A klobuk is an item of monastic clothing worn by monks and, in the Russian tradition, also by nuns, in the Byzantine Rite , composed of a kamilavka (stiffened round black headcovering) with an epanokamelavkion , a veil which completely covers the kamilavka and hangs down over the shoulders and back.
34-511: In the Greek tradition, the epanokamelavkion is simply laid over the kamilavka and allowed to hang freely, but in the Russian tradition they are permanently attached. Tonsured monastics always wear a klobuk in church and the refectory and whenever else formally dressed. During the services, there are specified times when monks are to remove the klobuk and lay it on their left shoulder to denote reverence for
68-499: A Ukrainian Catholic major archbishop after being elevated to the cardinalate . A purple klobuk has been used by a Ukrainian Catholic bishop. Iconostasis Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: In Eastern Christianity , an iconostasis ( Greek : εἰκονοστάσιον )
102-452: A shoe", cf. also the "sole" from the resemblance of fish to a flat shoe. Of uncertain origin)) is an extension of the sanctuary platform in an Eastern Orthodox temple (church building). The soleas projects beyond the iconostasis , forming a narrow walkway running the full length of the iconostasis. In the center of the soleas is the ambon , directly in front of the Holy Doors , where
136-751: A virtual divide. The iconostasis typically has three openings or sets of doors: the Beautiful Gates or Holy Doors in the center, and the North and South Doors to either side. The Beautiful Gates are sometimes called the Royal Doors , but that name more properly belongs to the central doors connecting the narthex , or porch, to the nave . They remain shut whenever a service is not being held. Modern custom as to when they should be opened during services varies depending upon jurisdiction and local custom. The North and South Doors are often called Deacons' Doors because
170-522: A white klobuk. The patriarchs of Moscow and Georgia wear an archaic form of klobuk that is rounded on top, and the former's is white, embroidered , and surmounted with a cross. Patriarchs and bishops of the Coptic Catholic and Armenian Catholic churches wear klobuks as well, although it is not a headgear worn by their Oriental Orthodox counterparts. Red klobuks have been worn by a Coptic Catholic patriarch, an Armenian Catholic catholicos , and
204-405: A π shape, with one large door facing the nave and two smaller doors on the other sides. Twelve piers held chancel slabs of about 1.6 meters in length. The height of the slabs is not known. The chancel barrier was not merely a low parapet (a short wall); remains of colonnettes have been found, suggesting that the barrier carried an architrave on top of the columns. In early churches, including
238-536: Is a wall of icons and religious paintings, separating the nave from the sanctuary in a church . Iconostasis also refers to a portable icon stand that can be placed anywhere within a church. The iconostasis evolved from the Byzantine templon , a process complete by the 15th century. A direct comparison for the function of the main iconostasis can be made to the layout of the great Temple in Jerusalem . That Temple
272-676: The Gothic Revival , particularly in Anglican churches in England . In wooden examples, painted panels were typically waist-high, with a wooden tracery section above allowing a view through, and then a large carved beam supporting a rood cross crucifix , often life-size, above that. Larger churches had stone screens, which might impede virtually all view by the congregation. Soleas The soleas (( Greek : σολέα, other form σολέας ) = Latin : solea meaning (“bottom, base”, as used in "sole of
306-617: The Hagia Sophia ("Great Church") in Constantinople , the altar, at least in large churches, was under a ciborium ( ciborion : κιβώριον in Greek), usually a structure with four columns and a domed canopy. This had curtains on rods on all four sides, which were closed for sections of the liturgy, as is still performed in the Coptic and Armenian churches, a comparison with the biblical Veil of
340-613: The Holy of Holies ; rather, it is seen as bringing them together. The iconostasis is the link between heaven (the Holy of Holies) and the nave (the Holy Place). Therefore, everything is symbolic upon the iconostasis. The icons of Christ, the Theotokos, and various saints and feasts are there because Christ, the Theotokos, the saints etc., are said to lead and guide followers into the Holy of Holies. Therefore,
374-499: The Romanian tradition , on the day of the consecration of the altar in the church, the laity, including women, were permitted to enter and venerate the altar until the beginning of the Vespers of Consecration. These guidelines were developed over the course of many centuries, with both theologically symbolic and practical reasons for them. The iconostasis does not separate the nave from
