105-536: Lane Fox or Lane-Fox is a double-barrelled English surname (see also the surnames Lane and Fox ). Notable bearers of the surname include: George Lane-Fox (MP) (1793–1848), English landowner and Tory MP Sackville Lane-Fox (1797–1874), British Conservative Party politician George Lane-Fox (1816–1896), English landowner, High Sheriff of Leitrim and High Sheriff of Yorkshire , son of George Lane-Fox (1793–1848) Augustus Henry Lane-Fox (1827–1900), who adopted
210-428: A nom-dit tradition. This was a family nickname (literally a "said name"). The origins of the noms-dits were various. Some noms-dits were the war-name of the first settler, while he was a soldier: Hébert dit Jolicœur ("pretty heart", cf. "Braveheart"), Thomas dit Tranchemontagne ("mountain chopper"). Some denoted the place of origin of the first settler: Langevin ("Anjou"), Barbeau dit Poitevin ("Poitou"). Others denoted
315-527: A rule of thumb , affixes are not hyphenated unless the lack of a hyphen would hurt clarity. The hyphen may be used between vowel letters (e.g., ee , ea , ei ) to indicate that they do not form a digraph . Some words have both hyphenated and unhyphenated variants: de-escalate /deescalate , co-operation /cooperation , re-examine /reexamine , de-emphasize /deemphasize , and so on. Words often lose their hyphen as they become more common, such as email instead of e-mail . When there are tripled letters,
420-445: A standard stream , instead of a file, is to be worked with. Although software ( hyphenation algorithms ) can often automatically make decisions on when to hyphenate a word at a line break, it is also sometimes useful for the user to be able to insert cues for those decisions (which are dynamic in the online medium, given that text can be reflowed ). For this purpose, the concept of a soft hyphen (discretionary hyphen, optional hyphen)
525-557: A characteristic of the person or of his dwelling: Lacourse ("the run"), Lépine ("the thorn"), Larivière ("the river"). Most Chinese surnames are a single character. However, in modern times, some families have combined the surnames of both parents to create new names. Some examples of double-barrelled surnames include the Changchien clan in Taiwan. This practice is different from having a Chinese compound surname , where more than one character
630-400: A child's surname, first name, and patronymic during state registration of birth 1. During state registration of birth, the surname of the child is recorded according to the surname of his parents. With different surnames of the parents, by agreement of the parents, the child is assigned the surname of the father, the surname of the mother, or a double surname formed by joining the surnames of
735-618: A different glyph). Webster's Third New International Dictionary and the Chambers Dictionary use a double hyphen for integral hyphens and a single hyphen for line-breaks, whereas Kromhout's Afrikaans–English dictionary uses the opposite convention. The Concise Oxford Dictionary (fifth edition) suggested repeating an integral hyphen at the start of the following line. Prefixes (such as de- , pre- , re- , and non- ) and suffixes (such as -less , -like , -ness , and -hood ) are sometimes hyphenated, especially when
840-1457: A double name ( nazwisko złożone ). A married man can also adopt his wife's surname, or add it to his. Polish triple-barreled surnames are known to exist: an example is the one borne by Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski [ pl ] , a university professor and writer living in Canada. In Russia , double-barreled surnames are somewhat uncommon, but normal and accepted practice, often associated with some families of note wishing to preserve both of their lineages. Federal law #143-FZ "On Civil State Acts" explicitly allows double-barreled names in its Article 18 but limits such compound surnames to two parts only. Статья 18. Запись фамилии, имени и отчества ребенка при государственной регистрации рождения 1. При государственной регистрации рождения фамилия ребенка записывается по фамилии его родителей. При разных фамилиях родителей по соглашению родителей ребенку присваивается фамилия отца, фамилия матери или двойная фамилия, образованная посредством присоединения фамилий отца и матери друг к другу в любой последовательности, если иное не предусмотрено законами субъектов Российской Федерации. Не допускается изменение последовательности присоединения фамилий отца и матери друг к другу при образовании двойных фамилий у полнородных братьев и сестер. Двойная фамилия ребенка может состоять не более чем из двух слов, соединенных при написании дефисом. Article 18. Recording
945-566: A few surnames. To reduce the risk of mistaken identity, many Danes started using their mothers' original/birth names as a heritable middle name (similar to the Russian or Hispanic system ), rather than as a second given name (as in the English system ). One example is three successive prime ministers of Denmark all sharing the same last name, Rasmussen , so they are usually referred to by their middle name: Nyrup , Fogh , and Løkke . Currently,
1050-411: A group of alien-lovers clarifies that they stood near a group of people who loved aliens, as "alien" can be either an adjective or a noun. On the other hand, in the phrase a hungry pizza-lover , the hyphen will often be omitted (a hungry pizza lover), as "pizza" cannot be an adjective and the phrase is therefore unambiguous. Similarly, a man-eating shark is nearly the opposite of a man eating shark ;
1155-582: A hard hyphen is intended (for example, self-con·scious , un·self-con·scious , long-stand·ing ). Similarly, hyphens may be used to indicate how a word is being or should be spelled. For example, W-O-R-D spells "word" . In nineteenth-century American literature, hyphens were also used irregularly to divide syllables in words from indigenous North American languages, without regard for etymology or pronunciation, such as "Shuh-shuh-gah" (from Ojibwe zhashagi , "blue heron") in The Song of Hiawatha . This usage
SECTION 10
#17328444992991260-433: A hyphen may be or should be used for clarity, depending on the style guide. For example, the phrase more-important reasons ("reasons that are more important") is distinguished from more important reasons ("additional important reasons"), where more is an adjective. Similarly, more-beautiful scenery (with a mass-noun ) is distinct from more beautiful scenery . (In contrast, the hyphen in "a more-important reason"
