102-516: Kilmacud Crokes ( Irish : Cill Mochuda Na Crócaigh ) is a large Gaelic Athletic Association club located in Stillorgan , Dublin, Republic of Ireland. Kilmacud GAA club was formed in 1959 following a historic public meeting in Saint Laurence's Hall, where Stillorgan shopping centre now stands. The first meeting of the club took place on 12 March 1959. Sixty people attended the meeting and donated
204-540: A unique dialect of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century. With a writing system , Ogham , dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by Latin script since the 5th century AD, Irish has one of the oldest vernacular literatures in Western Europe . On the island, the language has three major dialects: Connacht , Munster and Ulster Irish . All three have distinctions in their speech and orthography . There
306-697: A bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as An Dream Dearg . Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the European Parliament and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. While an official language of
408-560: A better future for Ireland and all her citizens." The Strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and will stay in action until 2030; it aims to target language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language. The 30-page document published by the Government of Ireland details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It
510-472: A cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards,
612-541: A degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or GCE / GCSE examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with dyslexia . NUI Galway is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of
714-460: A fully recognised EU language for the first time in the state's history. Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish. The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast diaspora , chiefly to Great Britain and North America, but also to Australia , New Zealand and Argentina . The first large movements began in
816-746: A heritage centre. In 1703, the Irish House of Commons appointed a committee to bring in a bill to make the River Barrow navigable; by 1800 the River Barrow Track was completed between St. Mullin's and Athy , establishing a link to the Grand Canal which runs between Dublin and the Shannon. By 1845 88,000 tons of goods were being transported on the River Barrow Navigation. Carlow was also one of
918-489: A lack of temperature extremes. Met Éireann records climate data for Carlow from their station at Oak Park , situated at 61 m (200 ft) above sea level. The coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of 2.1 °C (36 °F), and the hottest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 21.3 °C (70 °F). The driest months are April and May, with 45 mm (2 in) and 50 mm (2 in) of rain respectively. The wettest month
1020-498: A large factory producing mostly hairdryers and electric toothbrushes; however, this closed in 2010. Burnside is also a large employer in the area; it produces hydraulic cylinders . The South East Technological University is also a significant employer in the town. Since opening its doors in October 2003 Fairgreen Shopping Centre has also played a large part in employment in the area; Tesco, Heatons , Next , New Look and River Island are
1122-574: A paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority. Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in
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#17331048748141224-554: A pass in Leaving Certificate Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by An Coimisinéir Teanga , the Irish language ombudsman). The National University of Ireland requires all students wishing to embark on
1326-406: A permanent home pitch for themselves, Páirc de Burca, and in 1965 the adjoining Glenalbyn House was bought. In April 1966, Crokes hurling club joined up with Kilmacud football club. The name of the joint football/hurling teams was changed from Kilmacud G.A.A. club to Kilmacud Crokes G.A.A. club in 1971. In 1972, St. Benburbs Football Club of Clonskeagh joined with Kilmacud Crokes. St. Benburbs FC
1428-611: A religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman Muircheartach Ó Cíonga , commissioned by Bishop Bedell , was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival. It has been estimated that there were around 800,000 monoglot Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by
1530-503: A replay, Glen withdrew from the appeals process, saying that they "do not believe the conditions exist for a replay", resulting in Kilmacud retaining their title. In 2023, Kilmacud made history by winning 3 in-a-row Leinster titles beating Naas (KE) by a scoreline of 1-14 to 0-10. They are the first club to do achieve this in Leinster. They went on to narrowly lose to Glen in the semi-final with
1632-538: A result of linguistic imperialism . Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's Gaeltacht regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022. The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within
1734-551: A scoreline of 2-10 to 1-14 in a weather affected match. Kilmacud Crokes has won the All-Ireland Football Féile final three times, the first of these coming in 2003, the second in 2008 and the third in 2019. The hurlers added to the club's success with an All-Ireland Hurling Féile of their own in 2005. This hurling victory was the first time in the club's history that they had won the Dublin Hurling Féile and only
