Misplaced Pages

#124875

103-589: Zhuge Liang ( pronunciation ) (181 – September or October 234), also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming , was a Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty ( c. 184–220) and the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period, he served as the Imperial Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of

206-418: A carefree life and took his time to do things. He often sat down with his arms around his knees, sighing to himself from time to time while in deep thought. He once told his three friends that they would become commandery administrators or provincial governors if they served in the government. When they asked him what his ambition was, he only laughed and did not give an answer. At the time, the warlord Liu Bei

309-460: A crucial moment, it will be no time until you meet with disaster! When Sun Quan asked him why Liu Bei did not surrender to Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang replied: Tian Heng was nothing more than a mere warrior from Qi , yet he remained faithful and refused to surrender. Shouldn't we expect more from Liu Bei, scion of the royal house of Han? His heroism and talents are renowned throughout the world. Gentlemen and commoners alike honour and admire him. Like

412-412: A defeat at Changban, but now many of his men who were scattered during the battle are returning to him, along with 10,000 elite marine troops under Guan Yu , combining forces with Liu Qi 's army of at least 10,000 from Jiangxia. Cao Cao and his forces have come a great distance and are exhausted. I have heard that his light cavalry travelled over 300 li in twenty-four hours in pursuit of Liu Bei. This fits

515-537: A few, namely Cui Zhouping ( 崔州平 ), Xu Shu , Shi Tao ( 石韜 ) and Meng Jian ( 孟建 ), got along well with him and agreed that he was comparable to Guan Zhong and Yue Yi. Between the late 190s and early 200s, Zhuge Liang often studied and travelled with Xu Shu, Shi Guangyuan and Meng Gongwei. Whenever he read, he only picked up the key points and moved on. His three friends, in contrast, focused on details and sometimes even memorised them. Throughout his time in Longzhong, he led

618-469: A formal and respectful purpose. In traditional Chinese society, using someone’s given name in adulthood was considered disrespectful among peers, making courtesy names essential for formal communication and writing. Courtesy names often reflect the meaning of the given name or use homophonic characters, and were typically disyllabic after the Qin dynasty . The practice also extended to other East Asian cultures, and

721-502: A journey to Xiakou ( 夏口 ; in present-day Wuhan , Hubei) to join Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi . Along the way, Cao Cao's forces caught up with them and defeated them at the Battle of Changban . Along with only a handful of close followers, Liu Bei managed to escape, and upon reaching Xiakou sent Zhuge Liang as his representative to meet Sun Quan and discuss an alliance against Cao Cao. Around

824-445: A period of political instability and economic hardship beginning in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong is the world's sixth-most populous subnational entity , and China's second-most populous province . The economy of Shandong is China's third-largest provincial economy with a GDP of CN¥8.3 trillion (US$ 1.3 trillion) in 2021, equivalent to

927-551: A preface by Zhang Zhu, Zhuge Liang's biography from the Sanguozhi , Zhuge Liang's writings, imperial edicts issued to Zhuge Liang, and appraisals of Zhuge Liang. In 1960, Duan Xizhong ( 段熙仲 ) and Wen Xuchu ( 聞旭初 ) annotated and reorganised Zhang Zhu's original collection, and had it published by the Zhonghua Book Company under the title Zhuge Liang Ji ( 諸葛亮集 ; Collected Works of Zhuge Liang ). Zhuge Liang's ancestral home

1030-514: A rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; Laizhou Bay , the southernmost of the 3 bays of the Bohai Sea , is bordering the northern coast between Dongying and Penglai ; Jiaozhou Bay , which is much smaller, is surrounded by Qingdao . The Miaodao Islands extends northwards from the northernmost coast of the peninsula, separating the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea . With Jinan serving as

1133-521: A similar example of how Guan Yu , during his brief service under Cao Cao, maintained unwavering loyalty to Liu Bei even though Cao Cao treated him very generously. After initial advisement against Zhuge Liang's plan for a Sun–Liu alliance, further consultation with his generals Lu Su and Zhou Yu convinced Sun Quan to move forward with it. He ordered Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu , Lu Su and others to lead 30,000 troops to join Liu Bei in resisting Cao Cao's invasion. In