1365-521: A hyphen when no confusion is likely: grade point average and department store manager . When a compound modifier follows the term to which it applies, a hyphen is typically not used if the compound is a temporary compound. For example, "that gentleman is well respected", not "that gentleman is well-respected"; or "a patient-centered approach was used" but "the approach was patient centered." But permanent compounds, found as headwords in dictionaries, are treated as invariable, so if they are hyphenated in
1470-448: A hyphen. Turkish tradition offers options to couples for naming conventions after marriage. Renewing the national identity card to reflect the changes presents two options: one is to use the man's surname for the newly formed family surname, the second is to use two surnames for the family, noting that one is the bride's original/birth surname, the latter is the groom's surname. Until the late 19th century, some French Canadian families had
1575-494: A hyphen. Hyphenated last names usually correspond to both last names of one of the parents, but both last names can be hyphenated, so some Hispanics may legally have two double-barrelled last names corresponding to both last names of both parents. Many Spanish scholars use a pen name, where they enter a hyphen between their last names to avoid being misrepresented in citations. In German tradition , double surnames can be taken upon marriage, written with or without hyphen, combining
1680-402: A hyphen. Jane Doe and John Smith might become Jane and John Smith-Doe, or Doe-Smith, for instance. In some countries only the woman hyphenates her birth surname, appending her husband's surname. With already-hyphenated names, some parts are typically dropped. For example, Aaron Johnson and Samantha Taylor-Wood became Aaron Taylor-Johnson and Sam Taylor-Johnson . Not all hyphenated surnames are
1785-577: A hyphenated surname. All children of a couple need to go by the same surname (either their father's or their mother's) and will not normally have a hyphenated surname. Denmark has a tradition of double surnames originating in the 19th century. This was a result of two naming acts obliging commoners to adopt heritable surnames, passed first for the Duchy of Schleswig in 1771 and then for Denmark proper in 1828. Most people chose their patronymic as their heritable surname, resulting in an overwhelming dominance of
1890-532: A lower-ranked man. It also occurs when a ruling family adopts the forename of their patriarch as part of their surname to distinguish themselves from others who might share their surname. An example of the former is that of the Vaughan-Richards family, a branch of the Nigerian royal-turned-American emancipated slave Prince Scipio Vaughan , who maintain their mother's last name as well as their father's. An example of
1995-420: A noun: thus two-thirds majority and one-eighth portion but I drank two thirds of the bottle or I kept three quarters of it for myself . However, at least one major style guide hyphenates spelled-out fractions invariably (whether adjective or noun). In English, an en dash , – , sometimes replaces the hyphen in hyphenated compounds if either of its constituent parts is already hyphenated or contains
2100-575: A person did not get a double surname, and their children got the spouse's surname. With the rise of same-sex marriage , many same-sex couples have hyphenated each other's names upon marriage. For instance, American attorney and former chair of the Libertarian National Committee Joe Bishop-Henchman changed his surname from Henchman upon marriage to his husband Ethan Bishop, who also changed his surname to Bishop-Henchman at that time. Hyphen The hyphen ‐
2205-488: A range of values, although many styles prefer an en dash (see Dash § En dash §§ Ranges of values ). It is sometimes used to hide letters in words ( filleting for redaction or censoring ), as in " G-d ", although an en dash can be used as well ("G–d"). It is often used in reduplication . Due to their similar appearances, hyphens are sometimes mistakenly used where an en dash or em dash would be more appropriate. Some stark examples of semantic changes caused by
SECTION 20
#17328444992992310-430: A single hyphen-minus in math mode ( $ -$ ) renders a minus sign, two hyphen-minuses ( -- ) renders an en dash, and three hyphen-minuses ( --- ) renders an em dash. The hyphen-minus character is also often used when specifying command-line options . The character is usually followed by one or more letters that indicate specific actions. Typically it is called a dash or switch in this context. Various implementations of
2415-466: A son named Enrique, he legally was Enrique Iglesias Preysler . On the other hand, actual double-barrelled names exist (called apellidos compuestos ), such as Calvo-Sotelo or López-Portillo. For example, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo y Bustelo is the son of Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo and Mercedes Bustelo Vázquez. Such names may reflect the attempt to preserve a family name that would be lost without this practice. The creation of such names must be approved by request to
2520-405: A space (for example, San Francisco–area residents , hormone receptor–positive cells , cell cycle–related factors , and public-school–private-school rivalries ). A commonly used alternative style is the hyphenated string ( hormone-receptor-positive cells , cell-cycle-related factors ). (For other aspects of en dash–versus–hyphen use, see Dash § En dash .) When an object is compounded with
2625-457: A surrounding nonprinting rigid frame. Gutenberg solved the problem of making each line the same length to fit the frame by inserting a hyphen as the last element at the right-side margin. This interrupted the letters in the last word, requiring the remaining letters be carried over to the start of the line below. His double hyphen , ⸗ , appears throughout the Bible as a short, double line inclined to