1836-518: A shilling each, meaning the club made IR£ 3.30 on the night. The club decided to use green-and-white jerseys, but they later decided to use the gold-and-purple colours, some say because of the local school Scoil Lorcain Naofa who also use gold and purple, others say it was because blue are the colours of the crocus . In 1963 the club purchased a 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 -acre site behind the Ormonde Cinema as
1938-537: A wider meaning, including the Gaelic of Scotland and the Isle of Man , as well as of Ireland. When required by the context, these are distinguished as Gaeilge na hAlban , Gaeilge Mhanann and Gaeilge na hÉireann respectively. In English (including Hiberno-English ), the language is usually referred to as Irish , as well as Gaelic and Irish Gaelic . The term Irish Gaelic may be seen when English speakers discuss
2040-584: Is a Celtic language of the Indo-European language family . It is a member of the Goidelic language group of the Insular Celtic sub branch of the family and is indigenous to the island of Ireland . It was the majority of the population's first language until the 19th century, when English gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century, in what is sometimes characterised as
2142-554: Is a local association football club. Carlow also has boxing clubs, an athletics club (St Laurence O'Toole Athletics Club), a karate club, a golf club, a rowing club, a tennis club, a hockey club and the Carlow Jaguar Scooter Club. Founded in 1979, the latter is one of the longest-running scooter clubs in Ireland or England. Carlow is in a maritime temperate oceanic region according to Köppen climate classification . It experiences cool winters, mild humid summers, and
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#17331048748142244-448: Is also An Caighdeán Oifigiúil , a standardised written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional Irish alphabet , a variant of the Latin alphabet with 18 letters , has been succeeded by the standard Latin alphabet (albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in loanwords ). Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of
2346-593: Is also an intensive Irish-language summer course for students from English-speaking schools. It has been claimed by Bride de Roiste of Glór Cheatharlach that there is more Irish spoken in Carlow than in certain Gaeltacht districts. The Nationalist is a newspaper which was established in 1883. The Carlow People is a free weekly newspaper One of Carlow's most notable landmarks is the Brownshill Dolmen , situated on
2448-511: Is divided into four separate phases with the intention of improving 9 main areas of action including: The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run. By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968. Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972, Northern Ireland had devolved government. During those years
2550-518: Is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of Carlow. Carlow Town Hall was completed in March 1886. Carlow industry has come a long way since the early 20th century when the town became the centre of Ireland's slow process of industrialisation with the creation of the Irish Sugar Company . Then at the cutting edge of industry in Ireland, the sugar factory opened in 1926 as a private enterprise and
2652-664: Is managed by Robbie Brennan and Johnny Magee. Anthony Daly is the current hurling coach. Kilmacud Crokes are also famous as the hosts of the Sevens football and hurling competitions each year. Separate competitions are held on the weekends of the various All-Ireland Finals in September. For example, the Football competition is held on the Saturday before the All-Ireland Football final and
2754-516: Is only in Gaeltacht areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent. According to data compiled by the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht , Sport and Media , only 1/4 of households in Gaeltacht areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology , described
2856-611: Is recalled in the famous Irish folk song , Follow Me Up to Carlow , written in the 19th century about the Battle of Glenmalure , part of the Desmond Rebellions of the late 16th century. In 1650, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , Carlow was besieged and taken by English Parliamentarian forces, hastening the end of the Siege of Waterford and the capitulation of that city. During
2958-489: Is seemingly no evidence to suggest that these lakes ever existed in this area. Evidence shows that human occupation in the Carlow county area extends back thousands of years. The most notable and dramatic prehistoric site is the Browneshill Dolmen – a megalithic portal tomb just outside Carlow town. Now part of the diocese of Kildare and Leighlin , several Early Christian settlements are still in evidence today around
3060-412: Is still spoken daily to some extent as a first language . These regions are known individually and collectively as the Gaeltacht (plural Gaeltachtaí ). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it