SECTION 10

#1732852361125

1236-558: A southern campaign to conquer Jing Province. When Cao Cao's forces reached Jing Province's capital Xiangyang , Liu Biao's younger son Liu Cong , who had succeeded his father as the Governor of Jing Province, surrendered to Cao Cao. Upon receiving news of Liu Cong's surrender, Liu Bei immediately evacuated his base in Fancheng ( 樊城 ; present-day Fancheng District , Xiangyang, Hubei) and led thousands of his followers, both military and civilian, on

1339-431: A younger brother, and two elder sisters. His elder brother was Zhuge Jin and his younger brother was Zhuge Jun ( 諸葛均 ). The elder of Zhuge Liang's two sisters married Kuai Qi ( 蒯祺 ), a nephew of Kuai Yue and Kuai Liang . While the younger one married Pang Shanmin ( 龐山民 ), a cousin of Pang Tong . The only known historical description of Zhuge Liang's physical appearance comes from the Sanguozhi , which recorded that he

1442-625: Is 550 to 950 mm (22 to 37 in), the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due to monsoonal influences. Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton . Beginning in the Mesozoic , Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from 200 km (120 mi) to as little as 80 km (50 mi). Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in

1545-593: Is a coastal province in East China . Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River . It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism , Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism . Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in

1648-516: Is a good leader of men. However, from what I observe about his character, he will make good use of my abilities but not to their fullest extent. That is why I don't want to serve under him." Pei Songzhi noted how differently this episode portrayed Zhuge Liang's special and sui generis relationship with Liu Bei, and pointed out that his loyalty to Liu Bei was so firm that nothing would make him switch allegiance to Sun Quan— not even if Sun Quan could make full use of his abilities. Pei Songzhi then cited

1751-463: Is also close to Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal . At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China. The State Council approved Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992. The zone

1854-432: Is ambiguous. Chen Shou commented that Liu Bei wholeheartly trusted Zhuge Liang and was permitting him to assume leadership. Yi Zhongtian in his "Analysis of the Three Kingdoms" presented several interpretations of Liu Bei's message. Some argued that Liu Bei said that only to test Zhuge Liang's loyalty as his brother, Zhuge Jin , was working for Eastern Wu . Others commented that the ambiguous phrase did not mean Zhuge Liang

1957-506: Is an uncommon two-character Chinese compound family name . In 760, when Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya , he had sculptures of ten famous historical military generals and strategists placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue: Zhuge Liang, Bai Qi , Han Xin , Li Jing , Li Shiji , Zhang Liang , Sima Rangju , Sun Tzu , Wu Qi , and Yue Yi . The authoritative historical source on Zhuge Liang's life

2060-564: Is his biography in Volume 35 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms ( Sanguozhi ), which was written by the historian Chen Shou (233–297) in the third century. Chen Shou had worked in the historical offices of the Shu Han government, and had previously collated Zhuge Liang's writings into an anthology. The scope of this collection may have been limited to official government documents. In the fifth century,

2163-485: Is located close to Qingdao Liuting Airport and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology. Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by

SECTION 20

#1732852361125

2266-523: Is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou ( 青州 ) in the north and Yanzhou ( 兗州 ) in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of Cao Wei , which ruled over northern China. After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over

2369-488: Is the Crouching Dragon. General, don't you want to meet him?" When Liu Bei asked Xu Shu if he could bring Zhuge Liang to meet him, Xu Shu advised him to personally visit Zhuge Liang instead of asking Zhuge Liang to come to him. The Sanguozhi recorded in just one sentence that Liu Bei visited Zhuge Liang three times and met him. The Zizhi Tongjian recorded that the meeting(s) took place in 207. Chen Shou also mentions

2472-600: Is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries. The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula , where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer , Haier and Hisense . Besides, Dongying 's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite

2575-661: Is the highest organ of state power in Shandong province and Shandong's provincial legislature. Its standing committee exercises the majority of the power of The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The current chairman of the standing committee is Li Ganjie . The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress and State Council of