2730-432: A verbal noun, such as egg-beater (a tool that beats eggs), the result is sometimes hyphenated. Some authors do this consistently, others only for disambiguation; in this case, egg-beater, egg beater, and eggbeater are all common. An example of an ambiguous phrase appears in they stood near a group of alien lovers , which without a hyphen implies that they stood near a group of lovers who were aliens; they stood near
2835-459: Is Janse van Rensburg, not just van Rensburg (which is itself an existing surname). In addition, it was common for a wife to be known by her husband's surname (first) and her original/birth name (second) hyphenated. Nowadays, couples can choose any combination of surnames for official use (although their legal name will remain unchanged). It remains most prevalent for the wife either to use a hyphenated surname or her original/birth name. Few husbands use
2940-406: Is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation . The hyphen is sometimes confused with dashes ( en dash – , em dash — and others), which are wider, or with the minus sign − , which is also wider and usually drawn a little higher to match the crossbar in the plus sign + . As an orthographic concept,
3045-470: Is also written as orangutan or orang utan , and lily-of-the-valley may be hyphenated or not. A suspended hyphen (also called a suspensive hyphen or hanging hyphen , or less commonly a dangling or floating hyphen ) may be used when a single base word is used with separate, consecutive, hyphenated words that are connected by "and", "or", or "to". For example, short-term and long-term plans may be written as short- and long-term plans. This usage
3150-568: Is at least one instance of an unhyphenated triple-barrelled surname: that of the Montagu Douglas Scott family, to which the Dukes of Buccleuch belong. There are even a few quadruple-barrelled surnames. These include Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy , Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis , Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce , Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers , Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie , Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax , and Stirling-Home-Drummond-Moray . The surname of
3255-533: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Double-barrelled name A double-barrelled name is a type of compound surname , typically featuring two words (occasionally more), often joined by a hyphen . Notable people with double-barrelled names include Winnie Madikizela-Mandela , Julia Louis-Dreyfus , and JuJu Smith-Schuster . In the Western tradition of surnames , there are several types of double surname (or double-barrelled surname ). If
Lane Fox - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-613: Is generally inconvenient to enter on most keyboards and the glyphs for this hyphen and the hyphen-minus are identical in most fonts ( Lucida Sans Unicode is one of the few exceptions). Consequently, use of the hyphen-minus as the hyphen character is very common. Even the Unicode Standard regularly uses the hyphen-minus rather than the U+2010 hyphen. The hyphen-minus has limited use in indicating subtraction; for example, compare 4+3−2=5 (minus) and 4+3-2=5 (hyphen-minus) — in most typefaces,
3465-466: Is generally joined with a hyphen. Polish surnames ( Polish : nazwisko , singular), like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal , i.e., passed from the father to his children. A married woman usually adopts her husband's name. However, other combinations are legally possible. The wife may keep her original/birth name ( Polish : nazwisko panieńskie , literally: "maiden surname") or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating
3570-543: Is known to have not only often used an equal sign (=) between his two surnames in place of a hyphen but also seems to have preferred that practice, to display equal respect for his father's French ethnicity and the Brazilian nationality of his mother. In Germany , a double surname ( German : Doppelname ) is generally joined with a single hyphen. Other types of double surnames are not accepted by German name law. However, exceptions are made for immigrants and for marriages where
3675-536: Is legal but not customary. Children traditionally take on their father's surname (or, more recently, optionally their mother's). In Canada, especially Quebec , it is common for children born since the 1970s to bear both parents' surnames, with no established rules as to whether the father's or mother's name should come first. (In Quebec, under the provisions of the Civil Code enacted in 1980, both spouses must retain their original surnames upon marriage .) This situation
3780-466: Is married to Gertrud Baumgarten, both can use the name Stauffacher-Baumgarten. Their children, however, bear only the surname Stauffacher. Prominent bearers of an alliance name are Micheline Calmy-Rey (former Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs), Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (former Federal Minister for Finance), and Johann Schneider-Ammann (former Federal Minister for the Economy). While it is traditional for
3885-744: Is most useful when the width of the column (called the "line length" in typography) is very narrow. For example: We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America ... We, therefore, the represen- tatives of the United States of America ... Rules (or guidelines) for correct hyphenation vary between languages, and may be complex, and they can interact with other orthographic and typesetting practices. Hyphenation algorithms , when employed in concert with dictionaries, are sufficient for all but
3990-586: Is not necessary, because the syntax cannot be misinterpreted.) A few short and common words—such as well , ill , little , and much —attract special attention in this category. The hyphen in "well-[past_participled] noun", such as in " well-differentiated cells ", might reasonably be judged superfluous (the syntax is unlikely to be misinterpreted), yet plenty of style guides call for it. Because early has both adverbial and adjectival senses, its hyphenation can attract attention; some editors, due to comparison with advanced-stage disease and adult-onset disease , like
