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42-397: In 1863, he signed a treaty with France by giving France control over Cambodia's foreign relations in exchange for personal protection against his enemies. The treaty saved Cambodian independence, but French control over Cambodia's internal affairs strengthened continually until the end of his reign (full independence was not restored until 1953). His reign of 43 years and 188 days is

84-516: A general uprising on September 23 . In the course of what became known as the Southern Resistance War (Nam Bộ kháng chiến) the Viet Minh defeated rival resistance forces but, by the end of 1945, had been pushed out of Saigon and major urban centres into the countryside. After 1945, the status of Cochinchina was a subject of discord between France and Ho Chi Minh 's Viet Minh . In 1946,

126-636: A consequence of the delivered report, he declared war against the Mạc dynasty . The nominal ruler of the Mạc died at the very time that the Chinese armies passed the frontiers of the kingdom in 1537, and his father, Mạc Đăng Dung (the real power in any case), hurried to submit to the Imperial will, and declared himself to be a vassal of China. The Chinese declared that both the Lê dynasty and

168-695: A desperate attempt to show that Cambodia was still under their control, the Siamese withheld the crown jewels of Cambodia, which Khmer monarchs needed to become a legitimate ruler of Cambodia. This was a problem, and the French sent a steamboat up the Chao Phraya river to Bangkok. After French military pressure, the Siamese reluctantly returned the crown jewels to Cambodia, and it was the French who crowned Norodom, finally freeing Cambodia from Siamese control in 1867. On 17 June 1884, French authorities forced King Norodom to sign

210-579: A great honour for court officials, ministers, and senior dignitaries to have their children admitted to the palace's school of dancing. In 1872, Norodom went on an official visit to Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore. In Manila, the King was greatly impressed by the musical skills of the Filipinos and decided to take some musicians back to Cambodia to teach modern music. Norodom's generosity began drawing artists from many nationalities to Cambodia and they were always given

252-652: A tenacious member of the Nguyễn noble family who fought for 25 years against the Tây Sơn and ultimately conquered the entire country in 1802. He ruled all of Vietnam under the name Gia Long. His son Minh Mạng reigned from 14 February 1820 until 20 January 1841 what was known to the British as Cochin China and to the Americans as hyphenated Cochin-China. In hopes of negotiating commercial treaties,

294-466: A trading community at Saigon , then called Prey Nakor, with the consent of the king of Cambodia, Chey Chettha II . Over the next 50 years, Vietnamese control slowly expanded in this area but only gradually as the Nguyễn were fighting a protracted civil war with the Trịnh lords in the north. With the end of the war with the Trịnh, the Nguyễn were able to devote more effort (and military force) to conquest of

336-604: A treaty that consolidated their position in Cambodia by forcing him to give up control of public revenue, customs taxes, and public works. Norodom resisted but with French gunboats anchored outside the Royal Palace he had no choice but to sign. The French actions caused widespread anger throughout the country. In 1885, Prince Si Votha , Norodom's half-brother, led a revolt against the French rule. The French suspected Norodom secretly supported Si Votha's actions and blamed him for inciting

378-619: A warm welcome at the royal palace and court. Most of them had a deep interest in the Royal Ballet and thus were given every opportunity to learn Khmer music and dance. Under King Norodom, the beginnings of the Royal Khmer Navy were established for territorial protection. House of Norodom The House of Norodom ( Khmer : រាជវង្សនរោត្តម , UNGEGN : Réachôvôngs Nôroŭttâm , ALA-LC : Rājavangs Narottam [riəceaʔʋɔŋ nɔroːɗɑm] ; lit.   ' Norodom dynasty ' )

420-708: A widespread insurrection . Fighting in the Mekong Delta continued until the end of the year. Cochinchina was occupied by Japan during World War II (1941–45). After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, the Communist-front Viet Minh had declared a provisional government (a Southern Administrative Committee) in Saigon. In Saigon, the violence of a French restoration assisted by British and surrendered Japanese troops, triggered

462-419: Is Preah Karuna Preah Sovannakot ( Khmer : ព្រះករុណាព្រះសុវណ្ណកោដ្ឋ ). King Norodom's grandfather, King Ang Eng, died in early 1797. He left four sons, of whom the eldest, Ang Chan, became king, but as Chan was a minor on his father's death his coronation was delayed until 1806 when he turned 16. Chan quarreled with his overlord the king of Siam (Thailand) and with his brothers, and the remainder of his reign

