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52-465: Kommos may refer to: Kommos (Crete) - a Bronze Age archeological site in Crete Kommós (theatre) - a lyrical song of lamentation in an Athenian tragedy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kommos . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

104-428: A tunnel kiln , is long with only the central portion directly heated. From the cool entrance, ware is slowly moved through the kiln, and its temperature is increased steadily as it approaches the central, hottest part of the kiln. As it continues through the kiln, the temperature is reduced until the ware exits the kiln nearly at room temperature. A continuous kiln is energy-efficient, because heat given off during cooling

156-460: A key factor in the development of Chinese pottery , and until recent centuries was the most advanced in the world. The Chinese developed kilns capable of firing at around 1,000 °C before 2000 BCE . These were updraft kilns, often built below ground. Two main types of kiln were developed by about 200 AD and remained in use until modern times. These are the dragon kiln of hilly southern China , usually fuelled by wood, long and thin and running up

208-454: A natural harbor. The site has yielded many animal remains , a majority of which were excavated from archaic vessels and pottery. Excavations carried out between 1976 and 1985 yielded 9,400 large mammal bones, 150 Rodentia bones, 1,150 fish bones, and around 36,000 marine invertebrate . Of these samples a large number were attributed to pigs . Remains found revealed a variety of butchery methods performed, including partial opening of

260-521: A range of firing conditions. Both Ancient Roman pottery and medieval Chinese pottery could be fired in industrial quantities, with tens of thousands of pieces in a single firing. Early examples of simpler kilns found in Britain include those that made roof-tiles during the Roman occupation. These kilns were built up the side of a slope, such that a fire could be lit at the bottom and the heat would rise up into

312-418: A slope, and the horseshoe-shaped mantou kiln of the north Chinese plains, smaller and more compact. Both could reliably produce the temperatures of up to 1300 °C or more needed for porcelain . In the late Ming, the egg-shaped kiln or zhenyao was developed at Jingdezhen and mainly used there. This was something of a compromise between the other types, and offered locations in the firing chamber with

364-608: A variety of local and international pottery, the archaeologists set aside a box labeled "The Strange and Wonderful" for stylistically unfamiliar finds. When colleagues from other digs toured the site, they were asked to look through the bin as their "entrance ticket". Joseph W. Shaw, Kommos: A Minoan Harbor Town and Greek Sanctuary in Southern Crete (ASCSA, 2006: ISBN   0-87661-659-7 ). Peter M. Day, Patrick S. Quinn, Jeremy B. Rutter, & Vassilis Kilikoglou. (2011). A WORLD OF GOODS: Transport Jars and Commodity Exchange at

416-429: Is stratigraphically complex, with remains from different periods often directly on top of each other. The southern edge of the site is notable for its architectural parallels with Minoan palaces . Like the palaces, this area had a paved rectangular court surrounded by monumental wings . Because Kommos is thought to have been politically dependent on Phaistos and Hagia Triada , the presence of palatial architecture

468-420: Is a puzzle. In the words of excavator Joseph Shaw: Could a relatively small and architecturally unpretentious town such as Kommos have promoted and maintained such an enormous structure, or have we misunderstood the palaces? Perhaps they were not so rare nor served such large regions as is generally supposed. Or perhaps in T we see an adaptation of the palace form for commercial purposes. The palatial complex

520-611: Is not open to the public, but is visible from the beach. Kommos is located on the coast of the Mesara Plain , one of the major population centers of the Minoan civilization. It is near the Palace of Phaistos and the town of Hagia Triada , with whom it has been described as forming "a great Minoan triangle". The archaeological site is next to Kommos Beach, a popular swimming spot. In ancient times, Papadoplaka reef islet would have partly sheltered

572-444: Is often provided early in the schedule to supplement the dehumidifier. Solar kilns are conventional kilns, typically built by hobbyists to keep initial investment costs low. Heat is provided via solar radiation, while internal air circulation is typically passive. Vacuum and radio frequency kilns reduce the air pressure to attempt to speed up the drying process. A variety of these vacuum technologies exist, varying primarily in

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624-404: Is recycled to pre-heat the incoming ware. In some designs, the ware is left in one place, while the heating zone moves across it. Kilns in this type include: In the intermittent kiln , the ware is placed inside the kiln, the kiln is closed, and the internal temperature is increased according to a schedule. After the firing is completed, both the kiln and the ware are cooled. The ware is removed,

676-416: Is removed by a system of vents, the specific layout of which are usually particular to a given manufacturer. In general, cool dry air is introduced at one end of the kiln while warm moist air is expelled at the other. Hardwood conventional kilns also require the introduction of humidity via either steam spray or cold water misting systems to keep the relative humidity inside the kiln from dropping too low during