4095-469: Is now common and specifically recommended in some style guides. Suspended hyphens are also used, though less commonly, when the base word comes first, such as in "investor-owned and -operated ". Uses such as "applied and sociolinguistics" (instead of "applied linguistics and sociolinguistics") are frowned upon; the Indiana University style guide uses this example and says "Do not 'take a shortcut' when
4200-493: Is now rare and proscribed, except in some place names such as Ah-gwah-ching . Compound modifiers are groups of two or more words that jointly modify the meaning of another word. When a compound modifier other than an adverb – adjective combination appears before a term, the compound modifier is often hyphenated to prevent misunderstanding, such as in American-football player or little-celebrated paintings . Without
4305-421: Is still hyphenated by both Dorland's and Merriam-Webster's Medical , the solid (that is, unhyphenated) styling ( protooncogene ) is a common variant, particularly among oncologists and geneticists. A diaeresis may also be used in a like fashion, either to separate and mark off monographs (as in coöperation ) or to signalize a vocalic terminal e (for example, Brontë ). This use of the diaeresis peaked in
Lane Fox - Misplaced Pages Continue
4410-657: Is that of the Holmes à Court family, which includes the Barons Heytesbury . A few British noble or gentry families have triple-barrelled surnames, examples of which include Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe , Baillie-Hamilton-Arden , Cave-Browne-Cave , Douglas-Scott-Montagu , Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound , Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby , Lyon-Dalberg-Acton , Pelham-Clinton-Hope , Smith-Dorrien-Smith , Sutherland-Leveson-Gower , Vane-Tempest-Stewart , Venables-Vernon-Harcourt , and Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes . These indicate prima facie
4515-412: Is used in a surname. In 2007, Chinese officials suggested that parents should be encouraged to create two-syllable (two-character) surnames for their children by combining their parents' (one-syllable) surnames; this could make people's names more unique and "could help solve the problem of widely recurring names". In Nigeria , a double-barrelled surname is adopted when an aristocratic woman marries
4620-484: The World War I light cruiser SMS Emden were allowed to add the name Emden with a hyphen to their surname as a special honour after the war. There is the possibility that one partner can combine both names with a hyphen. Thus, one of them then bears a double name (Doppelname). (Herr Schmidt and Frau Meyer-Schmidt (or Frau Schmidt-Meyer); if there are children, the family has to decide for one family name for all of
4725-407: The getopt function to parse command-line options additionally allow the use of two hyphen-minus characters, -- , to specify long option names that are more descriptive than their single-letter equivalents. Another use of hyphens is that employed by programs written with pipelining in mind: a single hyphen may be recognized in lieu of a filename, with the hyphen then serving as an indicator that
4830-473: The glyph for hyphen-minus will not have the optimal width, thickness, or vertical position, whereas the minus character is typically designed so that it does. Nevertheless, in many spreadsheet and programming applications the hyphen-minus must be typed to indicate subtraction, as use of the Unicode minus sign will not be recognised. The hyphen-minus is often used instead of dashes or minus signs in situations where
4935-405: The names of these units (such as metre or kilogram )—the numerical value is always separated from it with a space: a 25 kg sphere . When the unit names are spelled out, this recommendation does not apply: a 25-kilogram sphere , a roll of 35-millimetre film . In spelled-out fractions , hyphens are usually used when the fraction is used as an adjective but not when it is used as
5040-446: The surname Lane Fox . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lane_Fox&oldid=1188306268 " Categories : Surnames English-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
5145-597: The "blended" surname Villaraigosa upon their marriage in 1987. In Belgium and Germany, member states of the European Union , courts have refused to register children under the surname given according to a foreign naming tradition. In France , a practice abolished in 2010 was to use two consecutive hyphens (--) (not the same as a "long hyphen" or dash , or with a double hyphen ) to distinguish between recently formed double surnames and ancient hyphenated family names ( French : nom composé ). The use of double surnames
5250-611: The "most important", but people may choose to use another one, often favouring the more resonant or less common of their surnames in their daily or professional life (such as Manuel Alegre or José Manuel Barroso , who is known in Portugal by his double surname Durão Barroso). The use of more than two surnames in public life is less common, but not unusual (see Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen ). Combined surnames of two gentry families from Portugal are also prevalent, such as Nogueira Ferrão . One historic early aviator, Alberto Santos-Dumont ,
5355-409: The 19th century, it was common to hyphenate adverb–adjective modifiers with the adverb ending in -ly (e.g., "a craftily-constructed chair"). However, this has become rare. For example, wholly owned subsidiary and quickly moving vehicle are unambiguous, because the adverbs clearly modify the adjectives: "quickly" cannot modify "vehicle". However, if an adverb can also function as an adjective, then
SECTION 50
#17328444992995460-490: The Danish order of names invariably places the patronymic -sen at the end, regardless of whether that name has been passed down by the father or mother, or adopted through marriage. Unlike the Russian or Hispanic systems, this surname-style middle name is not considered a proper last name in official documents, unless hyphenated into one compound name. In Poland , a double surname ( Polish : nazwisko złożone , "complex surname")
5565-692: The Enschede area of the Netherlands intermarried. Both the Vennegoor and Hesselink names carried equal social weight, and so – rather than choose between them – they chose to use both. Of in Dutch translates to "or", which means that a strict translation of his name reads Jan Vennegoor or Hesselink." Some of these Dutch surnames also survive in South Africa, for example, the rugby player Rohan Janse van Rensburg 's surname
