Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque ( Turkish : Koca Mustafa Paşa Camii ; also named Sünbül Efendi Camii ) is a former Eastern Orthodox church converted into a mosque by the Ottomans , located in Istanbul , Turkey. The church, as the adjoining monastery, was dedicated to Saint Andrew of Crete , and was named Saint Andrew in Krisei or by-the-Judgment ( Greek : Μονὴ τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἀνδρέου ἐν τῇ Κρίσει , Monē tοu Hagiοu Andreοu en tē Krisei ). Although heavily transformed during both the Byzantine and the Ottoman eras, it is one of the few extant churches in Istanbul whose foundation goes back to the sixth century.
42-472: The building lies in the Istanbul district of Fatih , in the neighborhood of Kocamustafapaşa, along Koca Mustafa Paşa Caddesi . It is placed inside the walled city, and not far from the church of Saint John of Stoudion , on the slopes of the seventh hill of Constantinople near the sea of Marmara . At the beginning of the 5th century, Princess Arcadia , sister of Emperor Theodosius II (r. 408–450), ordered
84-545: A Medrese , the gates of the complex, a zaviye , and a mekteb (school). About one century later Hekimbaşı (Sultan's chief physician) Giridli Nuh Efendi (d. 1707) closed the Tekke and enlarged the Medrese, while in 1737 Kızlar Ağası Hacı Beşir Ağa erected in the yard a column-shaped fountain. The earthquake of 1766 destroyed the dome of the building: it was rebuilt in 1768. During the 19th century, Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) rebuilt
126-549: A martyr of the fight against Byzantine Iconoclasm , killed on 20 November 766 in the Forum Bovis because of his opposition to the iconoclastic policies of Emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775), was buried there. Due to his popularity after the final triumph of Orthodoxy , the dedication of the church changed from Saint Andrew the Apostle to him. During the second half of the ninth century, Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) wholly rebuilt
168-497: A türbe in the yard of the mosque, near the türbe of Mustafa Pasha. Several Halveti Sheiks were buried in the cemetery behind the Mosque. Also in this period was born the tradition related to a chain hung to a cypress tree. The cypress is since long dead but still stands - together with the chain - inside a small round building in the yard of the mosque. The chain was swung between two people who were affirming contradictory statements, and
210-588: A collection of various cuisines (Syrian, Korean, Indian). Fatih is twinned with: Defterdar This is a list of the top officials in charge of the finances of the Ottoman Empire , called Defterdar ( Turkish for bookkeepers ; from the Persian دفتردار daftardâr , دفتر daftar + دار dâr ) between the 14th and 19th centuries and Maliye Naziri ( Minister of Finance ) between 19th and 20th centuries. They were originally in charge of
252-456: A large portion of the middle-class residents have moved to the Anatolian side and other parts of the city. Fatih today is largely a working-class district, but being a previously wealthy area, it is well-resourced, with a more thoroughly established community than the newly built areas such as Bağcılar or Esenler to the west, which are almost entirely inhabited by post-1980s migrants who came to
294-439: A stone moulded cornice. Above the drum of the halfdomes there is a stone molded cornice. The square base of the drum and the dome itself are faced with polished stone alternating with courses of three bricks set in a thick bed of mortar . Also the dome is crowned with a stone molded cornice. The roof is covered with lead. The Byzantine monastery has disappeared completely, except for an underground cistern which lies southeast of
336-406: Is 15 km , and its population is 368,227 (2022). It is home to almost all of the provincial authorities (including the mayor's office, police headquarters, metropolitan municipality and tax office) but not the courthouse. It encompasses the historical peninsula , coinciding with old Constantinople . In 2009, the district of Eminönü , which had been a separate municipality located at the tip of
378-1067: Is a part of Fatih. Also, besides the headquarters, some main units of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality , including the city's fire department, are based in Fatih. Fatih has many historic and modern libraries, including the Edirnekapı Halk Kütüphanesi, Fener Rum Patrikhanesi Kütüphanesi ( the Library of the Patriarchate ), Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Halk Kütüphanesi, İstanbul University Library, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Kütüphanesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kardiyoloji Ensitütüsü Kütüphanesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hulusi Behçet Kitaplığı, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kadın Eserleri Kütüphanesi, Millet Kütüphanesi , Mizah Kütüphanesi, Murat Molla Halk Kütüphanesi, Ragıppaşa Kütüphanesi, and Yusufpaşa Halk Kütüphanesi. On