3162-560: Is the county town of County Carlow , in the south-east of Ireland , 84 km (52 mi) from Dublin . At the 2022 census , it had a population of 27,351, the twelfth-largest urban center in Ireland . The River Barrow flows through the town and forms the historic boundary between counties Laois and Carlow. However, the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 included the town entirely in County Carlow. The settlement of Carlow
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3264-460: Is thousands of years old and pre-dates written Irish history. The town has played a major role in Irish history, serving as the capital of the country in the 14th century. The name is an anglicisation of the Irish Ceatharlach . Historically, it was anglicised as Caherlagh , Caterlagh and Catherlagh , which are closer to the Irish spelling. According to logainm.ie , the first part of
3366-659: The Fíor-Ghaeltacht (true Gaeltacht ), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. There are Gaeltacht regions in the following counties: Gweedore ( Gaoth Dobhair ), County Donegal, is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to céilithe and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged. The Act
3468-483: The 1798 rebellion Carlow was the scene of a massacre of 600 rebels and civilians following an unsuccessful attack on the town by the United Irishmen , known as the Battle of Carlow . The Liberty Tree sculpture in Carlow, designed by John Behan , commemorates the events of 1798. The rebels slain in Carlow town are buried in the 'Croppies Grave' , in '98 Street, Graiguecullen . Until the early-19th century, Irish
3570-587: The Hacketstown Road ( R726 ) approximately 5 km from Carlow town centre. The capstone of this dolmen is reputed to be the largest in Europe. Milford is a green area on the River Barrow approximtely 5 miles outside of Carlow town. It is notable as its home to Milford Mill, which was the first inland hydro-electrical plant in Ireland. It began supplying Carlow town with power in 1891. The estate at Oak Park
3672-619: The Republic of Ireland , and is also an official language of Northern Ireland and among the official languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but An Caighdeán Oifigiúil , the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ("The Official [Written] Standard ")
3774-493: The River Barrow , Graiguecullen Bridge, is agreed to date to 1569. The original structure was largely replaced and widened in 1815 when it was named Wellington Bridge in celebration of the defeat of Napoleon's army by the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo in June of that year. The bridge was built across a small island in the river and a 19th-century house was constructed on
3876-436: The (now extinct) traditional dialects of Kilkenny and South Laois. Efforts are now being made to increase the use of Irish in Carlow under the aegis of the organisation Glór Cheatharlach . Carlow has two schools which teach through Irish: a Gaelscoil (primary) founded in 1982 and a Gaelcholáiste (secondary) founded in 1990. Both schools are at full capacity and supplemented by an Irish-speaking pre-school or Naíonra . There
3978-558: The 17th century, largely as a result of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , which saw many Irish sent to the West Indies . Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from the Famine . This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English
4080-769: The 1998 Good Friday Agreement , the language gradually received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom, and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . In the 2006 St Andrews Agreement the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language and in 2022 it approved legislation to recognise Irish as an official language alongside English. The bill received royal assent on 6 December 2022. The Irish language has often been used as
4182-546: The 2005 championship due to confusion over the eligibility of player Mark Vaughan . Crokes had defeated 2003 champions, St Brigid's , it was claimed that Mark Vaughan was ineligible for the tie. Crokes claimed that they had received prior approval that Vaughan could play from the Dublin county board, who said the Dublin Championships and The Leinster Championships were different competitions. The Leinster council overruled
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4284-542: The 2007 football competition. Kilmacud Crokes won the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship final on St. Patrick's Day , 1995 under the management of Tommy Lyons . Kilmacud Crokes, captained by Mick Dillon, beat Bellaghy of Derry with a scoreline of 0–8 to 0–5 in front of 18,544 fans at Croke Park . Mick Pender famously saved Damian Cassidy 's (Bellaghy) penalty and won the title for Kilmacud. The game will be remembered as one of
4386-403: The 6th century, used the Latin alphabet and is attested primarily in marginalia to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some Latin words, some via Old Welsh , including ecclesiastical terms : examples are easpag (bishop) from episcopus , and Domhnach (Sunday, from dominica ). By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into Middle Irish , which
4488-563: The Act all detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in official courts, official publications, and placenames. The Act was recently amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the already preexisting legislation. All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions. The Official Languages Scheme