2678-495: Is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; Miaodao Archipaelago to the north of Shandong Peninsula is the border of Bohai Sea (west) and Yellow Sea (east). The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak , with a height of 1,545 metres (5,069 ft), which is also the highest peak in the Mount Tai Ranges. The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, since 1855, it has always been entering

2781-487: Is ¥60.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global Fortune 500 in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up, Haier , Hisense , Aucma, Sinopec , CSIC , CNOOC , CIMC etc. are all located in the zone. The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992. The zone is 60 km (37 mi) away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It

2884-583: The Book of Rites , after a man reached adulthood, it was disrespectful for others of the same generation to address him by his given name . Thus, the given name was reserved for oneself and one's elders, whereas the courtesy name would be used by adults of the same generation to refer to one another on formal occasions or in writing. Another translation of zi is "style name", but this translation has been criticised as misleading, because it could imply an official or legal title. Generally speaking, courtesy names before

2987-536: The Dazexiang uprising against the Qin dynasty . Chen Sheng later executed Ge Ying. During the early Western Han dynasty , Emperor Wen considered that Ge Ying was unjustly put to death so he enfeoffed Ge Ying's grandson as the Marquis of Zhu County to honour Ge Ying. Over time, Ge Ying's descendants adopted Zhuge as their family name by combining Zhu (County) and Ge . The earliest known ancestor of Zhuge Liang who bore

3090-589: The Great Chinese Famine . In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces. Shandong is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River , and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula . Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to

3193-674: The Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi (372–451) annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal commentary. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to the Sanguozhi include: During the Qing dynasty , the historian Zhang Zhu (張澍; 1776–1847) compiled and arranged multiple pieces of literature on Zhuge Liang into an 11-volume collection called Zhuge Zhongwu Hou Wen Ji (諸葛忠武侯文集; Literature Collection of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu ). The collection contained, among other things,

Zhuge Liang - Misplaced Pages Continue

3296-551: The Nature Index ranked Jinan ranked 32nd and Qingdao 43rd in the top 50 cities in the world by scientific research output. Shandong's name literally means 'east of the mountains', from 'mountain' ( 山 ) and 'east' ( 东 ). The name refers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains . A common nickname for Shandong is Qilu ( 齐鲁 ; 齊魯 ), from the states of Qi and Lu that existed in

3399-543: The Northern Qi dynasty asserted that whereas the purpose of a given name was to distinguish one person from another, a courtesy name should express the bearer's moral integrity. Prior to the twentieth century, sinicized Koreans , Vietnamese , and Japanese were also referred to by their courtesy name. The practice was also adopted by some Mongols and Manchus after the Qing conquest of China. Shandong Shandong

3502-499: The Qin dynasty were one syllable, and from the Qin to the 20th century they were mostly disyllabic , consisting of two Chinese characters . Courtesy names were often relative to the meaning of the person's given name, the relationship could be synonyms, relative affairs, or rarely but sometimes antonym. For example, Chiang Kai-shek 's given name ( 中正 , romanized as Chung-cheng) and courtesy name ( 介石 , romanized as Kai-shek) are both from

3605-450: The Tertiary . Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, Zhucheng in southeastern Shandong has been the site of discovering many dinosaur fossils. In 2008, about 7,600 dinosaur bones from Tyrannosaurus , Ankylosaurus , and other genera were found, likely the largest collection ever discovered at one location. The Shandong Provincial People's Congress

3708-502: The Wu and Yue regions to resist the Central States , you should quickly break ties [with Cao Cao]. If you can't resist him, why don't you put down your weapons, remove your armour, position yourself as subordinate, and serve him? General, although by appearances you seem ready to pledge allegiance to Cao Cao, in your heart you still harbour thoughts of freedom. If you can't be decisive at such

3811-564: The circuits (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north. The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel Water Margin was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996,

3914-593: The root systems. Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway(both are in Yantai ). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production. Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Gernischt , Merlot , Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age, considered to be

4017-584: The state of Lu based in Qufu . Lu is famous for being the home of Confucius ; however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboring state of Chu to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including Linzi , Jimo (near modern Qingdao ) and Ju . The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The Han dynasty that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions ( 刺史部 ) in what