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504-548: Is a historical exonym for part of Vietnam , depending on the contexts, usually for Southern Vietnam . Sometimes it referred to the whole of Vietnam, but it was commonly used to refer to the region south of the Gianh River . In the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was divided between the Trịnh lords to the north and the Nguyễn lords to the south. The two domains bordered each other on

546-572: Is the ruling royal house of Cambodia . Its members are direct descendants of King Norodom (1860–1904), a son of the "Great-King", Ang Duong . The current head of the House of Norodom is the current king of Cambodia, Norodom Sihamoni . Norodom is one of only two royal houses of Cambodia. Its counterpart, the House of Sisowath , is named after another son of Ang Duong, Sisowath . Four members have served as Kings of Cambodia , and three as Prime Ministers led by

588-816: The Cambodian People's Party (CPP) that ruled Cambodia as an authoritarian single-party state after it won all 125 seats in cities, towns and provinces throughout the country in the election campaign since 2018. [REDACTED] This biography of a member of a Cambodian royal house is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cochinchina Cochinchina or Cochin-China ( / ˌ k oʊ tʃ ɪ n ˈ tʃ aɪ n ə / , UK also / ˌ k ɒ tʃ -/ ; Vietnamese : Đàng Trong (17th–18th centuries), Việt Nam (1802–1831), Đại Nam (1831–1862), Nam Kỳ (1862–1945) ; Khmer : កូសាំងស៊ីន , romanized :  Kosăngsin ; French : Cochinchine ; Chinese : 交趾支那 ; pinyin : Jiāozhǐ zhīnà )

630-621: The Royal Siamese Army as a military adviser, for which later he was awarded the Order of the White Elephant . In 1861, Norodom's half-brother Si Votha rebelled and Norodom abandoned the capital of Oudong and fled to safety in Bangkok. The Siamese court returned him to Phnom Penh early in 1862, and in 1863 he signed a treaty with the French placing himself under French protection. Initially, in

672-585: The Sino-French War (1884–1885), French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina (who together form modern Vietnam ) and the Kingdom of Cambodia. Norodom was a puppet of the French for the remainder of his rule. Before he died in 1904, he appointed his son, Prince Norodom Yukanthor , as heir apparent to the throne. But Yukanthor had a fall-out with the French and did not succeed to

714-743: The Son River . The northern section was called Tonkin by Europeans, and the southern part, Đàng Trong , was called Cochinchina by most Europeans and Quinam by the Dutch . Jean-Louis Taberd , in his 1838 map, called Tonkin as "Cocincina exterior" ( Đàng Ngoài ) and "Cochin China" as "Cocincina interior" ( Đàng Trong ). In this classic 1838 map, the Gianh River is north of "Lũy Sầy" (an incorrect pronunciation and spelling of "Lũy Thầy" ) demarcating "Cocincina exterior" (or "Outer Annam") from "Cocincina interior" (or "Inner Annam"). A small river immediately north of "Lũy Sầy", drawn but not annotated,

756-593: The war between 1831 and 1834 , but were forced to relinquish these conquests in the war between 1841 and 1845 . For a series of complex reasons, the Second French Empire of Napoleon III , with the help of Spanish troops arriving from the Spanish East Indies , attacked Đà Nẵng (Tourane) of Nguyen Dynasty Vietnam in September 1858. Unable to occupy Đà Nẵng, the alliance moved to Lower Cochinchina in

798-403: The British in 1822 sent East India Company agent John Crawfurd , and the Americans in 1833 sent diplomatist Edmund Roberts , who returned in 1836. Neither envoy was fully cognizant of conditions within the country, and neither succeeded. Gia Long's successors (see the Nguyễn dynasty for details) repelled the Siamese from Cambodia and even annexed Phnom Penh and surrounding territory in

840-594: The Cambodians. During the late 18th century emerged the Tây Sơn Rebellion , coming out from the Nguyễn domain. In 1774, the Trịnh army captured the capital Phú Xuân of the Nguyễn realm, whose leaders then had to flee to Lower Cochinchina. The three brothers of Tây Sơn, former peasants, however, soon succeeded in conquering first the lands of the Nguyễn and then the lands of the Trịnh, briefly unifying Vietnam. Final unification of Vietnam came under Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ,