5670-583: The Ministry of the Interior. Spain's hidalgo families often used double-barrelled names in conjunction with the nobiliary particle "de" (of). Toponymic family such as the surnames García de las Heras, Pérez de Arce, or López de Haro combine a regular family name with the branch of the family. For example, the "López" branch hailing from the Rioja town of Haro, La Rioja . Surnames associated with Spanish nobility follow
5775-429: The children (Meyer or Schmidt)). Only one partner can take this option, making it impossible for both partners to have Doppelnamen (thus, there would be no Herr Meyer-Schmidt and Frau Meyer-Schmidt). Until the late twentieth century, it was only possible for a woman to add her maiden name onto that of her husband, not the other way round, therefore Ms. Schmidt would become Mrs. Meyer-Schmidt. This tradition has continued for
5880-425: The cited dictionary, the hyphenation will be used in both attributive and predicative positions. For example, "A cost-effective method was used" and "The method was cost-effective" ( cost-effective is a permanent compound that is hyphenated as a headword in various dictionaries). When one of the parts of the modifier is a proper noun or a proper adjective , there is no hyphen (e.g., "a South American actor"). When
5985-428: The compound is a familiar one, it is usually unhyphenated. For example, some style guides prefer the construction high school students , to high-school students . Although the expression is technically ambiguous ("students of a high school"/"school students who are high"), it would normally be formulated differently if other than the first meaning were intended. Noun–noun compound modifiers may also be written without
6090-415: The dieresis as optional (as in naive and naïve ) despite the juxtaposition of a and i. Hyphens are occasionally used to denote syllabification , as in syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion . Various British and North American dictionaries use an interpunct , sometimes called a "middle dot" or "hyphenation point", for this purpose, as in syl·la·bi·fi·ca·tion . This allows the hyphen to be reserved only for places where
6195-471: The double surname was already the official name of one partner before marriage. A 1993 law forbids surnames with more than two components. Prior to this, it was permitted for adults (e.g., Simone Greiner-Petter-Memm and formerly Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann-Maier-Leibniz ), but their children would not inherit the name. The 1993 ban was upheld by the Constitutional Court in 2009. The crew members of
6300-623: The elements it connects except when using a suspended or "hanging" hyphen that stands in for a repeated word (e.g., nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers ). Style conventions that apply to hyphens (and dashes) have evolved to support ease of reading in complex constructions; editors often accept deviations if they aid rather than hinder easy comprehension. The use of the hyphen in English compound nouns and verbs has, in general, been steadily declining. Compounds that might once have been hyphenated are increasingly left with spaces or are combined into one word. Reflecting this changing usage, in 2007,
6405-422: The entire word to the next line. The word may be divided at the nearest break point between syllables ( syllabification ) and a hyphen inserted to indicate that the letters form a word fragment, rather than a full word. This allows more efficient use of paper, allows flush appearance of right-side margins ( justification ) without oddly large word spaces, and decreases the problem of rivers . This kind of hyphenation
SECTION 60
#17328444992996510-594: The extinct family of the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos was the quintuple-barrelled Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville . In Spain , surnames are strictly regulated by the Civil Code and the Law of the Civil Registry. When a person is born, the law requires them to take the first surname of the father and then the first surname of the mother. Thus, when D. Julio Iglesias de la Cueva and Dª Isabel Preysler Arrastía had
6615-538: The family name to be that of the husband, either name may be chosen, with the person who changes their surname being allowed to add a hyphen to their original name. Alternatively, both partners may keep their own name and choose which of the surnames is passed on to children upon the birth of their first child. Doubling of surnames is also practised by the Dutch. An example is the name of footballer Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink . According to The Guardian , his name derives from "the 17th century, when two farming families in
6720-469: The father and mother to each other in any sequence, unless otherwise provided by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is not allowed to change the sequence of joining the surnames of the father and mother to each other when forming double surnames for full brothers and sisters. The double surname of the child may consist of no more than two words, connected when written with
6825-622: The first expression is ordinarily open" (i.e., ordinarily two separate words). This is different, however, from instances where prefixes that are normally closed up (styled solidly) are used suspensively. For example, preoperative and postoperative becomes pre- and postoperative (not pre- and post-operative ) when suspended. Some editors prefer to avoid suspending such pairs, choosing instead to write out both words in full. A hyphen may be used to connect groups of numbers, such as in dates (see § Usage in date notation ), telephone numbers or sports scores . It can also be used to indicate
6930-429: The first modifier in a compound is an adverb ending in -ly (e.g., "a poorly written novel"), various style guides advise no hyphen. However, some do allow for this use. For example, The Economist Style Guide advises: "Adverbs do not need to be linked to participles or adjectives by hyphens in simple constructions ... Less common adverbs, including all those that end -ly , are less likely to need hyphens." In