4590-703: The All Ireland Feile in 2005 defeated St Vincents in the final. The club won their third Dublin Minor Hurling Championship in four years in November 2010 when a previously unfancied Crokes minor team capped an impressive championship run by beating favourites Ballyboden St. Endas in the final by 9 points. ( Team as of October 2010 versus St. Brigids ) Irish language Irish ( Standard Irish : Gaeilge ), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic ( / ˈ ɡ eɪ l ɪ k / GAY -lik ),
4692-460: The Dublin county board. St Brigid's offered Crokes a replay under one condition, that Vaughan could not play. He scored six points in Crokes' original one-point victory over Brigid's. He had received the red card that caused the ban in the previous years defeat to Portlaoise . The DRA eventually awarded Crokes the match after agreeing that the two competitions were different. By this time Crokes' side of
4794-463: The European Union , only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. This derogation ultimately came to an end on 1 January 2022, making Irish
4896-617: The Hurling competition is held on the Saturday before the All-Ireland Hurling final. The Sevens were first played in 1973 and have since become an integral part of the All-Ireland weekends and feature on sports news programmes. Famous players and officials from the GAA are normally present on the day. Discussions and previews of the All-Ireland final on the following day are the subject of a lot of
4998-536: The Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". The Irish Times , referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper Foinse , quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but
5100-597: The Republic of Ireland ), new appointees to the Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland , including postal workers , tax collectors , agricultural inspectors, Garda Síochána (police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well. In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the Language Freedom Movement ,
5202-451: The area and encouraged many school leavers to remain in the town. Carlow railway station opened on 4 August 1846 and was closed for goods traffic on 9 June 1976 , it remains open for public travel. Carlow has a town bus service operated by Bus Éireann , consisting of two routes, the CW1 and CW2. Secondary schools serving the area include Gaelcholáiste Cheatharlach, Tyndall College (including
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#17331048748145304-682: The beginning of the following academic year. For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects. The concomitant decline in the number of traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern. In 2007, filmmaker Manchán Magan found few Irish speakers in Dublin , and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He
5406-720: The bridge – this was for a time occupied by the Poor Clares , an enclosed religious order who still have a convent in Graiguecullen . Another convent belonging to the Presentation Order of nuns now houses the County Library and the Carlow County Museum . The cathedral, designed by Thomas Cobden , was the first Catholic cathedral to be built in Ireland after Catholic Emancipation in 1829. Its construction cost £9,000 and
5508-431: The coldest days club football final history. Another county title followed in 1998. Crokes beat Na Fianna in the final. Wins over James Stephens , Kilkenny and Stradbally , Laois set up one of the most memorable Leinster club finals in recent years. Crokes played three games against Éire Óg , Carlow ; they eventually lost however. Crokes won the Dublin championship in 2004. Crokes were nearly disqualified from
5610-482: The county. St Mullin's monastery is believed to have been established around the 7th century, the ruins of which are still in evidence today. Old Leighlin was the site of one of the largest monastic settlements in Ireland and the location for a church synod in 630 AD which determined the date of Easter. St Comhgall built a monastery in the Carlow area in the 6th century, an old church building and burial ground survive today at Castle Hill known as Mary's Abbey. Carlow
5712-423: The draw was three games behind the other side of the draw. Kilmacud went on to win the 2005 Dublin Championship following a comprehensive 1–14 to 0–09 victory over Na Fianna and added to their success by winning the Leinster Championship following a 0–10 to 0–09 victory over Newbridge at Navan . Crokes were defeated in the All-Ireland semi-final by Salthill-Knocknacarra on a scoreline of 1–09 to 1–07. Mark Vaughan
5814-415: The earliest towns to be connected by train. The Great Southern and Western Railway had opened its mainline as far as Carlow in 1846, and this was extended further to Cork in 1849. The chief engineer, William Dargan , originally hailed from Killeshin , just outside Carlow. At the peak of rail transport in Ireland, Carlow county was also served by a line to Tullow . Public supply of electricity in Carlow
5916-664: The education system. Linguistic analyses of Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in Ireland outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the Gaeltacht and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968. In response to the 2021 census of Northern Ireland , 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it. From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 Irish Americans reported speaking Irish as their first language at home, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of