420-404: Is divided into three bays. The north one is covered with an Ottoman dome. The central one is surmounted by a barrel vault, while the south one is surmounted by a cross groined vault. The last two are Byzantine. The outer narthex is divided into five bays, the three central corresponding with those of the inner narthex. The central bay is covered by a central saucer dome resting on pendentives . It
462-622: Is now Fatih district) during the magazine's existence. Today, there are still remnants of the sea walls along the Golden Horn and along the Marmara shore, to give a sense of the shape of the old walled city . There are also a number of important architectural structures in the Fatih district, including the Valens Aqueduct across the Atatürk Bulvarı, the fortress on the city walls at Yedikule ,
SECTION 10
#1732852810331504-523: Is on the north side, where the Ottomans built an arcade covered by five domes. After the earthquake of 1766, the central dome was rebuilt. It is circular inside, octagonal outside, and rests on a high drum pierced by eight windows. On the north and south sides of the main dome, two half domes were added during the Ottoman period. They are also both pierced by three large windows, which outside look like dormers. All
546-504: Is popular with members of a Naqshbandi Sufi order affiliated to Sheikh Mahmut Ustaosmanoğlu . Conservative political parties always do well in this area. Küçükçekmece , Başakşehir , Bağcılar , Gaziosmanpaşa , Esenler , Bayrampaşa , Zeytinburnu , and Fatih are home to asylum seekers of Syrian origin. There are 57 neighbourhoods in Fatih District: The offices of the magazine Servet-i Fünun were in "Stamboul" (what
588-498: Is separated by the two intermediate bays by columns set against pilasters. These two bays are covered with groined vaults put on ionic capitals , which resemble those used in the Church of Saints Sergius and Baccus . The two external bays are surmounted by central saucer domes and are separated from the others by projecting pilasters. The exterior is clearly Ottoman. It is made with finely dressed and polished stone, with no tiles, and has
630-461: The Latin occupation of Constantinople, two Russian pilgrims visiting Constantinople in 1350 and between 1425 and 1450 mention the church, affirming that Saint Andrew was worshiped by many who were afflicted by sickness. At the beginning of the fifteenth century the surrounding area of the monastery was covered with vineyards, confirming the decline of the city. After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
672-608: The Ottoman emperor Fatih Sultan Mehmed (Mehmed the Conqueror or Mehmed II), and means "Conqueror" in Turkish , from Arabic . The Fatih Mosque built by Mehmed II is in this district, while his resting place is next to the mosque and is much visited. Fatih Mosque was built on the ruins of the Church of the Holy Apostles , destroyed by earthquakes and years of war. A large madrasa complex
714-527: The Sufi Master Sünbül Efendi . His türbe , a popular destination for Muslim pilgrims, lies next to the mosque, which is also named after him. At the beginning of the sixteenth century there were quarrels between Sultan Selim I and Şeih Çelebi, since the sultan wanted to pull down part of the monastery to build the Topkapı Palace . He died in 1559 and his wife Safiye Hatun were both buried in
756-568: The defters (tax registers) in the Ottoman Empire, hence the name defterdar . The exact date of the formal establishment of the office is unknown. According to some sources, the first defterdar was the Kadı (judge) of Mihaliç, Çelebi bin Mehmed, appointed in 1359 or 1360, during the reign of Murad I . During the reign of Bayezid I (1389–1402), the poet Zahiri is mentioned as the defterdar . In
798-490: The 1960s, the area was covered with narrow streets of wooden buildings. Nowadays, the district is largely made up of narrow streets with tightly packed 5- or 6-floor apartment buildings. The confectioner Hafiz Mustafa 1864 was founded in 1864 by Hadji İsmail Hakkı Beyat what is today Hamidiye street in the district during the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz . At present, Fatih contains areas including Aksaray , Fındıkzade , Çapa , and Vatan Caddesi that are more cosmopolitan than
840-877: The Byzantine Palace of the Porphyrogenitus , the Roman column of Marcian , the Fethiye Cami (the former Byzantine church of Christ Pammakaristos), the Kariye Camii (the former Byzantine church of the Chora), Gül Camii (another former Byzantine church), Fenari Isa Camisi (a complex of two Byzantine churches), the Greek Patriarchate with the Church of St. George in the Fener district,
