attention of American politicians. Koreans wanted the support of the American public because many believed that their government failed to honor an agreement with Korea. In 1882,

92-863: A centre for international business, trade, technology, and environmentally conscious urban living. Initially projected to be completed by 2020, some areas continue to be under development, with evolving projects and adjustments to the original master plan. Songdo houses various multinational companies and hosts several international institutions, including the Green Climate Fund . The city is also recognised for its smart city technologies and eco-friendly design, featuring extensive green spaces, smart infrastructure, and advanced waste management systems. As of 2012, Yeongjong International City , centred around Incheon International Airport , has been under development as an eco-friendly airport city. Originally scheduled for completion by 2020, certain projects are still ongoing as

138-458: A commercial and business hub of northeast Asia (see Free Economic Zone below). The official slogan of the program is "Smile with English." Incheon is home to a number of colleges and universities: Incheon has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm, and humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa , respectively) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. Like other metropolitan cities, Incheon has

184-473: A medical doctorate and met his wife Muriel Armstrong . He returned to Korea in 1895, again hoping to change the consciousness of the people, this time by spearheading various peaceful reform movements, sharing Wilsonian ideals, and advocating for Korean self-determination . In 1898, he moved back to the United States, where he began to focus on American support for Korean independence. On March 1, 1919,

230-721: A nation-wide nonviolent protest occurred in Korea. During this event, now known as the March 1st Movement or Sam-il Movement, a declaration of independence was read in Seoul, and people gathered at over 1,000 other sites to object to Japanese colonization. In support of this movement, Jaisohn organized the First Korean Congress , a three-day event in Philadelphia attended by Koreans and Americans. The Congress petitioned President Wilson and "released

276-651: A number of tracts that outlined the Korean message to the world" including appeals to Christianity and a desire for global peace. Jaisohn also helped start the League of Friends of Korea , which eventually grew to over 10,000 members in 21 cities including the United Kingdom. The motto of Korea Review was "truth enlightens the world" and the journal focused on encouraging Americans to support Korean independence. Philip Jaison believed that Korea "had been misrepresented in America by

322-714: A period of 80 days. It was a comprehensive international event with global institutions and corporations as participants. Various musicians and artists performed during the event. The city hosted a meeting of the G20 Finance Ministers in February 2010. Incheon was the site of the third Global Model United Nations Conference, held from 10 to 14 August 2011. It first hosted the Incheon Women Artists' Biennale in 2004 which expanded into welcoming international artists in its subsequent 2007, 2009 and 2011. Incheon hosted

368-552: A range of subjects. There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the President of the United States and the King of Joseon and the citizens and subjects of their respective Governments. If other powers deal unjustly or oppressively with either Government, the other will exert their good offices on being informed of the case to bring about an amicable arrangement, thus showing their friendly feelings. The treaty remained in effect until

414-564: A significant feature of the process which resulted in this treaty. The Chinese played a significant role in the treaty negotiation, although Korea was an independent country at the time, which was explicitly mentioned in the treaty. The United States and Korea negotiated and approved a 14 article treaty. The treaty established mutual friendship and mutual assistance in case of attack; and the treaty also addressed such specific matters as extraterritorial rights for U.S. citizens in Korea and most favored nation trade status. The treaty encompasses

460-413: A strong urban heat island effect. Incheon's climate is about average compared to the rest of Korea, with 8 locations being cooler and 10 locations being warmer, and with 9 locations being wetter and 9 locations being drier. Incheon experiences each of its four seasons, distinctly feeling the rise and fall of temperature and humidity. The temperature however, never rises to an extreme, and the climate of

506-466: Is a city located in northwestern South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi Province to the east. Inhabited since the Neolithic , Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883. As of February 2020, about 3 million people live in the city, making it South Korea's third-most-populous city after Seoul and Busan . The city's growth has been assured in modern times with

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552-811: Is operated by the Incheon Rapid Transit Corporation (IRTC). Korail has also constructed a new commuter rail line named Suin Line . The line opened in 2012 from Oido station in Siheung to Songdo station in Incheon. It was then extended in 2016, and now reaches Incheon station where passengers can transfer to Seoul Subway Line 1 . In 2020, the line was extended from Oido station to Suwon Station . SMRT (one of three operating companies of Seoul Metropolitan Subway) has extended Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 7 to Bupyeong-gu office by 2011 and provided transfers to