6018-431: The end by Naomh Michael. A full table of results is available here: Football Feile 2008 Results Kilmacud Crokes won the Dublin Minor Hurling Championship final in 2007. They won the title for the third time in the club's history when they beat Na Fianna in a replay. The manager of the team was former Tipperary player, Richard Stakelum . A fourth title was added in 2009 when the Pat Halpin managed team that had won
6120-414: The end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911. Irish is recognised by the Constitution of Ireland as the national and first official language of Republic of Ireland (English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English. In 1938, the founder of Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League), Douglas Hyde , was inaugurated as
6222-430: The first President of Ireland . The record of his delivering his inaugural Declaration of Office in Roscommon Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect. In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication. From the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 (see History of
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#17331048748146324-400: The first syllable of a word receives strong stress. Evidence from place names suggests that Old Irish cn- had become "cr-" in parts of Carlow, like all Gaelic speech outside of Munster and Ossory. An example from Carlow is "Crukeen" ( Cnoicín ). West Carlow seems to have pronounced "slender R" as "slender Z" (like the "s" in "treasure" or "pleasure") which is also a well-attested feature of
6426-409: The former Carlow Vocational School ), Tullow Community School, St. Mary's Academy CBS (Often regarded by locals as just CBS Carlow or The CBS), St Leo's College , and St Mary's Knockbeg College . There is also the post-leaving certificate Carlow Institute of Further Education. Within the general vicinity of the town also lies Presentation College (often shortened to Pres) but is often considered by
6528-498: The language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. Endonyms of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include: Gaeilge [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] in Galway, Gaeilg / Gaeilic / Gaeilig [ˈɡeːlʲəc] in Mayo and Ulster , Gaelainn / Gaoluinn [ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] in West/Cork, Kerry Munster , as well as Gaedhealaing in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford Munster to reflect local pronunciation. Gaeilge also has
6630-410: The language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language. This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the Gaelic revival in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of
6732-425: The language. For most of recorded Irish history , Irish was the dominant language of the Irish people , who took it with them to other regions , such as Scotland and the Isle of Man , where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx . It was also, for a period, spoken widely across Canada , with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of Newfoundland ,
6834-419: The local populace as not part of Carlow Town. Third-level institutions include the South East Technological University, formerly the Institute of Technology, Carlow , and Carlow College . Carlow Cathedral, dedicated to Our Lady of Assumption, was started in 1828 and completed in 1833, in Gothic style. A sculpture by John Hogan is a memorial to the bishop and was finished in 1839. An unidentified baby
6936-401: The main tenants. Nonetheless, the town shares problems associated with other provincial towns in Ireland – the inability to attract significant new industry. Pharmaceutical giant Merck & Co. employs more than 500 people at its manufacturing campus in Carlow and is expanding with a new facility focused on oncology biologics. The N9 road from Dublin to Waterford passed directly through
7038-526: The media broadcasts. The competitions run from the morning through to the evening. The games are played at various locations in and around Stillorgan including Glenalbyn , Deer Park , St Benildus College , St Olaf's and Silverpark . The finals are always played in Glenalbyn. The games are played with teams of seven players with two-halves of ten minutes each. Erin's Own of Cork and Castlewellan of Down were crowned Hurling and Football Sevens Champions for 2006 respectively. Longstone of Down won
7140-399: The mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools. Increasing interest in emigrating to the United States and Canada was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed
7242-452: The name derives from the Old Irish word cethrae ("animals, cattle, herds, flocks"), which is related to ceathar ("four") and therefore signified "four-legged". The second part of the name is the ending -lach , that makes abstract collective nouns. Some believe that the name should be Ceatharloch (meaning "quadruple lake"), since ceathar means "four" and loch means "lake". It is directly translated as "Four lakes", although, there
