Misplaced Pages

#896103

50-645: The road bridge connects a network of roads from behind Mannheim Palace across the Rhine to Ludwigshafen. It carries Federal Highway 37 and a tram track. Two rail bridges are adjacent to the road bridge, carrying the Palatine Ludwig Railway and the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn line. In 1669, the Elector Charles Louis built a floating bridge, which consisted of a platform secured to two barges anchored in

100-551: A British county palatine . King Lothar of France (954–986) gave Herbert III of Omois , one of his most loyal supporters in the struggle against the Robertians, the title of Count palatine. The title was later inherited by his nephews, precursors of the Counts of Champagne . The title of Count of the palace is therefore linked to the title of Count of Champagne until its extiction in 1305. Pfalzgraf (Old High German phalanzgrāvo )

150-506: A bright ochre /yellow, the Mittelbau (Corps de Logis) has been thoroughly rebuilt (including a new roof construction), and the Ehrenhof (Court of Honor) was restructured and paved with granite. 49°28′58.8″N 8°27′43.2″E  /  49.483000°N 8.462000°E  / 49.483000; 8.462000 Count Palatine A count palatine ( Latin comes palatinus ), also count of

200-440: A count palatine was a county palatine or palatinate . In England the forms earl palatine and palatine earldom are rare alternative terms. This Latin title is the original, but is also pre-feudal: it originated as Roman comes , which was a non-hereditary court title of high rank meaning "companion" and connoting the status of peer, the specific part palatinus being the adjective derived from palatium ('palace'). After

250-520: A hotel with a capacity for up to 65 guests after the war. Today it is used as occasional exposition space for modern and urban art, e.g. during the Long Night of Museums in Mannheim. The northern wing includes the impressive Schlosskirche (palace church) and the law section, as well as Mannheim's Amtsgericht (lower district court). The southern/eastern wing is much larger than the northern one, including

300-674: A steel framework, but without arches. In 1936 the bridge was named by the Nazis after Albert Leo Schlageter . At the end of World War II on 20 March 1945 the bridge was blown up by the German army. After the war, temporary bridges were built over the Rhine River connecting the railway in July 1946 and for the road in December 1948. The road bridge was rebuilt between 1956 and 1959 and opened on 24 October 1959 under

350-648: Is the German equivalent of the title, Graf being the German term for "count" or " earl ", and Pfalz being the German reflex of Latin palatium . The German title has also been rendered as palsgrave in English (recorded 1548). Counts Palatine were the permanent representatives of the Frankish king, later of the Holy Roman Emperor , in a palatial domain of the crown. There were dozens of these royal Pfalzen throughout

400-560: The Ezzonian dynasty were important commanders of the imperial army and were often employed during internal and external conflicts (e.g. to suppress rebelling counts or dukes, to settle frontier disputes with the Hungarian and the French kingdom and to lead imperial campaigns). Although a palatinate could belong for decades to one dynasty, the office of the palatine counts became hereditary only during

450-641: The Kurpfälzische Akademie der Wissenschaften as early as 1763, and although there was no continuous existence of a scientific college in Mannheim, the Wirtschaftshochschule , or business college, founded in 1907, saw itself in the tradition of Karl Theodor's earlier college. The college expanded its subjects program in 1967, thus gaining "university" status. The University of Mannheim still uses Mannheim Palace as its central building complex and although many university buildings are dispersed all over

500-614: The Napoleonic Wars , when Mannheim was besieged. During Napoleon 's reorganization of Germany, the Electorate of the Palatinate was split up and Mannheim became part of the Grand Duchy of Baden , thus losing its capital/residence status. Some glamour returned to Mannheim Palace when Stéphanie de Beauharnais , the consort of Grand Duke Karl of Baden , resided here after 1806. For most of

550-512: The Ottoman sultan also claimed the right to bestow the office. Thus Giovanni Bellini was named Comes palatinus by Emperor Frederick III in 1469 and later again in 1481 by Sultan Mehmet II . Grand Čelnik (велики челник). The Grand Čelnik was the highest court title of the Serbian Despotate , and the title-holders held great provinces, property, and honours, and Radič (fl. 1413–1441)

SECTION 10

#1732858892897

600-550: The Schneckenhof yard (a popular university party ground) and holding most of the university's central institutions, as well as the largest lecture halls and the central Hasso Plattner Library. Two sculptures are located on the central courtyard and represent the two founders of the Mannheim Palace Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine and Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria . The palace has been repainted in