4120-416: The yù (豫) hexagram 16 of I Ching . Another way to form a courtesy name is to use the homophonic character zi ( 子 ) – a respectful title for a man – as the first character of the disyllabic courtesy name. Thus, for example, Gongsun Qiao 's courtesy name was Zichan ( 子產 ), and Du Fu 's was Zimei ( 子美 ). It was also common to construct a courtesy name by using as the first character one which expresses

4223-547: The "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord". He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition . He was succeeded by Han Fuju , who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-shek . Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian , nicknamed

Zhuge Liang - Misplaced Pages Continue

4326-746: The "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule. In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino-Japanese War , which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed

4429-489: The 19th century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence; Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. As a result of foreign pressure from the Russian Empire , which had annexed Outer Manchuria by 1860, the Qing encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of Manchuria . Shandong

4532-479: The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan , on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India . The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618–907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit , one of

4635-842: The Empire and accomplish our great mission. If my heir can be assisted, then assist him; if he turns out to be incompetent, then you may make your own decision." With tears in his eyes, Zhuge replied: "I'll do my utmost and serve with unwavering loyalty until death!" Liu Bei then instructed Liu Shan , his son and heir apparent, as follows: "When you work together with the Imperial Chancellor, you must treat him like your father." Liu Bei then named Zhuge Liang as regent for Liu Shan, and Li Yan as deputy regent. He died on 10 June 223 in Yong'an County. The last command of Liu Bei to Zhuge Liang, translated literally above as "you may make your own decision" ( 君可自取 )

4738-570: The GDP of Mexico. If considered among sovereign states, Shandong would rank as the 15th-largest economy and the 15th-most populous as of 2021 . Its GDP per capita is around the national average. Shandong is one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It has 153 higher education institutions , ranking second in East China after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese first-level divisions after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan . As of 2023 ,

4841-419: The GDP of Mexico. Its GDP per capita is around the national average . Compared to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021. Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including cotton , wheat , and garlic as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds . It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in

4944-688: The Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world-class harbor facilities including berths , heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines. As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in Qingdao and Shandong. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over

5047-526: The Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India. The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to

5150-411: The People's Republic of China . The current Governor of Shandong is Zhou Naixiang . As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to Guangzhou to exchange clothing and fabrics. The economy of Shandong is China's third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNY ¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or USD $ 1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to

5253-614: The Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park. Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992. The administrative area has an area of 194 km (75 sq mi), including the programmed area of 36 km (14 sq mi) and an initial area of 11.88 km (4.59 sq mi). Its nearest port

SECTION 50

#1732852361125

5356-466: The State Council. Covering an area of 677 km (261 sq mi), BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of 400 km (150 sq mi). The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating

5459-829: The United States' mediation during the Washington Naval Conference . Weihai followed in 1930. Shandong's return of control fell into the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the northeast China-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang , nicknamed

5562-631: The Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter. During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched-earth Three Alls policy ("kill all", "burn all", and "loot all") was implemented by Japanese general Yasuji Okamura . This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist Chinese Red Army forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over

5665-731: The additional appointment of Lu Shangshu Shi ( 錄尚書事 ), the Supervisor of the Imperial Secretariat, and had full acting imperial authority. After Zhang Fei 's death in mid 221, Zhuge Liang took on an additional appointment as Colonel-Director of Retainers ( 司隷校尉 ), which Zhang Fei previously held. Following his defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting in 222, Liu Bei retreated to Yong'an County ( 永安縣 ; present-day Fengjie County , Chongqing) and became critically ill in early 223. He summoned Zhuge from Chengdu, and told him: "Sir, you're ten times more talented than Cao Pi. You'll definitely bring peace to

5768-459: The area during the Spring and Autumn period . Whereas Qi was a major political power, Lu played only a minor political role but became renowned as the home of Confucius , and its cultural influence came to eclipse that of Qi. The cultural legacy of Lu is reflected in the province's official abbreviation of Lǔ ( 鲁 ; 魯 ). With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain , Shandong

5871-647: The area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the Shandong Problem , led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement . Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after