882-716: The Chinese Jiāozhǐ , in Cantonese Kawci , pronounced Giao Chỉ in Vietnam. They appended the "China" specifier to disting uish the area from the city and the princely state of Cochin in India, their first headquarters in the Malabar Coast . As a result of a civil war that started in 1520, the Emperor of China sent a commission to study the political status of Annam in 1536. As

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924-647: The French proclaimed Cochinchina an "autonomous republic", which was one of the causes of the First Indochina War . In 1948, Cochinchina was renamed as the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam . It was merged the next year with the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam , and the State of Vietnam , with former emperor Bảo Đại as head of state, was then officially established. After

966-416: The Mekong Delta fell under French control. In 1871 all the territories ceded to the French in southern Vietnam were incorporated as colony of Cochinchina, with Admiral Dupré as its first governor. As a result, the name "Cochinchina" came to refer exclusively to the southern third of Vietnam. (In Catholic ecclesiastical contexts Cochinchina still related to the older meaning of Đàng Trong until 1924 when

1008-513: The Mạc had a right to part of the lands and so they recognised the Lê rule in the southern part of Vietnam while at the same time recognising the Mạc rule in the northern part, which was called Tunquin (i.e. Tonkin). This was to be a feudatory state of China under the government of the Mạc. However, this arrangement did not last long. In 1592, Trịnh Tùng , leading the Royal (Trịnh) army, conquered nearly all of

1050-409: The Mạc territory and moved the Lê kings back to the original capital of Hanoi . The Mạc only held on to a tiny part of north Vietnam until 1667, when Trịnh Tạc conquered the last Mạc lands. In 1600 after returning from Tonkin, lord Nguyễn Hoàng built his own government in the two southern provinces of Thuận Hóa and Quảng Nam, today in central Vietnam. In 1623, lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên established

1092-720: The South. On 17 February 1859, they captured Saigon . Later on, the French defeated the Nguyễn army at the Battle of Ky Hoa in 1861. The Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three southern Vietnamese provinces of Biên Hòa , Gia Định and Định Tường to France in the June 1862 Treaty of Saigon . In 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces, Châu Đốc , Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long . With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and

1134-634: The emperor Lê Thánh Tông , at the expense of Champa . The next two hundred years was a time of territorial consolidation and civil war with only gradual expansion southwards. In 1516, Portuguese traders sailing from Malacca landed in Da Nang , Đại Việt, and established a presence there. They named the area "Cochin-China", borrowing the first part from the Malay Kuchi , Kochi , Kuci , or Koci (unrelated to Indian or Japanese cities of Kochi ), which referred to all of Vietnam , and which in turn derived from

1176-759: The increased rubber demand after the First World War , the European plantations recruited, as indentured labour, workers from "the overcrowded villages of the Red River Delta in Tonkin and the coastal lowlands of Annam ". These migrants brought south the influence of the Communist Party of Nguyen Ai Quoc ( Ho Chi Minh ), and of other underground nationalist parties (the Tan Viet and Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng – VNQDD). At

1218-519: The longest in Cambodian history in terms of verifiable exact date. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his half-brother, Sisowath. He is the progenitor of the House of Norodom which has been the ruling royal house of Cambodia since 1941. Norodom's royal name was Norodom Prohmbarirak ( Khmer : នរោត្ដម ព្រហ្មបរិរក្ស ), previously, Ang Reacheavoddey ( Khmer : អង្គរាជាវតី ). He is referred to as Ang Voddey in some Western accounts. His posthumous title

1260-506: The revolts. The revolt ended when King Norodom assured the Cambodians that the French had offered concessions to him. After the restoration of the 1885-1886 revolt , Norodom was temporarily strong. To prevent another revolt, the French were less inclined to force the king to the wall once more. After the 1897 coup d'état against his person, he lost confidence in his closest collaborators namely Thiounn and Bernard Col de Monteiro who were appointed as Ministers without his consent. Following

1302-487: The royal family. During his reign, certain agricultural products such as betel, pepper, and sugar costs were reduced. King Norodom was remembered for his appreciation and fondness of the arts. It was under his supervision that the Silver Pagoda was built in 1892, as well as Wat Oudong consecrated on 6 June 1875. When Norodom assumed the throne in 1860, classical dance recovered some of its ancient prestige. It soon became