650-562: The University of Perugia , a count palatinate in 1469, entitled in turn to confer university degrees . Pope Leo X designated all of the secretaries of the papal curia Comites aulae Lateranensis ("Counts of the Lateran court") in 1514 and bestowed upon them the rights similar to an imperial count palatine . In some cases the title was conferred by specially empowered papal legates . If an imperial count palatine possessed both an imperial and

700-685: The Visigothic Kingdom , the Officium Palatinum consisted of a number of men with the title of count who managed the various departments of the royal household. The Comes Cubiculariorum oversaw the chamberlains , the Comes Scanciorum directed the cup-bearers, the Comes Stabulorum directed the equerries in charge of the stables, etc. The Ostrogothic Kingdom also maintained palatine counts with titles such as Comes Patrimonium , who

750-520: The 11th century, some imperial palatine counts became a valuable political counterweight against the mighty duchies. Surviving old palatine counties were turned into new institutional pillars through which the imperial authority could be exercised. By the reigns of Henry the Fowler and especially of Otto the Great , comites palatini were sent into all parts of the country to support the royal authority by checking

800-545: The 12th century. During the 11th century the palatinates were still regarded as beneficia , non-hereditary fiefs. The count palatine in Bavaria, an office held by the family of Wittelsbach, became duke of this land, the lower comital title being then merged into the higher ducal one. The Count Palatine of Lotharingia changed his name to Count Palatine of the Rhine in 1085, alone remaining independent until 1777. The office having become hereditary, Pfalzgrafen were in existence until

850-525: The 19th and early 20th centuries, the palace served no uniform purpose, being used as a representative building and a museum for the city. In World War II , the palace was heavily bombed and partly destroyed. Many people supported demolishing it after the war to create space for a more modern city architecture. These plans came to nothing and in recent years the palace has been renovated extensively thanks to private donations and government funding totaling more than 54 million euro. Elector Karl Theodor founded

900-763: The Count Palatine was reduced to his territories along the Rhine. Consequently, he is called the Count Palatine of the Rhine after 1085. The Golden Bull of 1356 made the Count Palatine of the Rhine one of the seven electors . He was therefore known as the Elector Palatine . In the 10th century the Emperor Otto I created the County Palatine of Saxony in the Saale-Unstrut area of southern Saxony. The honour

950-756: The County Palatine of Saxony to the House of Welf : After 1146, the title went to the Counts Palatine of Tübingen . In 1169, Emperor Frederick I created the Free County of Burgundy (not to be confused with its western neighbour, the Duchy of Burgundy ). The Counts of Burgundy had the title of Free Count (German: Freigraf ), but are sometimes called Counts Palatine. A papal count palatine ( Comes palatinus lateranus , properly Comes sacri Lateranensis palatii "Count of

1000-493: The Golden Spur was being so indiscriminately bestowed that Casanova remarked "The Order they call the Golden Spur was so disparaged that people irritated me greatly when they asked me the details of my cross;" The Order was granted to "those in the pontifical government, artists, and others, whom the pope should think deserving of reward. It is likewise given to strangers, no other condition being required, but that of professing

1050-689: The King to whom all these princely titles returned. The Principalities are thus made Voivodships (sometimes translated as Palatinates). In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the Voivodes sit in the Senate. Throughout its history, the dignity remained non-hereditary, or semi-hereditary. Today voivodes are government officials. As successor to the Byzantine emperor after the fall of Constantinople in 1453,

SECTION 20

#1732858892897

1100-549: The Latin form (Comes) palatinus and the French (comte) palatin have been used as part of the full title of the Dukes of Burgundy (a branch of the French royal dynasty) to render their rare German title Freigraf , which was the style of a (later lost) bordering principality, the allodial County of Burgundy ( Freigrafschaft Burgund in German), which came to be known as Franche-Comté . During

1150-504: The Mannheim city centre. By surrounding an area of 6 hectare the castle is one of Europe's biggest palaces and the second biggest one in Baroque style, second only after Versailles. For reasons of prestige the architects made sure that Mannheim Palace has one more window than Versailles. The Breite Straße runs from the palace to Mannheim's central square, the Paradeplatz . The central part of

1200-409: The Palatinate's new capital in 1720. Karl Philip decided to construct a new palace as his residence on the site of the old Friedrichsburg. It was part of a general trend among the German princes to create grand new residences in that era. Construction was commenced solemnly on 2 June 1720. The building process was intended to cost about 300,000 Gulden , financed by an extraordinary "palace tax", but in

1250-418: The Rhine. In 1705 this bridge was replaced by a pontoon bridge that had to be rebuilt as a result of flood damage. In the age of industrialisation and the railway, it became increasingly important by 1863 to build a fixed bridge at the site of the pontoon bridge. The bridge was designed in 1863 and 1864. The first chairman of the planning commission was Paul Camille von Denis . The combined road and rail bridge