728-470: Is the largest known Minoan building from the LMIIIA era and easily distinguishable at the site today. It is also notable for being the location where the vast majority of "short necked amphoras" were found. Later ruins at the site include a sequence of temples , which were excavated along with copious votives and evidence of ritual feasting. The earliest of them, Temple A , was a simple rural shrine built in

780-812: The Oxford English Dictionary , kiln was derived from the words cyline, cylene, cyln(e) in Old English , in turn derived from Latin culina ("kitchen"). In Middle English , the word is attested as kulne, kyllne, kilne, kiln, kylle, kyll, kil, kill, keele, kiele. In Greek the word καίειν, kaiein , means 'to burn'. The word "kiln" was originally pronounced "kil" with the "n" silent, as is referenced in Webster's Dictionary of 1828 and in English Words as Spoken and Written for Upper Grades by James A. Bowen 1900: "The digraph ln, n silent, occurs in kiln. A fall down

832-568: The skull assumedly for consumption of the brain . Further animal remains, such as cows and deer were also found around the site. Very few human remains have been uncovered from the site, with the only human remain being an adult mandible . Bird remains have also been found. Eggshells and avian bones from the site were identified by Dr. George E. Watson, Curator of Birds at the Smithsonian Institution . The usage for birds varied from domestication to consumption. Avian bones found at

884-610: The Aegean islands, Egypt, and the Anatolian coast confirms the importance of international trade to the Late Minoan coastal city of Kommos. Kommos first attracted the attention of archaeologists in 1924, when Arthur Evans visited the site. Though he did not excavate, he studied surface remains and proposed that the site had been a Minoan port. Though this conclusion later proved accurate, most of his specific interpretations were not. For instance,

936-735: The Late Bronze Age Harbor of Kommos, Crete. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 80(4), 511–558. Kiln A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven , that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes . Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects made from clay into pottery , tiles and bricks . Various industries use rotary kilns for pyroprocessing (to calcinate ores, such as limestone to lime for cement ) and to transform many other materials. According to

988-558: The Late Bronze Age Southern Aegean is the transport stirrup-jar , which looks like a larger false-necked amphora. It has a wide-mouth rim with two vertical handles on the shoulders that connect to the neck of the vessel. At the beginning of the 14th century BC, a variation of the Minoan oval-mouthed amphora started making an appearance in Kommos. Dubbed the short-neck amphora, this vessel had two cylindrical handles attached at

1040-655: The Late Minoan city of Kommos. Transport stirrup jars have not only been found on Crete but also in vast quantities on the Greek mainland , throughout the Aegean Islands , and along the western Anatolian coast. The Cretan vessels have been found in the Egyptian city of Tell el-Amarna , Cyprus, and the Levant , and the results of petrographic and trace element analysis determine that the majority of these transport stirrup jars originated in

1092-510: The MMIII/LMI period, the site was rebuilt on a larger scale, perhaps 3.5 ha. Archaeologists have noted that during the early LMIII period, residents' living standards fell even as commercial activity reached its all time peak. The site was abandoned after LMIIIB around 1200 BC and was never reoccupied on the same scale, though it served as a sanctuary until the Hellenistic era . The Minoan name of

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1144-586: The Subminoan period around 1020 BC at the then-abandoned site. It was replaced by Temple B in the Archaic era around 800 BC. At this point in time, Kommos was once again a stopping point for sailors, and finds from Temple B attest to its international connections. The temple included a Phoenician tripillar shrine around which were found imported faience figurines of the Egyptian gods Sekhmet and Nefertum . This temple

1196-537: The air in the chamber is then heated and finally a vacuum is pulled as the charge cools. SSV run at partial-atmospheres, typically around 1/3 of full atmospheric pressure, in a hybrid of vacuum and conventional kiln technology (SSV kilns are significantly more popular in Europe where the locally harvested wood is easier to dry than the North American woods.) RF/V (radio frequency + vacuum) kilns use microwave radiation to heat

1248-605: The building he identified as a customs house turned out to be an ordinary residence, and a feature he interpreted as a Minoan road was in fact a later fortification wall. Excavations at the site began in 1976 under the direction of Joseph Shaw from the University of Toronto , who specialized in ancient Mediterranean harbours. Over the previous decade, Shaw had surveyed a number of coastal sites in Mesara , concluding from surface pottery that Kommos alone showed evidence of Minoan presence. At

1300-465: The clay until the particles partially melt and flow together, creating a strong, single mass, composed of a glassy phase interspersed with pores and crystalline material. Through firing, the pores are reduced in size, causing the material to shrink slightly. In the broadest terms, there are two types of kilns: intermittent and continuous, both being an insulated box with a controlled inner temperature and atmosphere. A continuous kiln , sometimes called

1352-437: The differential impact of the presence of drying equipment in a specific plant. Every piece of equipment from the green trimmer to the infeed system at the planer mill is part of the "drying system". The true costs of the drying system can only be determined when comparing the total plant costs and risks with and without drying. Kiln dried firewood was pioneered during the 1980s, and was later adopted extensively in Europe due to