7344-771: The name of the language is Gaeilge , from the South Connacht form, spelled Gaedhilge prior the spelling reform of 1948, which was originally the genitive of Gaedhealg , the form used in Classical Gaelic . The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent ⟨dh⟩ in Gaedhilge . Older spellings include Gaoidhealg [ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ] in Classical Gaelic and Goídelc [ˈɡoiðʲelɡ] in Old Irish . Goidelic , used to refer to
7446-463: The new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the Great Famine were Irish speakers. Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them
7548-639: The number now is between 20,000 and 30,000." In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as Gaeltacht . Today, the strongest Gaeltacht areas, numerically and socially, are those of South Connemara , the west of the Dingle Peninsula , and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as
7650-498: The other official language, if not already passed in both official languages. In November 2016, RTÉ reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the Duolingo app. Irish president Michael D. Higgins officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project". There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish
7752-539: The political party holding power in the Stormont Parliament , the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. After
7854-487: The relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx). Gaelic is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name "Erse" ( / ɜːr s / URS )
7956-432: The requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see Education in the Republic of Ireland ). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge . As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need
8058-683: The revival was the Gaelic League ( Conradh na Gaeilge ), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant Church of Ireland also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in
8160-741: The second time a Dublin Club had won the All-Ireland Féile. In 2014 the hurlers won Dublin and All-Ireland Hurling Féile titles. In 2008 the U-14A hurling team again reached the All-Ireland Féile group stages, but after a tough match in the pouring rain they lost to James Stephens from Kilkenny. The U-14A footballers enjoyed more success and emerged victorious as All-Ireland Winners in Cavan in July. The ladies U-14 team also made it to their final also in Cavan, only to be beaten in
8262-530: The semi-final stage. Kilmacud Crokes won the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship final in 2023 defeating Derry champions Glen 1-11 to 1-09. However the match caused significant controversy as Kilmacud had an extra player on the pitch during the last play of the game, breaching rule 2.1 of the GAA rulebook. The GAA ordered a replay of the final after Glen lodged an objection. However after Kilmacud lodged an appeal against
8364-502: The third time, beating Rhode of Offaly by a scoreline of 2–07 to 1–07. They ensured their place in the All-Ireland final with a two-goal victory over Corofin of Galway on 21 February, and eventually defeated Crossmaglen Rangers of Armagh to win the final. Kilmacud also went on to win the Dublin Senior Championship with a victory over St Brigid's in 2010, before bowing out in the All-Ireland series to Crossmaglen Rangers at
8466-543: The town until May 2008 when a bypass, part of the M9 motorway , was opened, greatly reducing traffic through the town. The N80 National secondary road skirts the edge of the town. The town is also connected to the national rail network . These transport links have helped Carlow to become a successful satellite town of Dublin in recent years. The establishment of the Institute of Technology, Carlow , has also helped drive growth in
8568-658: The vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3). In 2016, the university faced controversy when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish. Misneach staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh , a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at
8670-594: The work of such writers as Geoffrey Keating , is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors: The change was characterised by diglossia (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and transitional bilingualism (monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By
8772-523: Was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish; as well as Scottish Gaelic. Written Irish is first attested in Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century AD, a stage of the language known as Primitive Irish . These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish underwent a change into Old Irish through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from
8874-544: Was an Irish stronghold for agriculture in the early 1800s which earned the county the nickname of the scallion eaters. Famine later wiped out half of the population. Carlow Castle was constructed by William Marshal , Earl of Striguil and Lord of Leinster, c. 1207 – c. 1213 , to guard the vital river crossing. It was also to serve as the capital of the Lordship of Ireland from 1361 until 1374. This imposing structure survived largely intact until 1814 when it
8976-455: Was chosen, partly because the straightness of its roads would be a safety benefit. As a compliment to Ireland, the British team chose to race in Shamrock green which thus became known as British racing green . The route consisted of several laps of a circuit passed-through Kilcullen , Kildare , Monasterevin , Stradbally , Athy , Castledermot and Carlow. The 328 miles (528 km) race