882-683: The Church of St. Stephen ( "The Iron Church" ), the Yavuz Selim Camii, the House-Museum of Dimitrie Cantemir , and the Fatih Mosque itself. The tombs of some of the famous Ottoman sultans are in Fatih. These include Mehmed II 'the Conqueror' (Fatih Sultan Mehmed), Selim I (Yavuz Sultan Selim), Suleyman the Magnificent , and Abdul Hamid Khan , as well as other leading statesmen of the Ottoman Empire , including Gazi Osman Pasha . Fatih also has
SECTION 20
#1732852810331924-464: The chain was said to hit the one who was telling the truth. This is one among many surviving folk tales concerning the mosque (like those about the çifte Sultanlar , the "twin Sultans"), all with Byzantine roots. They testify the merge between Ottoman and Greek popular culture and beliefs. At the beginning of the 17th century, Defterdar (treasury minister) Ekmekçizade Ahmet Paşa (d. 1618) let build
966-420: The church, which possibly had been damaged during the iconoclastic fights. Around 1284, Princess Theodora Raoulaina , niece of Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282) and wife of protovestiarios John Raoul Petraliphas , rebuilt the monastery and the church, deserving the appellation of second ktētorissa . She spent the last fifteen years of her life in the monastery, and was buried there. Neglected during
1008-399: The city and was very fond of Fatih. Many other mosques, schools, baths, and fountains in the area were built by military leaders and officials in the Ottoman court. From the 18th century onwards, Istanbul started to grow outside the walls, and then began the transformation of Fatih into the heavily residential district, dominated by concrete apartment housing, that it remains today. This process
1050-474: The city in desperate circumstances. Fatih was built with some degree of central planning by the municipality. Istanbul University which was founded in 1453 is in Fatih. In addition, since 1586, the Orthodox Christian Patriarchate of Constantinople has had its headquarters in the relatively modest Church of St. George in the Fener neighborhood of Fatih. Fatih has many theatres, including
1092-568: The city walls became the major exit to Thrace , and this rejuvenated the neighbourhoods overlooking the Golden Horn. The Fatih Mosque was on the road to Edirnekapı and the Fatih district became the most populous area of the city in the early Ottoman period and in the 16th century more mosques and markets were built in this area, including: Iskender Pasha Mosque , once famous as a centre for the Naqshbandi order in Turkey); Hirka-i-Sharif Mosque, which houses
1134-457: The classical period, the finances of the Empire were organized under a single Defterdar , literally the main bookkeeper, in charge of a single imperial treasury ( Hazine-i Amire ). Starting in 1793, smaller treasuries independent of the imperial treasury were organized, each with a separate defterdar in charge. In 1837, a modern ministry was founded under the name of Maliye Nezareti , merging most of
1176-660: The cloak of Muhammad (the mosque is in common use but the cloak is only on show during the month of Ramadan ; the Jerrahi Tekke ; The Sunbul Efendi Tekke and the Ramazan Efendi Tekke both in the Kocamustafapaşa district and the Vefa Kilise Mosque , originally a Byzantine church. The last four were named after the founders of various Sufi orders, and Sheikh Ebü’l Vefa in particular was of major importance in
1218-452: The conquest; markets grew up to support the thousands of workers involved in the building and to supply them with materials, and then to service the students in the seminary. The area quickly became a Turkish neighbourhood with a particularly pious character due to the seminary. Some of this piety has endured until today. Following the conquest, the Edirnekapı (meaning Edirne Gate ) gate in
1260-415: The conservative image which the district has in the eyes of many people. With Eminönü , which was again officially a part of the Fatih district until 1928, and with its historical Byzantine walls, conquered by Mehmed II, Fatih is the "real Istanbul" of the old times, before the recent enlargement of the city that began in the 19th century. The area has become more and more crowded from the 1960s onwards, and
1302-575: The construction, near the Gate of Saturninus, of a monastery dedicated to Saint Andrew . The building, named also Rodophylion ( Greek : Ροδοφύλιον ) lay about 600 metres (2,000 feet) west of the gate. The monastery was later converted into a nunnery, mentioned for the first time in 792. The monastery of Saint Andrew was known under the appellation "by-the-Judgment", after the place where it lay, named "the Judgment" ( ή Κρίσις , hē Krisis ). Saint Andrew of Crete ,
Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque - Misplaced Pages Continue