1300-556: The Sacred Palace of Lateran" ) began to be conferred by the pope in the 16th century. This title was merely honorary and by the 18th century had come to be conferred so widely as to be nearly without consequence. The Order of the Golden Spur began to be associated with the inheritable patent of nobility in the form of count palatinate during the Renaissance ; Emperor Frederick III named Baldo Bartolini , professor of civil law at

1350-452: The city center, key institutions such as the rectorate or the main library are accommodated in the palace, besides countless lecture halls and offices. The site of the palace is impressive, although the construction of roads and railway tracks has diminished its dominating look. To the southwest, it faces the Rhine and Ludwigshafen . To the northeast the palace presents its 450 m long front to

1400-631: The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. The palatinate of Saxony merged with the Electoral Duchy of Saxony. The Palatinate of the Rhine became an electorate, and both were Imperial Vicars . Originally, the Counts Palatine held the County Palatine (around Regensburg ), and were subordinate to the Dukes of Bavaria , rather than to the king. The position gave its holder a leading position in

1450-445: The early Empire, and the emperor would travel between them, as there was no imperial capital. In the empire, the word count palatine was also used to designate the officials who assisted the emperor in exercising the rights which were reserved for his personal consideration, like granting arms . They were called Imperial counts palatine (in Latin comites palatini caesarii , or comites sacri palatii ; in German, Hofpfalzgrafen ). Both

1500-474: The end, the palace cost about 2 million Gulden and severely worsened the Palatinate's financial situation. The first administrative institutions began using the palace in 1725, but Karl Philip was able to transfer his court to the new residence only in 1731. Construction was not completed until 1760. Karl Philip died in 1742 and was succeeded by a distant relative, the young Count Palatine of Sulzbach and later Duke of Bavaria Charles Theodor . During his reign,

1550-456: The fall of Rome, a new feudal type of title, also known simply as palatinus , started developing. The Frankish kings of the Merovingian dynasty (reigned 480–750) employed a high official, the comes palatinus , who at first assisted the king in his judicial duties and at a later date discharged many of these himself. Other counts palatine were employed on military and administrative work. In

Konrad Adenauer Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-428: The hands of counts palatine. Instead of remaining near the person of the king, some of the counts palatine were sent to various parts of his empire to act as judges and governors, the districts ruled by them being called palatinates. Being in a special sense the representatives of the sovereign, they were entrusted with more extended power than the ordinary counts. In this way came about the later and more general use of

1650-686: The independent tendencies of the great tribal dukes . Apparent thereafter was the existence of a count palatine in Saxony, and of others in Lorraine, in Bavaria and in Swabia, their duties being to administer the royal estates in these duchies. Next to the Dukes of Lotharingia , Bavaria , Swabia and Saxony , who had become dangerously powerful feudal princes, loyal supporters of the German Emperor were installed as counts palatine. The Lotharingian palatines out of

1700-605: The legal system of the Duchy. From 985, the Ezzonids held the title: The County Palatine of Lotharingia was suspended by the Emperor. Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, Herman II's widow, remarried to Henry of Laach . About 1087 he was assigned in the newly created office of Count Palatine of the Rhine . In 1085, after the death of Herman II, the County Palatine of Lotharingia lost its military importance in Lorraine. The territorial authority of

1750-572: The name "Rhine Bridge". It was named the Konrad Adenauer Bridge in 1967. A separate S-Bahn bridge was built directly next to the railway bridge between 1997 and 1999. It is an arch bridge. 49°28′52″N 8°27′23″E  /  49.48111°N 8.45639°E  / 49.48111; 8.45639 Mannheim Palace Mannheim Palace (German: Mannheimer Schloss ) is a large Baroque palace in Mannheim , Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It

1800-461: The need to assert the difference between themselves and these minor "counts". Therefore, several of these great magnates began styling themselves "Count palatine", signifying great counts ruling regions equivalent to duchies, such as the Counts Palatine of Champagne in the 13th century. See also Royal Administration of Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties . In early medieval Poland , the Palatinus

1850-601: The palace or palsgrave (from German Pfalzgraf ), was originally an official attached to a royal or imperial palace or household and later a nobleman of a rank above that of an ordinary count . The title originated in the Late Roman Empire . In the Middle Ages especially and into modern times, it is associated with the Holy Roman Empire , especially Electoral Palatinate . The office, jurisdiction or territory of

1900-451: The palace and the city of Mannheim saw their zenith. The glamour of the Elector's court and Mannheim's famous cultural life lasted until 1778, when Karl Theodor became Elector of Bavaria by inheritance and he moved his court to Munich . Although Mannheim kept the title of "residence", the palace was used merely as accommodation for several administrative bodies. Things worsened further during