598-591: The Asian Games in 2014. It hosted the 6th OECD World Forum in 2018. Incheon was designated as the World Book Capital for the year 2015 by UNESCO . On 27 February 2007, Incheon declared itself an "English City," and inaugurated the "Incheon Free English Zone" program. The goal of the program is to make the city as proficient in English as Singapore . This is for the ultimate purpose of establishing Incheon as

644-637: The Shufeldt Treaty , was negotiated between representatives of the United States and Korea in 1882. The treaty was written in English and Hanja, with the final draft being accepted at Chemulpo (present day Incheon ) near the Korean capital of Hanseong (now Seoul ) in April and May 1884. It was Korea's first treaty with a western nation. After the United States assented to the Taft–Katsura agreement ,

690-741: The Suin Line at Woninjae station , with the Incheon Subway Line 2 at Incheon City Hall station , and with Seoul Subway Line 7 at Bupyeong-gu Office station . Incheon Subway Line 2 opened in July 2016 and runs from Geomdan Oryu station to Unyeon station. The automated line is 29.2 kilometres (18.1 miles) long, and has 27 stations, including transfer stations at Geomam station with the AREX line, Juan station with Seoul Subway Line 1 and Incheon Subway Line 2 at Incheon City Hall station . The Incheon subway

736-447: The Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905. Joseon sent a diplomatic mission to the U.S. in 1883 , marking the first ever such official visit to North America by Koreans. The U.S. treaty established a template which was explicitly modeled in treaties with European nations — Germany in 1883, Russia and Italy in 1884, France in 1886, and others as well. The treaty remained in effect even until

782-534: The Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009. The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014. Incheon is also a major transportation hub in northeast Asia, with Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port. The large volume of port traffic makes Incheon a Large-Port Metropolis using the Southampton System of Port-City classification. The first historical record of

828-562: The Incheon Subway system. It has 3 stations within Incheon. By 2020, the line will further be extended westwards to Seoknam station where it will be possible to transfer to Incheon Subway Line 2. The Incheon Free Economic Zone ( IFEZ ) comprises the regions of Songdo , Cheongna , and Yeongjong Island, covering a total area of 51,739 acres (20,938 hectares). IFEZ was established to develop these areas into centres for logistics, international business, leisure, and tourism, aimed primarily at

874-586: The Incheon area dates back to 475 CE, during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo , by the name of Michuhol , which is supposed to be located on modern Munhak Hill ( 문학산 ). The area underwent several name changes with successive kingdoms and dynasties. In Goryeo era, Incheon was called Gyeongwon ( 경원 ) or Inju ( 인주 ). The current name was turned to Incheon in 1413. Later, Incheon County became Incheon Metropolitan Prefecture (dohobu, 도호부 ). Old Incheon consisted of modern southern Incheon (i.e. Jung-gu, Dong-gu, Nam-gu, Yeonsu District, and Namdong District) and

920-663: The Japanese had control of the nation until their surrender to the Allied forces of WWII in 1945. The first issue of Korea Review was printed in March 1919, but founder Philip Jaisohn had been planning the journal since 1918. He had long been seeking to reform Korea—in 1884, he participated in the Gapsin Coup , which sought to eliminate social distinctions and legal privileges for the upper classes. After its failure he fled to America, where he earned

966-428: The Japanese pronunciation of Incheon's Sino-Korean name. In 1914, the Japanese colonial government merged outer parts of old Incheon (including the former center of Gwangyo) with Bupyeong County, forming Bucheon County. Between 1936 and 1940, some part of Bucheon County was recombined into Incheon, by which some part of "old" Bupyeong was annexed into Incheon. Incheon was originally part of Gyeonggi Province , but

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1012-750: The Northeast Asian region. The designation of " Free Economic Zone " refers to efforts to enhance the business environment for foreign enterprises and improve living conditions for expatriates. It was the first zone of its kind in South Korea, formally designated in August 2003. The region includes infrastructure for air and sea transportation, logistics, international business, financial services, and residential facilities, alongside educational, medical, and leisure amenities. Development of Songdo International City began in 1994 on reclaimed land and has been intended as