7035-423: The first refers to a shark that eats people, and the second to a man who eats shark meat . A government-monitoring program is a program that monitors the government, whereas a government monitoring program is a government program that monitors something else. Some married couples compose a new surname (sometimes referred to as a double-barrelled name ) for their new family by combining their two surnames with
7140-413: The husband's surname with the wife's (more recently, the sequence has become optional under some legislations). These double surnames are "alliance names" ( Allianznamen ). Many double-barrelled names are written without a hyphen, causing confusion as to whether the surname is double-barrelled or not. Notable persons with unhyphenated double-barrelled names include politicians David Lloyd George (who used
7245-854: The hyphen in their names). In Wales, many families have double-barrelled surnames. The preponderance of only a few surnames (such as Jones, Williams, and Davies) led to the usage of double-barrelled names in Wales to avoid confusion of unrelated but similarly named people. Many British noble or gentry families have double-barrelled surnames, examples of which include Bowes-Lyon , Bulwer-Lytton , Cavendish-Bentinck , Chetwynd-Talbot , Crichton-Stuart , Douglas-Hamilton , Douglas-Home , FitzAlan-Howard , Gascoyne-Cecil , Gathorne-Hardy , Gordon-Lennox , Hely-Hutchinson , Innes-Ker , Monckton-Arundell , Petty-Fitzmaurice , Pleydell-Bouverie , Sackville-West , Scudamore-Stanhope , Spencer-Churchill , and Windsor-Clive . An example of an unhyphenated double-barrelled surname
7350-467: The hyphen is a single entity. In character encoding for use with computers, it is represented in Unicode by any of several characters . These include the dual-use hyphen-minus , the soft hyphen , the nonbreaking hyphen , and an unambiguous form known familiarly as the "Unicode hyphen", shown at the top of the infobox on this page. The character most often used to represent a hyphen (and the one produced by
7455-762: The hyphen when appointed to the peerage) and Iain Duncan Smith , composers Ralph Vaughan Williams and Andrew Lloyd Webber , military historian B. H. Liddell Hart , soldier and translator C. K. Scott Moncrieff , evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith , astronomer Robert Hanbury Brown , actresses Kristin Scott Thomas and Helena Bonham Carter (the last of whom has said the hyphen is optional, and indeed several of her relatives use it in their names), footballer Emile Smith Rowe , musician Romy Madley Croft , and comedian Sacha Baron Cohen (whose cousins, psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen and film-maker Ash Baron-Cohen , use
7560-432: The hyphen, there is potential confusion about whether the writer means a "player of American football" or an "American player of football" and whether the writer means paintings that are "little celebrated" or "celebrated paintings" that are little. Compound modifiers can extend to three or more words, as in ice-cream-flavored candy , and can be adverbial as well as adjectival ( spine-tinglingly frightening ). However, if
7665-653: The hyphenated variant of these words is often more common (as in shell-like instead of shelllike ). Closed-up style is avoided in some cases: possible homographs , such as recreation (fun or sport) versus re-creation (the act of creating again), retreat (turn back) versus re-treat (give therapy again), and un-ionized (not in ion form) versus unionized (organized into trade unions ); combinations with proper nouns or adjectives ( un-American , de-Stalinisation ); acronyms ( anti-TNF antibody , non-SI units ); or numbers ( pre-1949 diplomacy , pre-1492 cartography ). Although proto-oncogene
7770-431: The inheritance of a family estate. Examples include Harding-Rolls , Stopford-Sackville , and Spencer-Churchill . In Spanish tradition , double surnames are the norm and not an indication of social status. People used to take the (first) surname of their fathers, followed by the (first) surname of their mothers (i.e., their maternal grandfathers's surname). In Spain (since 2000) and Chile (since 2022), parents can choose
7875-413: The inheritance of multiple estates and thus the consolidation of great wealth. They are sometimes created when the legator has a double-barrelled name and the legatee has a single surname, or vice versa. Nowadays, such names are almost always abbreviated in everyday usage to a single or double-barrelled version. For example, actress Isabella Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe calls herself Isabella Calthorpe . There
7980-472: The introduction of letter spacing in the Middle Ages , the hyphen, still written beneath the text, reversed its meaning. Scribes used the mark to connect two words that had been incorrectly separated by a space. This era also saw the introduction of the marginal hyphen, for words broken across lines. The modern format of the hyphen originated with Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, c. 1455 with
8085-435: The key on a keyboard) is called the "hyphen-minus" by Unicode, deriving from the original ASCII standard, where it was called "hyphen (minus)". The word is derived from Ancient Greek ὑφ' ἕν ( huph' hén ), contracted from ὑπό ἕν ( hypó hén ), "in one" (literally "under one"). An (ἡ) ὑφέν ( (he) hyphén ) was an undertie -like ‿ sign written below two adjacent letters to indicate that they belong to
8190-500: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, but it was never applied extensively across the language: only a handful of diaereses, including coöperation and Brontë , are encountered with any appreciable frequency in English; thus reëxamine , reïterate , deëmphasize , etc. are seldom encountered. In borrowings from Modern French, whose orthography utilizes the diaeresis as a means to differentiate graphemes , various English dictionaries list
8295-453: The latter characters are unavailable (such as type-written or ASCII-only text), where they take effort to enter (via dialog boxes or multi-key keyboard shortcuts ), or when the writer is unaware of the distinction. Consequently, some writers use two or three hyphen-minuses ( -- or --- ) to represent an em dash. In the TeX typesetting languages, a single hyphen-minus ( - ) renders a hyphen,