9078-425: Was completed in 1833. Saint Patrick's College , located beside the cathedral, dates from 1793. The college was established in 1782 to teach the humanities to both lay students and those studying for the priesthood. The Carlow Courthouse was constructed in the 19th century. There are still many old estates and houses in the surrounding areas, among them Ducketts Grove and Dunleckney Manor. St Mullin's today houses
9180-643: Was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the Official Languages Act 2003 . The purpose of the Scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the Department of the Taoiseach, it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build
9282-581: Was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. Carlow Carlow ( / ˈ k ɑːr l oʊ / KAR -loh ; Irish : Ceatharlach [ˈcahəɾˠl̪ˠəx] )
9384-419: Was eventually nationalised before reverting to private ownership . It closed on 11 March 2005 as the management of the parent company Greencore decided that it was no longer economical to run the factory nor was it viable to upgrade the facility. The country's last remaining sugar plant at Mallow, County Cork closed in 2006. One of the traditional, principal employers in Carlow was OralB Braun , which had
9486-592: Was famous because the first-ever All-Ireland Final was played on their ground in Clonskeagh in 1887. In 1973, a camogie section of the club was set up and in February 1996 a Ladies' Gaelic football Section was set up. The club has installed an astro-turf GAA pitch at the paddock , an area formerly used as a carpark/training ground, a venture which was finished in September 2006, and constructed indoor and outdoor hurling walls during 2007. The current football Senior team
9588-505: Was first provided from Milford Mills , approximately 8 km south of Carlow, in 1891. Milford Mills still generates electricity feeding into the national grid. Following independence in the early 1920s, the new government of the Irish Free State decided to establish a sugar-processing plant in Leinster . Carlow was chosen as the location due to its transport links and large agricultural hinterland, favourable for growing sugar beet . The town
9690-596: Was left here on 22 January 2010. On 2 July 1903, the Gordon Bennett Cup ran through Carlow. It was the first international motor race to be held in Great Britain or Ireland. The Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland wanted the race to be hosted in the British Isles, Ireland was suggested as the venue because racing was illegal on British public roads. After some lobbying and changes to local laws, Kildare
9792-548: Was mostly destroyed in an attempt to turn the building into a lunatic asylum. The present remains now are the West Wall with two of its cylindrical towers. Carlow was incorporated as a borough in 1296 by Edward I . The parliamentary borough returned two MPs to the Irish House of Commons until 1801 and its successor constituency returned one MP to the United Kingdom House of Commons from 1801 to 1885. The bridge over
9894-465: Was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies. Compliance with the Act is monitored by the An Coimisinéir Teanga (Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004 and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the Act are brought to them. There are 35 sections included in
9996-575: Was shown a straight red card, having already been on a yellow, for striking a Salthill player. In 2006 and 2007, Crokes narrowly lost out in the semi-final stage of the Dublin championship. They lost to UCD and St Vincents , respectively. On 27 October 2008, Kilmacud won their sixth Dublin Senior Football Championship at Parnell Park . On 7 December 2008 Kilmacud won the Leinster Senior Football Championship for
10098-523: Was spoken in all twelve counties of the province of Leinster , of which County Carlow forms part. According to Celtic scholar Nicholas Williams, the Irish spoken in County Carlow seems to have belonged to a central dialect stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the Liffey estuary . It had characteristics which survive today only in Connacht Irish . It preserved the stress pattern of Old Irish in which
10200-678: Was spoken throughout Ireland, Isle of Man and parts of Scotland . It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the Ulster Cycle . From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into Scottish Gaelic in Scotland, and into the Manx language in the Isle of Man . Early Modern Irish , dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in
10302-442: Was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary No Béarla . There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as Gaelscoileanna at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools. In 2009,
10404-472: Was won by the Belgian racer Camille Jenatzy , driving a Mercedes. The Carlow Racquetball club was set up in 1978. The club is one of only seven in the southeastern region and is the largest of these. GAA clubs in the area include Tinryland GAA Club, Éire Óg GAA Club, Asca GAA Club, Palatine GAA club, and O'Hanrahans GAA Club. County Carlow Football Club is the local rugby union club, while F.C. Carlow
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