5974-414: The bearer's birth order among male siblings in his family. Thus Confucius , whose name was Kong Qiu ( 孔丘 ), was given the courtesy name Zhongni ( 仲尼 ), where the first character zhong indicates that he was the second son born into his family. The characters commonly used are bo ( 伯 ) for the first, zhong ( 仲 ) for the second, shu ( 叔 ) for the third, and ji ( 季 ) typically for the youngest, if

6077-489: The capital of Jing Province . In Longzhong, he lived the life of a peasant and spent his free time reading and travelling. He enjoyed reciting Liangfu Yin ( 梁父吟 ), a folk song popular in the area around his ancestral home in Shandong. Zhuge Liang maintained close relations with well-known intellectuals such as Sima Hui , Pang Degong and Huang Chengyan . However, other local literati scorned him when they learnt that he often compared himself to Guan Zhong and Yue Yi . Only

6180-563: The city was well-stocked with supplies and well-defended. In late 220, some months after Cao Cao's death, his son and successor Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , ended the Eastern Han dynasty , and established the state of Wei with himself as the new emperor. This event marks the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. In the following year, Liu Bei's followers urged him to declare himself emperor to challenge Cao Pi's legitimacy, but Liu Bei refused. Zhuge said: In

6283-506: The defeat of Cao Cao's army is certain. Once defeated, Cao Cao will be forced to return north, and Jing Province and Wu will be sturdy as the legs of a bronze cauldron. The trigger for victory or defeat is your decision today. Yuan Zhun's Yuanzi recorded that when Zhuge Liang was in Chaisang, Zhang Zhao recommended he switch allegiance from Liu Bei to Sun Quan, but Zhuge Liang refused. When Zhang Zhao asked him why, Zhuge Liang said, "[Sun Quan]

SECTION 60

#1732852361125

6386-519: The discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong 's repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism ). The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit  –

6489-404: The family consists of more than three sons. General Sun Jian 's four sons, for instance, were Sun Ce ( 伯符 , Bófú), Sun Quan ( 仲謀 , Zhòngmóu), Sun Yi ( 叔弼 , Shūbì) and Sun Kuang ( 季佐 , Jìzuǒ). Reflecting a general cultural tendency to regard names as significant , the choice of what name to bestow upon one's children was considered very important in traditional China. Yan Zhitui of

6592-547: The family name Zhuge was Zhuge Feng ( 諸葛豐 ), a Western Han dynasty official who served as Colonel-Director of Retainers ( 司隷校尉 ) under Emperor Yuan ( r.   48–33 BCE). Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui ( 諸葛珪 ), whose courtesy name was Jungong ( 君貢 ), served as an assistant official in Taishan Commandery (泰山郡; around present-day Tai'an , Shandong) during the late Eastern Han dynasty under Emperor Ling ( r.   168–189 CE). Zhuge Liang had an elder brother,

6695-631: The final call on all policy decisions. When rebellions broke out in the Nanzhong region of southern Shu, Zhuge Liang did not immediately take military action to suppress the rebellions because he thought it was not appropriate to do so in light of the recent death of Liu Bei. In late 223, he sent Deng Zhi as Shu's ambassador to Eastern Wu to make peace and rebuild the Wu–Shu alliance against Cao Wei. Courtesy name Unlike art names , which are more akin to pseudonyms or pen names , courtesy names served

6798-500: The first use of its current name. The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty , where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of Liaoning . After the Ming–Qing Transition in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders. On 25 July 1668, an  earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 and an  epicenter  just northeast of Linyi devastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people. During

6901-536: The four commanderies surrendered to him. After Liu Qi died in 209, acting on Lu Su 's advice, Sun Quan agreed to "lend" the territories in Jing Province to Liu Bei and nominate him to succeed Liu Qi as the Governor of Jing Province. After assuming governorship of southern Jing Province in 209, Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as Military Adviser General of the Household ( 軍師中郎將 ) and put him in charge of collecting tax revenue from Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha commanderies for his military forces. During this time, Zhuge Liang

7004-596: The golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%. Major producers Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council . The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km (32 sq mi) that is divided into a central area covering 33 km (13 sq mi), an export processing district of 10 km (3.9 sq mi), and an eastern extension area of 40 km (15 sq mi). Since its foundation,