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#1732852861820408-399: The altar , east of the nave. The sanctuary is usually one to three steps higher than the nave. The iconostasis does not sit directly on the edge of the sanctuary but is usually set a few feet back from the edge of the top step. This forms a walkway in front of the iconostasis for the clergy, called a soleas . In the very center of the soleas is an extension (or thrust ), often rounded, called
442-425: The ambon , on which the deacon will stand to give litanies during the services. The iconostasis, though often tall, rarely touches the ceiling. Acoustically , this permits the ekphoneses (liturgical exclamations) of the clergy to be heard clearly by the faithful. In small, modern churches the iconostasis may be completely absent: in such cases it is replaced by a few small icons on analogia (lecterns), forming
476-562: The deacons use them frequently. Icons of sainted deacons are often depicted on these doors (particularly St. Stephen the Protomartyr and St. Ephrem the Syrian ). Alternatively, they may be called Angels' Doors , and the Archangels Michael and Gabriel are often depicted there. The South Door is typically the "entrance" door, and Michael is depicted there because he is the "Defender";
510-476: The "side doors". There are some exceptions where both the side doors depict Archangel Michael. The most notable exception is of the church of Saint George (Aghios Georgios) inside the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (in today's Istanbul). In many monastery churches and chapels (though often not in the katholikon , the monastery's main church) one may find iconostases with only two doors:
544-556: The 6th, 7th, and 8th centuries, except in Cappadocia . The invention of the solid icon screen is ascribed to Saint Basil the Great . As late as the 10th century, a simple wooden chancel barrier separated the apse from the nave in the rock-cut churches in Derinkuyu , although by the late 11th century, the templon had become standard. This may have been because of the veneration and imitation of
578-597: The Beautiful Gates. If the cross bears an iconographic depiction of Christ Crucified, it is often flanked by icons of the Theotokos and St. John the Evangelist standing at the foot of the cross. There are rules regarding who may enter or leave the sanctuary (altar), and by which door. Neither the Beautiful Gates (Holy/Royal Doors – central doors) nor the space between them and the altar table may be used by laity under any circumstances, although infants are either carried into
612-639: The Great Church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, though the columnar form of chancel barrier does predate Hagia Sophia. The rood screens or pulpita that most large European Roman Catholic churches and cathedrals had acquired by late medieval times occupied a similar position between chancel and nave but served a different function. The choir was usually east of the screen. Many survive, often most completely in Scandinavia , and more were built in
646-684: The Greek tradition only include the bottom ("Sovereign") tier, and on occasion a second tier of smaller icons, usually depicting either the Great Feasts or the Apostles (with an icon of the Mystical Supper, or occasionally the Hospitality of Abraham) above the Beautiful Gates. When the Iconostasis does not reach all the way to the ceiling, it is often surmounted by a central cross, centered directly above
680-594: The Holy Doors and the North Door. These churches are used for simpler monastic observances when only a hieromonk would be serving alone. A number of guidelines or rubrics govern which icons are on which parts of the iconostasis, although there is some room for variation. In its fullest Slavic development, it comprised five tiers of icons: It is also not uncommon to find an icon of the Mystical Supper , which depicts
714-680: The Last Supper, and by extension the Communion of Saints in the Kingdom of God , somewhere above the Beautiful Gates. The Sovereign (bottom) tier is found in all iconostases, but other tiers are somewhat optional. In general, preference is given to the Deisis or the Feasts tiers if only some of them can be included, and only the largest and most elaborate iconostases have all five tiers. Many modern iconostases in
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#1732852861820748-586: The North Door is the "exit", and Gabriel is depicted here because he is the "Messenger" of God. (In the Greek and Antiochian liturgical tradition, the Archangel Michael is usually stationed on the north (i.e. "exit") door, and Gabriel on the south (i.e. "entrance") door, and that it is far more common in modern times to see the Archangels than the Deacons on these doors). These doors may also be casually referred to as