1950-818: The palace is the Mittelbau with its representative halls. Today, the Mittelbau holds state rooms and the Rittersaal hall. The Mittelbau is flanked by the Ehrenhof West and Ehrenhof Ost wings, which include the Court of Honor in front of the Mittelbau. In those two wings, there are mainly lecture halls and offices of the university's humanities section. Below the Ehrenhof, there is a massive bunker dating from World War II. Initially constructed as defensive military fortification designed to protect up to 1,500 residents or valued materials from Russian and Allied bombing attacks, it served as

2000-454: The papal appointment, he bore the title of "Comes palatine imperiali Papali et auctoritate" (Count palatine by Imperial and Papal authority). The Order of the Golden Spur, linked with the title of count palatinate, was widely conferred after the Sack of Rome , 1527, by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ; the text of surviving diplomas conferred hereditary nobility to the recipients. Among the recipients

2050-399: The present site of the castle there was a fortress called Friedrichsburg , sometimes serving as alternative residence for the Elector, one of the most important territorial princes of the Holy Roman Empire . The actual palace dates from the 18th century. When Elector Karl III Philip had confessional controversies with the inhabitants of his capital Heidelberg , he decided to make Mannheim

Konrad Adenauer Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-535: The word "palatine", its application as an adjective to persons entrusted with special powers—but also to the districts over which these powers were exercised. By the High Middle Ages, the title "count" had become increasingly common, to the point that both great magnates who ruled regions that were the size of duchies, and local castle-lords, might style themselves "count." As the great magnates began to centralize their power over their local castle-lords, they felt

2150-610: Was Titian (1533), who had painted an equestrian portrait of Charles. Close on the heels of the Emperor's death in 1558, its refounding in Papal hands is attributed to Pope Pius IV in 1559. Benedict XIV ( In Supremo Militantis Ecclesiæ , 1746) granted to the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre the right to use the title of Count of the Sacred Palace of Lateran. By the mid-18th century the Order of

2200-409: Was 7.5 metres wide and the road bridge was 6.5 metres wide. On each side there was a 1.8-metre-wide (5.9 ft) footpath. By 1906 the bridge was found to be too narrow. It took until 1928 to begin planning an upgrade of the bridge. A new railway bridge was built directly beside the existing bridge in 1931 and 1932. The old railway bridge was converted for road traffic. The new bridge was also built with

2250-451: Was built between 1865 and 1868. Impressive portal buildings, designed by the Karlsruhe architect Josef Durm, were built at the ends of the bridge. A sculpture of Minerva with industry and trade made by Karl Friedrich Moest was erected on the railway bridge. The bridges themselves were built as 10-metre-high (33 ft) steel trusses. Their total length was about 270 metres, the railway bridge

2300-537: Was in charge of the patrimonial or private real estate of the king, and others. The system was maintained by the Carolingian sovereigns (reigned 751–987), who increased the power of counts palatine through successive grants of authority. A Frankish capitulary of 882 and Hincmar, archbishop of Reims , writing about the same time, attest to the extent to which the judicial work of the Frankish Empire had passed into

2350-517: Was initially held by a Count of Hessengau , then from the early 11th century by the Counts of Goseck , later by the Counts of Sommerschenburg, and still later by the Landgraves of Thuringia : After Henry Raspe's death, the County Palatine of Saxony and the Landgraviate of Thuringia were given to the House of Wettin , based on a promise made by Emperor Frederick II: King Rudolph I of Germany gave

2400-426: Was next in rank to the King. As he is also the chief commander of the King's army the rank is merged with Wojewoda , with the latter replacing the title of Palatine. During the Fragmentation of Poland each Prince would have his own voivode . When some of these Principalities were reunited into the Kingdom of Poland, the Palatines were infeudated with them, as there was no longer a local Prince to rule on behalf of

2450-413: Was one of the most powerful ones. Hungary in the Middle Ages: nádorispán or nádor (see Palatine of Hungary ) The term count palatine was not used in the United Kingdom . Just as count always remained reserved for continental territories, even though the equivalence of earl became clear by rendering it in Latin also as comes , earl palatine was the exclusively British title for the incumbent of

2500-406: Was originally the main residence of the Prince-electors of the Electorate of the Palatinate of the House of Wittelsbach until 1777. Part of the palace is used today by the University of Mannheim . The castle, which features tapestries, furniture, paintings, porcelain and silverware can be visited on a free-flow basis with audioguides. The city of Mannheim, founded in 1606, was fortified and at

#896103