1058-505: The U.S. recognized 'Article 2' in the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, which eventually cleared the way for Japan's takeover of Korea in 1910. Incheon Incheon ( Korean :  인천 ; Korean pronunciation: [intɕʰʌ̹n] ; or Inch'ŏn ; literally "kind river"), formerly Jemulpo or Chemulp'o ( Korean :  제물포 ) until the period after 1910, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City ( 인천광역시 ),

1104-416: The United States signed the Shufeldt Treaty , which established a friendly relationship with Korea and promised support in the event of an attack. When Japan annexed Korea in 1910, some Korean politicians petitioned the U.S. government, arguing that they were obligated to help under the treaty signed just decades prior. Despite multiple attempts, the American government did not intervene on behalf of Korea, and

1150-523: The area continues to evolve. The development aims to combine logistical facilities with residential, business, and tourism sectors, leveraging its proximity to the airport. Cheongna , located on the mainland near Yeongjong Island, is designed to focus on entertainment and leisure. It includes residential zones, sports facilities, and a business district catering to international finance. Although initially slated for completion by 2008, development timelines have since been extended, with some projects, such as

1196-477: The cause of Korean independence or offered their thoughts on Korea's relationship with Japan. The removal of this section of the paper coincided with the removal of the Korean Students League of America as publishers and the shift to a greater focus on economic concerns. Shufeldt Treaty A Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation ( Korean : 조·미수호통상조약 , Hanja : 朝美修好通商條約), also known as

1242-452: The city is essentially mild. Incheon is swept by the seasonal winds as the northwesterly winds strike the city in the winter and the summer in Incheon is affected by gusts of the warm southwesterly winds. Incheon forms the heart of Capital Industrial Region. During the industrialization of South Korea, several industrial complexes were built throughout the city, and as a result, the city was largely dependent on manufacturing industry. But with

1288-416: The city, Jemulpo (alternatively Romanized as Chemulpo ), was not widely used until the opening of the port in 1883. It was frequently used until the Japanese annexation. After the opening of the Incheon port, the city center moved from Gwangyo to Jemulpo. Today, either Jemulpo or Gwangyo-dong is considered "Original Incheon" ( 원인천 ). It was internationally known as Jinsen during Japanese rule , based on

1334-407: The designation of Incheon Free Economic Zone in 2003, the city is now making an effort to foster new growth industries. Major industrial parks include Bupyeong industrial complex, which hosts GM Incheon plant(formerly a GM Daewoo Incheon plant), Juan industrial complex, and Namdong Industrial complex. In recent years, bio industry is emerging as a new growth industry of the city. Currently, with

1380-514: The development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital. It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province , forming the world's fourth-largest metropolitan area by population . Incheon has since led the economic development of South Korea by opening its port to the outside world, ushering in

1426-640: The expansion of Incheon Port. Incheon is a major domestic and international transport hub for Korea. Incheon International Airport is South Korea's primary international airport and a regional air hub. In 2015, it was the world's 22nd busiest airport by passenger traffic, with 49,412,750 passengers. There were a total of 305,446 flights (300,634 international, 4,812 domestic) to and from Incheon International Airport in 2015, an average of 837 flights (824 international, 13 domestic) daily. Korea's two main carriers, Korean Air and Asiana Airlines , serviced 50.9% of flights, while low-cost and foreign carriers serviced

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1472-478: The intervention clause was effectively nullified. In 1876, Korea established a trade treaty with Japan after Japanese ships approached Ganghwado and, following the Ganghwa Island incident , threatened to open fire on the Korean capital city. Treaty negotiations with the U.S. and with several European countries were made possible by the completion of this initial Japanese overture. Negotiations with Qing were

1518-551: The modernization of South Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as South Korea's first free economic zone. Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone , including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry. As an international city, Incheon has held numerous large-scale international conferences, such as

1564-575: The neighboring cities of Bucheon , Gimpo , Seoul , and Siheung . Local service to Guro , Seoul , Cheongnyangni , Uijeongbu and Soyosan is offered by Seoul's subway Line 1 . The line has 11 stations within Incheon and connects to the Incheon Subway at Bupyeong and Juan stations. Rapid service on the same line to Yongsan station in Seoul depart from Dongincheon station and stops at major stations. The Airport Express ( AREX ) line runs from Incheon International Airport to Seoul Station via Gimpo International Airport . The Incheon-Gimpo section