8400-570: The latter is that of the royal family of King Adeniji Adele of Lagos, who are distinguished from their numerous Adele cousins by the use of the double-barrelled name "Adeniji-Adele". The Filipino naming tradition is derived from the Hispanic system but was influenced by the American (Anglo-Saxon) naming tradition when the Philippines became a United States colony in 1901. A child will customarily carry
8505-405: The maternal surname as a middle name derives from American influence, with Filipinos adopting English naming customs, when they once used Spanish naming customs , which use two surnames (paternal and maternal) joined with the particle y (or e before /i/ ). This still remains in use but is restricted to formal purposes, police records, and legal proceedings. In the original Spanish naming system,
8610-449: The middle name corresponds to the paternal surname, not the maternal one. In the Philippines, this middle name (or the maternal surname) is often abbreviated to a middle initial. Thus, a person with the full name Juan Santos Macaraig may become Juan S. Macaraig, whereas according to the Spanish naming system, they would be Juan Macaraig y Santos. However, the maternal surname may not always be
8715-456: The middle name. In some cases, a second given name may be abbreviated instead, as is the case for Jose P. Laurel . Since the late 20th century, increasingly permissive legislation on the inheritance of surnames in Western countries has led to the emergence of non-traditional or ad hoc combined surnames. For example, Hispanic American politician Antonio Villar and his wife Corina Raigosa adopted
8820-413: The modified noun), although not in predicative position (after the modified noun). This is applied whether numerals or words are used for the numbers. Thus 28-year-old woman and twenty-eight-year-old woman or 32-foot wingspan and thirty-two-foot wingspan , but the woman is 28 years old and a wingspan of 32 feet . However, with symbols for SI units (such as m or kg )—in contrast to
8925-414: The most formal texts. It may be necessary to distinguish an incidental line-break hyphen from one integral to a word being mentioned (as when used in a dictionary ) or present in an original text being quoted (when in a critical edition ), not only to control its word wrap behavior (which encoding handles with hard and soft hyphens having the same glyph ) but also to differentiate appearance (with
9030-429: The most part. In Switzerland , double surnames are traditionally written with a hyphen and combine the surnames of a married couple, with the husband's surname in first place and the wife's second. This double name is called "alliance name" ( German : Allianzname ). The first name as such, however, is the official family name, which will be inherited by their legitimate children. So, for example, if Werner Stauffacher
9135-403: The mother's original/birth name as the middle name and carry the father's surname. When a woman marries, she keeps her original/birth surname and adds the husband's surname, but does not typically hyphenate it. So, when Maria Santos Aguon marries José Lujan Castro, her name becomes Maria Aguon Castro, and their children will typically carry the middle name Aguon and the surname Castro. The use of
9240-1601: The name Augustus Pitt Rivers , English army officer, ethnologist and archaeologist Sackville George Lane-Fox, 12th Baron Conyers (1827–1888), son of Sackville Lane-Fox (1797–1874) George Lane-Fox, 1st Baron Bingley (1870–1947), English Conservative politician, grandson of George Lane-Fox (1793–1848) Felicity Lane-Fox (1918–1988), British Conservative member of the House of Lords Robin Lane Fox (born 1946), English historian and gardening writer Martha Lane Fox , Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho (born 1973), English businesswoman, philanthropist, and public servant, daughter of Robin Lane Fox See also [ edit ] George Fox-Lane, 1st Baron Bingley (c. 1697 – 1773), peer and Tory politician. James Fox-Lane (1756–1821), known as James Fox until 1773, landed gentleman and politician. Pitt-Rivers George Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers (1890–1966), George Pitt-Rivers , anthropologist and World War II intern. Rosalind Venetia Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers (1907–1990), known as Rosalind Pitt-Rivers , British biochemist, wife of George Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers Julian Alfred Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers (1919–2001), Julian Pitt-Rivers , social anthropologist professor, son of George Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers Michael Augustus Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers (1917–1999), Michael Pitt-Rivers , landowner, son of George Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
9345-440: The norm in certain compound-modifier constructions and, among some authors, with certain prefixes (see below ). Hyphenation is also routinely used as part of syllabification in justified texts to avoid unsightly spacing (especially in columns with narrow line lengths , as when used with newspapers ). When flowing text, it is sometimes preferable to break a word into two so that it continues on another line rather than moving
9450-462: The order of the last names of their children, with the provision that all children from the same couple need to have them in the same order; the double surname itself is not heritable. These names are combined without hyphen (but optionally using y , which means "and" in Spanish). In addition to this, there are heritable double surnames ( apellidos compuestos ), which are mostly but not always combined with
9555-454: The parallelism of early-stage disease and early-onset disease . Similarly, the hyphen in little-celebrated paintings clarifies that one is not speaking of little paintings. Hyphens are usually used to connect numbers and words in modifying phrases. Such is the case when used to describe dimensional measurements of weight, size, and time, under the rationale that, like other compound modifiers, they take hyphens in attributive position (before