7107-495: The mid-190s. Later, after the Han central government designated Zhu Hao as the new Administrator, Zhuge Xuan left Yuzhang Commandery and brought Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Jun to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan ) to live with the provincial governor Liu Biao , whom he was an old friend of. After Zhuge Xuan died, Zhuge Liang moved to Deng County ( 鄧縣 ) in Nanyang Commandery ( 南陽郡 ), and settled down in Longzhong ( 隆中 ), an area about 20 li west of Xiangyang ,

7210-411: The next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao , then Former Yan , then Former Qin , then Later Yan , then Southern Yan , then the Liu Song dynasty , and finally the Northern Wei dynasty , the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period. In 412 AD,

7313-403: The next four years of the Chinese Civil War , they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic of China ) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong ( 熊 ) family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. The People's Republic of China

7416-612: The north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 and 18 km (5.6 and 11.2 mi) respectively. Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of 12.5 km (4.8 sq mi). In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27.51 billion, which increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value

7519-408: The northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the northeast, east and southeast. It shares a short border with Anhui between Henan and Jiangsu. The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain . The province's center is more mountainous, with Mount Tai being the most prominent. The east of the province

7622-472: The novel mentions that Zhuge Liang wore a guanjin (綸巾; a type of hat) and a hechang (鶴氅; a robe commonly worn by Daoists). As Zhuge Liang was orphaned at a young age, he was raised by Zhuge Xuan , one of his father's cousins. He accompanied Zhuge Xuan to Yuzhang Commandery ( 豫章郡 ; around present-day Nanchang , Jiangxi ) when the latter was appointed as the Commandery Administrator sometime in

7725-490: The past, when Wu Han , Geng Yan and others first urged Emperor Guangwu to assume the imperial throne, Emperor Guangwu declined a total of four times. Geng Chun then told him: "The world's valiant heroes are gasping for air, hoping there is anything worth hoping for. If you don't heed everyone's advice, your associates will go back to seeking a sovereign, and no one will want to follow you anymore." Emperor Guangwu felt Geng Chun's words were profound and correct, so he accepted

7828-430: The plan, Liu Bei should seize control of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan ) and Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing ) from their respective governors, Liu Biao and Liu Zhang , and establish a solid foothold in southern and western China. Liu Bei would then form an alliance with Sun Quan, who ruled eastern China, and wage war against Cao Cao, who controlled northern China and

7931-512: The political centre of the Han dynasty in central China. After the meeting, Liu Bei became very close to Zhuge Liang and spent much time with him – much to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei 's chagrin. Liu Bei explained to them, "Now that I have Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. I hope you'll stop making unpleasant remarks." Guan Yu and Zhang Fei then stopped complaining. In the autumn of 208, shortly before Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao led his forces on

8034-464: The primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China. The production of wine is the second largest industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture. Geographically, the coastal areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of

8137-844: The province's economic and cultural center, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao , Weihai , and Yantai . Shandong has a temperate climate : humid continental (Köppen Dwa ); it is bordering humid subtropical (C wa under the Köppen climate classification ) in the south. Generally, summers are hot (typical max 35 °C) and rainy (except for eastern parts of Jiaodong Peninsula (typical max 28 °C) and Mount Tai (typical max 20 °C)), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are −9 to 1 °C (16 to 34 °F) in January and 18 to 28 °C (64 to 82 °F) in July. Annual precipitation

8240-444: The rivers returning to the sea; like the upheavals in the affairs of our time, this is Heaven's doing. How could he turn his back on that and serve Cao Cao? An enraged Sun Quan then said that he would not allow anyone but himself to rule the territories and people in Wu . When he asked Zhuge Liang how Liu Bei could expect to resist Cao Cao, given his recent defeat at Changban, Zhuge Liang replied: Liu Bei's forces may have suffered

8343-612: The saying: "even a powerful arrow at the end of its flight cannot penetrate a piece of Lu silk cloth." Such a battle should be avoided according to military strategy, which says that it "will definitely result in defeat for the commander". The northerners are also not familiar with naval warfare. Although the people in Jing Province have surrendered to Cao Cao, they were forced to submit, and are not truly loyal to him. Now, General, if you are able to send your fierce officers to lead your vast hosts to align goals and combine might with Liu Bei,