1610-599: The newly built Suin Line to bring KTX service to Incheon station by 2021. The Incheon Subway has two subway lines serving the city. The first line connects to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system at Bupyeong station ( Seoul Subway Line 1 ), and AREX line at Gyeyang station . It connects International Business District station in Songdo to Gyeyang station. The line has 28 stations on 29.4 kilometres (18.3 miles) of track. The line also has transfer stations with

1656-476: The northern part of Siheung . The city center was Gwangyo-dong, where the prefecture office ( 도호부청사 ) and the local academy (hyanggyo, 향교 ) were located. The "original" two remaining buildings of the Incheon prefecture office are located in Munhak Elementary School, while the newly built (in 2001) prefecture office buildings are right across from Munhak Baseball Stadium . Another historical name of

1702-527: The port offers ferries to five cities in China : Dalian , Qingdao , Tianjin , Dandong , and Weihai . There are also ferries to Incheon's outlying islands as well as Baengnyeongdo inside of the Northern Limit Line . Incheon Bus Terminal , located at its eponymous subway stop, offers express bus transportation to all parts of Korea. Many city bus lines offer transportation within city limits as well as to

1748-521: The remaining 49.1% of flights. The airport is experiencing a rapid increase in passengers, and the opening of Terminal 2 in December 2017 spurred additional traffic. The airport was also featured in the Korean drama series, "Air City." Incheon International Airport ranked "5th in the world" among international airports in late 2018. Incheon's sea port is the second largest port in Korea after Busan Port . The International Passenger Terminal located at

1794-464: The theme park, still in the planning or early construction stages. Incheon is divided into 8 districts ( gu ) and 2 counties ( gun ). Religion in Incheon (2015) According to the 2015 census, 32.6% of the population follow Christianity (23.1% Protestantism and 9.5% Catholicism ) and 8.7% follow Buddhism . 57.9% of the population is irreligious. 0.8% of the population follow other religions including Islam , Muism , and Confucianism . Incheon

1840-425: The total production capacity of 330kℓ per year, the city ranks 2nd in the world by production capacity along with San Francisco , United States. The capacity is under expansion, and after completion in 2018, the city will rank 1st with the production capacity of 510kℓ. Also, logistics industry is also experiencing a rapid growth, thanks to Incheon Airport , which was ranked fourth in the world by cargo traffic, and

1886-475: The very clever Japanese press bureau, composed of highly educated men and backed by the government." To gain the trust of the American public, Korea Review focused on three areas: the brutality of the Japanese colonial government, Japan's political ambitions and global politics, and the suppression of Korean Christianity. Syngman Rhee , the first president of the Korean Provisional Government ,

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1932-526: Was featured frequently in Korea Review . His writing often addressed Japan's illegal occupation and insinuated that the nation would seek more territory on the Asian continent, which could destabilize Japanese-American relations. Students were also a prominent part of Korea Review . Issues printed in 1919 and 1920 had a "Students' Corner" section in the back where Korean students shared their achievements related to

1978-441: Was granted Directly Governed (now Metropolitan) City status on 1 July 1981; the city officially separated from the province. In 1989, neighboring islands and Gyeyang township of Gimpo County were ceded to Incheon and in 1995 Geomdan township of Gimpo County and two counties of Ganghwa and Onjin were annexed to Incheon. Incheon was known as Inchon prior to South Korea's adoption of a new Romanization system in 2000. The city

2024-522: Was opened in March 2007 and was extended to Seoul station in December 2010. Passengers can choose a high-speed service stopping only at Incheon airport and Seoul, which takes 43 minutes but departs only every half-hour; or the all-station service which takes 53 minutes but leaves every six minutes. KTX service was introduced on the AREX line on 30 June 2014, with stops at Incheon International Airport station and Geomam station . There are additional plans to use

2070-554: Was recaptured on 19 September 1950. USS  Inchon was named after the tide-turning battle that ensued. Prior to and during the June Democratic Movement in 1987, Incheon was the site of several pro-democracy protests. Incheon has also hosted a series of major international events. The Global Fair & Festival 2009 Incheon was held in the Songdo District in August 2009. It was open from 7 August to 25 October for

2116-636: Was the site of the Battle of Chemulpo Bay , where the first shots of the Russo-Japanese War were fired. During the Korean War , Incheon was occupied by North Korean troops on 4 July 1950. Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon when the United States troops landed to relieve pressure on the Pusan Perimeter and to launch a United Nations offensive northward. The result was a decisive UN victory and it

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