1404-581: The drying cycle. Fan directions are typically reversed periodically to ensure even drying of larger kiln charges. Most softwood kilns operate below 115 °C (239 °F) temperature. Hardwood kiln drying schedules typically keep the dry bulb temperature below 80 °C (176 °F). Difficult-to-dry species might not exceed 60 °C (140 °F). Dehumidification kilns are similar to other kilns in basic construction and drying times are usually comparable. Heat comes primarily from an integral dehumidification unit that also removes humidity. Auxiliary heat

1456-429: The economic and practical benefits of selling wood with a lower moisture content (with optimal moisture levels of under 20% being much easier to achieve). The total (harmful) air emissions produced by wood kilns, including their heat source, can be significant. Typically, the higher the temperature at which the kiln operates, the larger the quantity of emissions that are produced (per mass unit of water removed). This

1508-458: The kiln can kill you." Bowen was noting that "kill" and "kiln" are homophones . Pit fired pottery was produced for thousands of years before the earliest known kiln, which dates to around 6000 BCE , and was found at the Yarim Tepe site in modern Iraq . Neolithic kilns were able to produce temperatures greater than 900 °C (1652 °F). Uses include: Kilns are an essential part of

1560-431: The kiln charge, and typically have the highest operating cost due to the heat of vaporization being provided by electricity rather than local fossil fuel or waste wood sources. The economics of different wood drying technologies are based on the total energy, capital, insurance/risk, environmental impacts, labor, maintenance, and product degradation costs. These costs, which can be a significant part of plant costs, involve

1612-464: The kiln is cleaned and the next cycle begins. Kilns in this type include: Kiln technology is very old. Kilns developed from a simple earthen trench filled with pots and fuel pit firing , to modern methods. One improvement was to build a firing chamber around pots with baffles and a stoking hole. This conserved heat. A chimney stack improved the air flow or draw of the kiln, thus burning the fuel more completely. Chinese kiln technology has always been

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1664-411: The kiln. Traditional kilns include: With the industrial age , kilns were designed to use electricity and more refined fuels, including natural gas and propane . Many large industrial pottery kilns use natural gas, as it is generally clean, efficient and easy to control. Modern kilns can be fitted with computerized controls allowing for fine adjustments during the firing. A user may choose to control

1716-517: The kiln. Most softwood kilns are track types in which the timber is loaded on kiln/track cars for loading the kiln. Modern high-temperature, high-air-velocity conventional kilns can typically dry 1-inch-thick (25 mm) green wood in 10 hours down to a moisture content of 18%. However, 1-inch-thick green red oak requires about 28 days to dry down to a moisture content of 8%. Heat is typically introduced via steam running through fin/tube heat exchangers controlled by on/off pneumatic valves. Humidity

1768-566: The largest ashlars used by the Minoans. After an earthquake, the area was left in ruins before being redeveloped in the LMIIIA2 period. Buildings from this phase include the court-centered Building N and Building P . In this period, a pottery workshop including a kiln was built in the earlier court, which has provided archaeologists with crucial evidence regarding Minoan pottery production. The LMIIIA Building P has been described as "perhaps

1820-459: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kommos&oldid=603645934 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kommos (Crete) The partially excavated site is located 5 km north of Matala , adjacent to Kommos Beach. It

1872-435: The manufacture of almost all types of ceramics . Ceramics require high temperatures so chemical and physical reactions will occur to permanently alter the unfired body. In the case of pottery, clay materials are shaped, dried and then fired in a kiln. The final characteristics are determined by the composition and preparation of the clay body and the temperature at which it is fired. After a first firing, glazes may be used and

1924-399: The method heat is introduced into the wood charge. Hot water platten vacuum kilns use aluminum heating plates with the water circulating within as the heat source, and typically operate at significantly reduced absolute pressure. Discontinuous and SSV (super-heated steam) use atmosphere pressure to introduce heat into the kiln charge. The entire kiln charge comes up to full atmospheric pressure,

1976-434: The moisture content is between 18% and 8%. This can be a long process unless accelerated by use of a kiln. A variety of kiln technologies exist today: conventional, dehumidification, solar, vacuum and radio frequency. Conventional wood dry kilns are either package-type (side-loader) or track-type (tram) construction. Most hardwood lumber kilns are side-loader kilns in which fork trucks are used to load lumber packages into

2028-417: The most curious" building at the site. Consisting of six long narrow galleries, its layout resembles Minoan storerooms. However, the galleries were open on their western sides, suggesting that their contents were left unsecured. Particularly since the open side faces the sea, the building is standardly interpreted as an early example of a ship shed. However, unlike Classical-era buildings of this sort, Building P