8446-554: The sea to Shandong's northern coast; in Shandong, it flows on a levee , higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai River watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake in the province. Shandong's coastline is 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) long. Shandong Peninsula has

8549-537: The state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234. He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era. His reputation as an intelligent and cultured scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname "Wolong" or "Fulong" (both meaning "Sleeping Dragon"). Zhuge Liang's methods of administration drew both from Legalism as well as Confucianism . He

8652-632: The state of Shu Han . He appointed Zhuge Liang as his Imperial Chancellor ( 丞相 ) as follows: From the misfortune of our insolvent family, we have been lofted to an office of great authority. Cautiously we approach this great enterprise, never daring to assume ease or tranquility, thinking foremost of the needs of the people, yet we fear ourselves unable to bring them peace. Alas! Imperial Chancellor Zhuge Liang will understand our intents, tirelessly redress our deficiencies, and assist in spreading our benevolent light, that it may illuminate all of China. Sir, you are thus enjoined to do so! Zhuge Liang also held

8755-430: The three visits in his biographical sketch of Zhuge Liang appended to the memoirs Chen Shou compiled. During their private meeting, Liu Bei sought Zhuge Liang's advice on how to compete with the powerful warlords and revive the declining Han dynasty. In response, Zhuge Liang presented his Longzhong Plan , which envisaged a tripartite division of China between the domains of Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan . According to

8858-517: The throne. Now the Cao family have usurped the Han, and China has no sovereign. Your Highness, from the great royal clan of Liu, you have risen to overcome the times. The appropriate action is for you to take position as emperor. Your associates who have followed your Highness at length through great effort and hardship because they too hoped for some small success, are just like the ones Geng Chun spoke of. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established

8961-856: The time, Sun Quan was in Chaisang ( 柴桑 ; southwest of present-day Jiujiang , Jiangxi) and had been closely observing the developments in Jing Province. When Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan, he said: The land is in chaos. General, you raised an army and occupied Jiangdong , while Liu Bei is gathering forces at the south of the Han River . Both of you are preparing to compete with Cao Cao for control over China. As of now, Cao Cao has eliminated internal threats, more or less pacified his lands, and led his forces south to occupy Jing Province. The Empire trembles at his might. A hero without opportunity to display his prowess, Liu Bei has retreated here. I hope that you, General, will carefully assess your strengths and decide your next course of action. If you decide to lead your forces from

9064-573: The way and eventually joined Liu Bei in surrounding Chengdu, the capital of Yi Province. After Liu Zhang surrendered and relinquished control over Yi Province to Liu Bei in 214, Zhuge Liang was appointed as Military Adviser General ( 軍師將軍 ) and made a staff member of the office of the General of the Left ( 左將軍 ), the nominal appointment Liu Bei held at the time. Whenever Liu Bei went on military campaigns, Zhuge Liang remained behind to guard Chengdu and ensured that

9167-661: The winter of 208, the allied forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Red Cliffs . Cao Cao retreated to Ye ( 鄴 ; in present-day Handan , Hebei) after his defeat. Following the Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei nominated Liu Qi as the Inspector of Jing Province and sent his forces to conquer the four commanderies in southern Jing Province: Wuling ( 武陵 ; near Changde , Hunan), Changsha , Guiyang ( 桂陽 ; near Chenzhou , Hunan) and Lingling ( 零陵 ; near Yongzhou , Hunan). The administrators of

9270-615: The world. Other important crops include sorghum and maize . Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially the Shengli Oil Field (lit. Victory Oilfield) in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China. Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong

9373-407: The world. The Buddhist temples in the mountains south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu was the birthplace of Confucius , and later became the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After

9476-563: Was allowed take the throne for himself, but he was permitted to, when the situation demanded, replace Liu Shan with other of Liu Bei's living sons such as Liu Yong and Liu Li . Following Liu Bei's death, Liu Shan ascended the throne and succeeded his father as the emperor of Shu. After his coronation, Liu Shan enfeoffed Zhuge Liang as the Marquis of Wu District ( 武鄉侯 ) and created a personal staff to assist him. Later, Zhuge Liang assumed an additional appointment as Governor of Yi Province ( 益州牧 ). He personally oversaw all state affairs and made