1344-451: The domes rest on arches. The eastern arch sustaining the main dome is prolonged into a barrel vault bema , flanked by niches which originally led to the Prothesis and Diaconicon . Only the diaconicon , covered with a cross-groined vault, survives. The west arch sustaining the dome is filled in with a triple arcade resting on two marble columns topped by cubic capitals . The inner narthex
1386-731: The famous Reşat Nuri Sahnesi. The area is well-served with a number of schools, hospitals and public amenities in general. A number of Istanbul's longest-established hospitals are in Fatih, including the Istanbul University teaching hospitals of Çapa and Cerrahpaşa , the Haseki Public Hospital, the Samatya Public Hospital, and the Vakıf Gureba Public Hospital. A tramway runs from the docks at Sirkeci , through Sultanahmet , and finally to Aksaray , which
1428-680: The independent treasuries back to the Imperial Treasury. In 1840, the merging of the remaining independent treasuries was completed. Ministers of Finance in the classical period were called Defterdar , were members of the Divan-ı Hümayun and held rank higher than agha (military commander of the central organization, situated in Istanbul) and bey (provincial governor), and lower than vizier and kazasker (chief judge). Starting from 1837, Ministers of Finance were called Maliye Nazırı , held
1470-594: The monastery, known by the Turks as Kızlar Kilisesi ("women's church"), continued to be inhabited for a while. Between 1486 and 1491 Kapicibaşi (and later Grand Vizier ) Koca Mustafa Pasha , executed in 1512, converted the church into a mosque. Some years later, the building of the monastery was endowed by his son-in-law, Şeih Çelebi Efendi as Tekke for the Dervishes of the Halveti order. The dervishes were led at that time by
1512-481: The mosque. A beautiful Byzantine carved door frame, possibly of the sixth century, belonging to the Medrese, has been brought to the Istanbul Archaeology Museum . Despite its architectural significance, the building has never undergone a systematic study. Fatih Fatih ( Turkish pronunciation: [ˈfaːtih] ) is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province , Turkey . Its area
1554-414: The other hand, today Fatih is known as one of the most conservative religious areas of Istanbul because of the religious residents of the Çarşamba quarter which is essentially a very minor part of this historical district. Çarşamba is famous with bearded men in heavy coats, the traditional baggy ' shalwar ' trousers and Islamic turban ; while women dressed in full black gowns are a common sight as this area
1596-995: The peninsula, was once again remerged into Fatih because of its small population. Fatih is bordered by the Golden Horn to the north and the Sea of Marmara to the south, while the Western border is demarked by the Theodosian wall and the east by the Bosphorus Strait . Historic Byzantine districts encompassed by present-day Fatih include: Exokiónion , Aurelianae , Xerólophos , ta Eleuthérou , Helenianae , ta Dalmatoú , Sígma , Psamátheia , ta Katakalón , Paradeísion , ta Olympíou , ta Kýrou , Peghé , Rhéghion , ta Elebíchou , Leomákellon , ta Dexiokrátous , Petríon or Pétra , Phanàrion , Exi Mármara ( Altımermer ), Philopátion , Deúteron and Vlachernaí . The name "Fatih" comes from
1638-488: The porch. In 1847–1848, Sultan Abdülmecid I (r. 1839–1861) let the wall which encircles the complex be rebuilt. Some years later two fountains were erected in the yard of the mosque. Finally, in 1953, the building was restored again. The tradition of lighting up the minaret of the mosques on the eve of the anniversary of the birth of Muhammad ( Mawlid al-Nabi ) was born in the Koca Mustafa Mosque. The building
1680-477: Was accelerated over the years by fires which destroyed whole neighbourhoods of wooden houses, and a major earthquake in 1766, which destroyed the Fatih Mosque and many of the surrounding buildings (subsequently rebuilt). Fires continued to ravage the old city, and the wide roads that run through the area today are a legacy of all that burning. There are few wooden buildings left in Fatih today, although right up until
1722-515: Was also built around the mosque. Immediately after the conquest, groups of Islamic scholars transformed the major churches of Hagia Sophia and the Pantocrator (today the Zeyrek Mosque ) into mosques, but the Fatih Mosque and its surrounding complex was the first purpose-built Islamic seminary within the city walls. The building of the mosque complex ensured that the area continued to thrive beyond
Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque - Misplaced Pages Continue
1764-415: Was originally of the ambulatory type, and is oriented in east-northeast - west-southwest direction. It has a central dome and a three apses, placed of the east side. An esonarthex and exonarthex are placed in the west side. On the other three sides the dome was originally surrounded by arcades surmounted by barrel vaults . During the Ottoman period the building underwent important alterations. The entrance
#330669