2080-845: The northern part of Central Crete. While the transport stirrup jar was frequently used in Crete to ferry their goods, the Canaanite jar was the preferred container throughout the Levant. Evidence of the Canaanite jar has been found at Kommos in the form of 60 fragmentary to fully restorable containers. The final type of vessel identified is the Egyptian jar. Kommos has been the only Aegean site where this Late Bronze Age undecorated pottery has been recovered. The styles of pottery range from closed shapes to amphoras, flasks, and necked jars, and most likely transported wine . The presence of Canaanite jars and Egyptian jars at Kommos and Cretan transport stirrup jars found throughout

2132-478: The rate of temperature climb or ramp , hold or soak the temperature at any given point, or control the rate of cooling. Both electric and gas kilns are common for smaller scale production in industry and craft, handmade and sculptural work. Modern kilns include: Green wood coming straight from the felled tree has far too high a moisture content to be commercially useful and will rot, warp and split. Both hardwoods and softwood must be left to dry out until

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2184-550: The shoulder, a stunted neck, and a round mouth. On the Syro-Palestinian coast, the Canaanite jar was the preferred transport jar; it was widely exported to Cyprus and Lower Egypt , where they eventually adopted and imitated the shoulder-handled vessel. The variations of the Canaanite jar created in Egypt can easily be identified by the diversities in material and surface treatment. Thousands of ceramic sherds have been recovered from

2236-519: The site include Woodpigeon , Rock Dove , Turtle Dove, Scopoli's Shearwater , and Chukar Partridge . Kommos has yielded more evidence for intercultural trade in the form of imported ceramics than any other Bronze Age site in the Aegean . Archaeologists have found Egyptian figurines and transport jars, Canaanite jars , and jars that originated from the Nile Delta . The typical transport vessel found in

2288-410: The site was archaeologically viable. Initial excavations turned up not only the expected Minoan remains, but also Greco-Roman roof tiles, something not expected based on surface pottery. Excavations used then-novel methodologies, attending to topography, geology, land use, and evidence of daily life at the site rather than simply elite material culture. Anticipating that an international port would contain

2340-519: The statue bases and one eye, leaving the identity of the gods worshipped there uncertain. The site was first settled in the Late Neolithic , but only expanded into a major settlement during the Middle Minoan period. In this era, the site expanded to cover an area of roughly 1.5 ha, and monumental buildings were built for the first time in the flat southern part of the site. After an earthquake in

2392-405: The time, the site was covered by a layer of sand that was four meters deep in some areas. This sand had to be cleared by a front loader before the earth layer below could be excavated. This process was complicated by the site having been a former Nazi minefield which was not entirely mineswept after the war. Excavations began after a ceremony from a local priest, and quickly confirmed that

2444-452: The town from waves and wind, though it has been substantially submerged by rising sea levels and German bombing during the Nazi occupation of Crete . The Minoan city was divided into two areas, demarcated by a broad road paved with stone slabs. The hilly northern sector was primarily a residential neighborhood, while civic buildings were constructed in the lower and flatter southern area. The site

2496-522: The town is unknown, but it has been argued that the site corresponds to Classical Era Amyklaion ( Greek : Αμύκλαιον ), which would reflect a link with Amyclae . Robin Lane Fox speculates that it is referred to in Odyssey 3.296: "a small rock holds back the great waves." That small rock is likely to have been the natural reef of Papadoplaka and a submerged sandy shore stretching to the coast would have formed

2548-466: The ware is fired a second time to fuse the glaze into the body. A third firing at a lower temperature may be required to fix overglaze decoration. Modern kilns often have sophisticated electronic control systems, although pyrometric devices are often also used. Clay consists of fine-grained particles that are relatively weak and porous. Clay is combined with other minerals to create a workable clay body. The firing process includes sintering . This heats

2600-482: Was abandoned around 600 BC, a time of reduced religious activity throughout Crete. The latest temple, Temple C , was built in the Classical era around 400 BC it remained in use until around 150 AD. A more ambitious construction, this building consisted of a single rectangular room and was typical of Cretan temples in its lack of exterior columns. The temple originally had two statues, though all that remains of them are

2652-408: Was not on the shoreline and lacked a slipway . Thus, archaeologists hypothesize that the building was used for longer term storage than later examples. This interpretation is bolstered by the discovery of residue from hematite anti-fouling paint in the building as well as a comparable structure at Knossos 's port of Katsamba. Building P was built over the ruins of Building T's eastern wing. It

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2704-412: Was rebuilt several times. The earliest known palatial building, Building AA , was constructed shortly after the first palace at Phaistos during MMII . However, an earlier walkway excavated under AA's central court suggests that it may have had a precedecessor. During MMIII, Building AA was replaced by the grandiose Building T , comparable in size to the palace at Phaistos , with a facade constructed from

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