9579-514: Was already another Ge family in Yangdu County before they came, the locals referred to the newcomers as the Zhuge – combining Zhu (County) and Ge – to distinguish them from the other Ge family. Over time, Zhuge Liang's ancestors adopted Zhuge as their family name. The Fengsu Tongyi recorded that Zhuge Liang's ancestor was Ge Ying ( zh:葛嬰 ), who served under Chen Sheng , a rebel leader who led

9682-525: Was critical of the Legalist thought of Shang Yang , and advocated benevolence and education as tenets of being a ruler. He compared himself with Guan Zhong , developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power. He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei , refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages. Zhuge

9785-455: Was eight chi tall (approximately 1.84 metres) with "a magnificent appearance". In Moss Roberts' translation of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Zhuge Liang's appearance is described as follows: Kongming appeared singularly tall, with a face like gleaming jade and a plaited silken band around his head. Cloaked in crane down, he had the buoyant air of a spiritual transcendent. The original Chinese text in

9888-481: Was home to a succession of Neolithic cultures for millennia, including the Houli ( c.  6500–5500 BC ), Beixin ( c.  5300–4100 BC ), Dawenkou ( c.  4100–2600 BC ), Longshan ( c.  3000–2000 BC ), and Yueshi cultures ( c.  1900–1500 BC ). The Shang and Zhou dynasties exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong

9991-511: Was in Yangdu County ( 陽都縣 ), Langya Commandery ( 琅邪郡 ), near present-day Yinan County or Yishui County , Shandong . There are two other accounts of his ancestral origins in the Wu Shu ( 吳書 ) and Fengsu Tongyi ( 風俗同意 ). The Wu Shu recorded that his ancestral family name was actually Ge ( 葛 ) and his ancestors were originally from Zhu County ( 諸縣 ; southwest of present-day Zhucheng , Shandong) before they settled in Yangdu County. As there

10094-557: Was inhabited by Dongyi peoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of the Central Plain . Following the annexation of Lai  [ zh ] by the state of Qi in 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually became sinicized . During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods , power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in Linzi , and

10197-708: Was living in Xinye County as a guest of Liu Biao , the governor of Jing Province . During this time, he met the hermit Sima Hui and consulted him on the affairs of their time. Sima Hui said, "What do Confucian academics and common scholars know about current affairs? Only outstanding talents have the best understanding of current affairs. In this region, there are two of such talents: Crouching Dragon and Young Phoenix." When Liu Bei asked him who "Crouching Dragon" and "Young Phoenix" were, Sima Hui replied, "Zhuge Kongming and Pang Shiyuan ." Xu Shu , whom Liu Bei regarded highly, also recommended Zhuge Liang by saying, "Zhuge Kongming

10300-461: Was one of the first places where the Boxer Rebellion broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years. Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing Jiaozhou Bay and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for

10403-476: Was proclaimed in October of that year. Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short-lived Pingyuan Province , but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today. About six million people starved to death in Shandong during

10506-449: Was sometimes adopted by Mongols and Manchus during the Qing dynasty . The choice of a courtesy name was significant, intended to express moral integrity and respect within the cultural context. A courtesy name is a name traditionally given to Chinese men at the age of 20 sui , marking their coming of age . It was sometimes given to women, usually upon marriage. The practice is no longer common in modern Chinese society. According to

10609-945: Was stationed in Linzheng County ( 臨烝縣 ; present-day Hengyang , Hunan) in Changsha Commandery. In 211, Liu Zhang , the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), invited Liu Bei to lead troops into Yi Province to assist him in countering his rival, Zhang Lu , in Hanzhong Commandery . While Liu Bei was away in Jing Province, Zhuge Liang remained behind with Guan Yu and others to guard Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province . When Liu Bei decided to take over Liu Zhang's lands in 212, Zhuge Liang, along with Zhang Fei , Zhao Yun and others, led troops from Jing Province into Yi Province to reinforce Liu Bei. They conquered many counties and commanderies along

#124875