9660-631: The parents were married or the father recognised the child, was discriminatory; the government therefore clarified that the mother's surname could also be added if both parents so desired, providing that it followed the father's surname. A further court case in 2022 found that this latter requirement was also discriminatory. Consequently, parents have since been able to give their children one or both of their surnames, in any order. Finland liberalised their name law in 2017, allowing double surnames in some cases, either hyphenated or as such. A double name can be formed when marrying or having children, combining
9765-641: The placement of hyphens to mark attributive phrases: In the ASCII character encoding, the hyphen (or minus) is character 45 10 . As Unicode is identical to ASCII (the 1967 version) for all encodings up to 127 10 , the number 45 10 (2D 16 ) is also assigned to this character in Unicode, where it is denoted as U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS . Unicode has, in addition, other encodings for minus and hyphen characters: U+2212 − MINUS SIGN and U+2010 ‐ HYPHEN , respectively. The unambiguous § "Unicode hyphen" at U+2010
9870-401: The population have two to four surnames ( apelidos de família ), the practice of using a double combination of surnames is very common. The person can either use a paternal and a maternal surname combined ( Aníbal Cavaco Silva ) or use a double last name that has been passed down through one of the parents ( António Lobo Antunes ). The last surname (normally the paternal one) is usually considered
9975-439: The publication of his 42-line Bible . His tools did not allow for a sublinear hyphen, and he thus moved it to the middle of the line. Examination of an original copy on vellum (Hubay index #35) in the U. S. Library of Congress shows that Gutenberg's movable type was set justified in a uniform style, 42 equal lines per page. The Gutenberg printing press required words made up of individual letters of type to be held in place by
10080-465: The result of marriage. For example Julia Louis-Dreyfus is a descendant of Louis Lemlé Dreyfus whose son was Léopold Louis-Dreyfus. Connecting hyphens are used in a large number of miscellaneous compounds, other than modifiers, such as in lily-of-the-valley , cock-a-hoop , clever-clever , tittle-tattle and orang-utan . Use is often dictated by convention rather than fixed rules, and hyphenation styles may vary between authors; for example, orang-utan
10185-399: The right at a 60-degree angle. The English language does not have definitive hyphenation rules, though various style guides provide detailed usage recommendations and have a significant amount of overlap in what they advise. Hyphens are mostly used to break single words into parts or to join ordinarily separate words into single words. Spaces are not placed between a hyphen and either of
10290-560: The same custom, such as Álvarez de Toledo , Ramírez de Arellano , or Fernández de Córdoba . In these cases, the first surname indicates the original name of the family, whereas the second surname denotes the nobiliary fief of that family. In this context, the conjunction "de" (of) reflects that the family used to be the feudal lords of that place. Thus, the Ramírez were the lords of the village of Arellano, in Navarra . In Portugal , where most of
10395-411: The same word when it was necessary to avoid ambiguity, before word spacing was practiced. The first known documentation of the hyphen is in the grammatical works of Dionysius Thrax . At the time hyphenation was joining two words that would otherwise be read separately by a low tie mark between the two words. In Greek these marks were known as enotikon , officially romanized as a hyphen. With
10500-607: The sixth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary removed the hyphens from 16,000 entries, such as fig-leaf (now fig leaf ), pot-belly (now pot belly ), and pigeon-hole (now pigeonhole ). The increasing prevalence of computer technology and the advent of the Internet have given rise to a subset of common nouns that might have been hyphenated in the past (e.g., toolbar , hyperlink , and pastebin ). Despite decreased use, hyphenation remains
10605-400: The surnames of the parents. Double names can be combined by taking one part of each. Either spouse or both can take a double name. Based on a family's foreign name tradition, children can also get surnames based on a grandparent's surname. The former law, from 1985, allowed either taking a spouse's surname and optionally continuing using one's own surname as a hyphen-joined prefix, but formally,
10710-409: The two names are joined with a hyphen, it may also be called a hyphenated surname . The word "barrel" possibly refers to the barrel of a shotgun , as in " double-barreled shotgun " or " double-barreled rifle ". In British tradition, a double surname is heritable, usually taken to preserve a family name that would have become extinct due to the absence of male descendants bearing the name, connected to
10815-482: The unhyphenated spelling resembles another word or when the affixation is deemed misinterpretable, ambiguous, or somehow "odd-looking" (for example, having two consecutive monographs that look like the digraphs of English, like e+a, e+e, or e+i). However, the unhyphenated style, which is also called closed up or solid , is usually preferred, particularly when the derivative has been relatively familiarized or popularized through extensive use in various contexts. As
10920-425: Was frequent enough that naming laws had to be amended in the early 1990s, when those with double surnames began to marry and wished to give their children double surnames. In such cases, any combination involving at most two elements of the father's or the mother's surname is permitted. In Italy , a 2016 court ruling held that the previous law, under which children automatically took their father's surname as long as
11025-467: Was introduced, allowing such manual specification of a place where a hyphenated break is allowed but not forced . That is, it does not force a line break in an inconvenient place when the text is later reflowed. Soft hyphens are inserted into the text at the positions where hyphenation may occur. It can be a tedious task to insert the soft hyphens by hand, and tools using hyphenation algorithms are available that do this automatically. Current modules of
#298701