782-607: The Temple was intended. The small domed structures, usually with red curtains, that are often shown near the writing saint in early Evangelist portraits , especially in the East, represent a ciborium, as do the structures surrounding many manuscript portraits of medieval rulers. As the iconostasis grew, the ciborium declined, although some late examples, by now invisible to the congregation, were produced. The templon gradually replaced all other forms of chancel barriers in Byzantine churches in
816-510: The altar portion behind the iconostasis. However, one will see women serving behind the iconostasis at female monasteries . The word iconostasis comes from the Greek εἰκονοστάσι(-ον) ( eikonostási(-on) ), still in common use in Greece and Cyprus), which means ' icon stand ' . The nave is the main body of the church where most of the worshippers stand, and the sanctuary is the area around
850-401: The altar through them in the " churching " rite if they are boys, or if they are girls, the infant is simply presented at the doors. Bishops may enter through the Beautiful Gates at any time; priests and deacons may do so only at specific times during the services when the gates are open (but during Bright Week they always enter and exit through them). All others enter the sanctuary through
884-538: The bema (pulpit) to one side and the Bishop's throne on the other. The solea will be separated from the main part of the nave by a waist-high wall with icons and a central opening. Liturgically in these churches, the solea will be where the Deacon stands to read the petitions, where the readings will take place and where the people will come to receive communion (by entering the sides of the solea to north and south and leaving through
918-421: The center opening. While the wall serves to separate the laity from the elevated solea, the laity may still enter to receive communion or to receive blessings from the Bishop on his throne, or at the end of the service to receive holy bread and a blessing from the celebrant. This Russia -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Eastern Orthodox Christianity –related article
952-430: The communicants stand to receive Holy Communion and where the clergy come out for public prayers, sermons, etc. At either side of the soleas are places for two choirs , called the kliros (meaning lots, since in ancient times Readers and Singers were chosen by lot). In some major churches in Greece, the soleas sometimes extends far out from the iconostasis into the nave. On it will be two choirs to either side,
986-507: The personages on the icons upon the iconostasis guide followers into heaven, and therefore the iconostasis is said to connect, not separate. Icons are seen as windows and bridges to heaven. Therefore, in a sense the iconostasis represents Christ, who is the connection, the door, between both realms. The perfect explanation for the iconostasis, and its uniting purpose, is seen in Hebrews 10:19–20, "Therefore, brethren, since we have confidence to enter
1020-437: The sacred , e.g., when the deacon brings the chalice out through the holy doors for Holy Communion. Nuns do not normally remove the klobuk at any time during services. In the Russian tradition Archbishops and Metropolitans usually wear a small jewelled cross on the front of their klobuk as a mark of their rank. Metropolitans wear a klobuk that is white rather than black. The patriarchs of Romania and Serbia also wear
1054-500: The sanctuary by the blood of Jesus , by the new and living way which he opened for us through the curtain, that is through his flesh.". Archaeological evidence from the St. John of Stoudios monastery in Constantinople suggests that the iconostasis evolved from the early templon . A basilica dedicated to John the Baptist was built in 463 AD. In it the chancel barrier surrounded the altar in
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1088-486: The side doors. In a convent , only the abbess and elder nuns are permitted to enter the sanctuary (altar), and they may only enter through the side doors. The abbess may enter at any time, but the other nuns need a blessing to enter. Male members of the laity who are usually allowed to enter the sanctuary include those involved in the running of the particular church, i.e., cantors and choristers , altar servers /acolytes, church keepers and vestrymen , etc. In
1122-627: The two main parts can be seen carried forward in Christian churches and is still most demonstratively present in Eastern Orthodox churches where the iconostasis divides the altar, the Holy of Holies where the Eucharist is performed – the manifestation of the New Covenant – from the larger portion of the church accessible to the faithful. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, usually only men can enter
1156-552: Was designed with three parts. The holiest and inner-most portion was that where the Ark of the Covenant was kept. This portion, the Holy of Holies , was separated from the second larger part of the building's interior by a curtain, the "veil of the temple" . Only the High Priest was allowed to enter the Holy of Holies. The third part was the entrance court. This architectural tradition for
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