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1344-551: The same time, the local peasantry were driven into debt servitude, and into plantation labour, by land and poll taxes . Such conditions contributed to the 1916 Cochinchina uprising , and to widespread agrarian and labor unrest in 1930-32. In 1936 the formation in France of the Popular Front government led by Leon Blum was accompanied by promises of colonial reform. Failure to deliver, helped generate further unrest culminating in

1386-458: The south. First, the remaining Champa territories were taken; next, the areas around the Mekong river were placed under Vietnamese control. At least three wars were fought between the Nguyễn lords and the Cambodian kings in the period 1715 to 1770 with the Vietnamese gaining more territory with each war. The wars all involved the much more powerful Siamese kings who fought on behalf of their vassals,

1428-722: The summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes. The left anti-colonial forces split between the Moscow-oriented Communist Party and their Trotskyist left opposition and, following the French declaration of war against Germany in September 1939 was suppressed. Under the slogan "Land to the Tillers, Freedom for the workers and independence for Vietnam", in November 1940 the Communist Party in Cochinchina instigated

1470-452: The three Apostolic Vicariates of Northern, Eastern, and Western Cochinchina were renamed to Apostolic Vicariates of Huế , Qui Nhơn , and Saïgon). In 1887, the colony became a confederal member of the Union of French Indochina . Unlike the protectorates of Annam (central Vietnam) and Tonkin (northern Vietnam), Cochinchina was ruled directly by the French, both de jure and de facto , and

1512-402: The throne even earlier) until his death in 1860 did much to restore the country, which had suffered much in the previous three decades. Norodom was the eldest son of Ang Duong. In 1850, he and his half-brother Prince Sisowath were sent to study in Bangkok by their father Ang Duong , where they grew up near members of the Siamese royal family. In 1857, Norodom ( Prince Phrom Borirak ) served in

1554-562: The throne. Norodom died in the palace in Phnom Penh in April 1904; his body was cremated in the traditional Buddhist fashion in 1906. His half-brother Sisowath succeeded him. Throughout Norodom's reign, several administrative and judicial reforms were improved in the kingdom. The reduction of provinces was imposed to help reduce administrative costs. He also followed King Chulalongkorn and abolished commercial monopolies, slavery, and civil lists for

1596-448: Was a constituent territory of French Indochina from 1887 until early 1945. So during the French colonial period, the label Cochinchina moved further south, and came to refer exclusively to the southernmost part of Vietnam. Beside the French colony of Cochinchina, the two other parts of Vietnam at the time were the French protectorates of Annam (Central Vietnam) and Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). South Vietnam (also called Nam Việt )

1638-525: Was filled with wars between Chan's new overlord, the emperor of Vietnam, and the Thais, fought largely in the territory of Cambodia. Chan died in 1834, but the wars continued until 1847 when they ended with a peace treaty between Siam and Vietnam under which Chan's youngest brother, Ang Duong, was recognized as king (the other two brothers were dead by this time). Ang Duong's reign, from 1848 (the year of his coronation, although his reign began in 1847 and he had claimed

1680-509: Was likely the Son River , a tributary to the Gianh River . Lower Cochinchina ( Basse-Cochinchine ), whose principal city is Saigon , is the newest territory of the Vietnamese people in the movement of Nam tiến (Southward expansion). This region was also the first part of Vietnam to be colonized by the French. Inaugurated as the French Cochinchina in 1862, this colonial administrative unit reached its full extent from 1867 and

1722-545: Was reorganized from the State of Vietnam after the Geneva Conference in 1954 by combining Lower Cochinchina with the southern part of Annam, the former protectorate. The conquest of the south of present-day Vietnam was a long process of territorial acquisition by the Vietnamese. It is called Nam tiến (Chinese characters: 南 進 , English meaning "South[ern] Advance") by Vietnamese historians. Vietnam (then known as Đại Việt ) greatly expanded its territory in 1470 under

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1764-585: Was represented by a deputy in the National Assembly in Paris. Within Indochina, Cochinchina was the territory with the greatest European presence. At its height, in 1940, it was estimated at 16,550 people, the vast majority living in Saigon. The French authorities dispossessed Vietnamese landowners and peasants to ensure European control of the expansion of rice and rubber production. As they expanded in response to

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