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77-656: Frederick VI of Denmark joined the anti-French alliance, ceded Heligoland to George III of the United Kingdom , and further ceded the Kingdom of Norway to Charles XIII , to enter a union with Sweden, in return for Swedish Pomerania . Specifically excluded from the exchange were the Norwegian dependencies of Greenland , Iceland and the Faroe Islands , which remained in the union with Denmark. (Norway would unsuccessfully contest

154-576: A campaign against Hamburg which on 30 June was re-conquered by allied French and Danish forces. When Prussia finally accepted the Swedish claim to Norway on 22 July, Sweden joined the alliance of Reichenbach concluded between Russia, the United Kingdom and Prussia on 14/15 June. With three armies (North, Main and Silesian , the Northern army under Bernadotte's command), the allies subsequently cleared Northern Germany of French forces. Denmark, who had maintained

231-625: A comet using a telescope. His successors continued this until 1850. The prize was terminated in the aftermath of the Three Years' War . On 23 February 1827, he granted a Royal Charter giving Serampore College in Danish India the status of a university to confer degrees. It became the third Danish University after those in Copenhagen and Kiel . After the discovery of the Haraldskær Woman in

308-579: A conspiracy against him in the name of the Queen Dowager Juliana Maria, and in the early morning of 17 January 1772 Struensee was deposed in a palace coup . Struensee was later executed, while the King and Queen were divorced. Queen Caroline Mathilde was exiled, and the four-year-old Frederick and his sister were left behind, never to see their mother again. After the revolt against Struensee, Frederick's 18-year-old half-uncle Hereditary Prince Frederick

385-508: A constitution and elected the Swedish king to the Norwegian throne. So Danish sovereignty over Norway was superseded with Swedish sovereignty over Norway. As of 1814 a distinction was made between genuine Norwegians and those allegedly un-Norwegian . The Norwegian elite used this identity labeling to resist Swedification . Due to the refusal of Norway to subordinate itself to the Swedish king, Charles XIII of Sweden did not hand over Swedish Pomerania to Frederick VI of Denmark . The problem

462-415: A day: at breakfast, after lunch, in the evening at around 4 pm, and after dinner. Many people also drink a coffee at their place of work at the start of the day's work, and a coffee break with colleagues around an hour before or after lunch. There is also a strong tradition of taking coffee breaks and visiting cafés with friends and acquaintances. In places such as publicly funded universities where free coffee

539-807: A marriage for him. There was speculation that he was to marry a Prussian princess, a choice supported by his step-grandmother Juliana Maria and her brother-in-law Frederick the Great . To demonstrate his independence, however, he personally selected his first-cousin Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel , a member of a German family with close marriage links with the royal families of both Denmark-Norway and Great Britain . They married in Gottorp on 31 July 1790 and had eight children. Their eldest daughter, Princess Caroline married her father's first cousin, Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark . The youngest, Princess Wilhelmine , became

616-662: A peat bog in Jutland in the year 1835, Frederick VI ordered a royal interment in an elaborately carved sarcophagus for the Iron Age mummy, decreeing it to be the body of Queen Gunnhild . Later this identification proved incorrect, but the action suited his political agenda at the time. Frederick VI died at the age of 71 at Amalienborg Palace and was buried in Frederick V's chapel in Roskilde Cathedral . Frederick reigned over Denmark for

693-486: A province long coveted by Prussia , he negotiated an agreement that Prussia would not attack it. Denmark remained neutral. In 1807, Napoleonic forces seized Swedish Pomerania and forced Prussia and Russia to sign the Treaty of Tilsit . Russia was therein obliged to attack Napoleon's enemies, and since Gustav IV Adolf refused to break his alliance with the United Kingdom, the tsar invaded Finland and severed it from Sweden in

770-684: A short war with Sweden , Norway accepted entering into a personal union with Sweden at the Convention of Moss . King Christian Frederik abdicated after convening an extraordinary Storting , which revised the Constitution to allow for the Union. It was formally established when the Storting elected Charles XIII as king of Norway on 4 November 1814. In the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars , Denmark–Norway and

847-451: A slightly stronger tradition of hard liquor , such as corn , vodka , and schnapps . Binge drinking is far more common in the north – almost 70% of binge drinking hospitalizations on weekends happen in the eight northern provinces and states containing just 40% of the population. As in all of Germany, mulled wine is a popular alcoholic drink during the Christmas season. In

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924-798: A total of 55 years; 24 years as crown prince regent and 31 years as king. He was the 894th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain and the 654th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1822. The Royal Frederick University (now University of Oslo ) in Oslo was named in his honour. As Frederick VI had no surviving sons to succeed him, so he was succeeded on the throne of Denmark by his paternal half-first cousin Christian . Frederick VI and his wife Marie of Hesse-Kassel were

1001-400: A variety of black puddings commonly eaten for brunch . Another northern German regional specialty are meatloaves ( Hackbraten ), made from a mixture of ground pork and beef and served with mashed potatoes, brown sauce and lingonberry jam. Many traditional meat-based lunch dishes are served with boiled or mashed potatoes and brown sauce. Eating brunch is very popular during weekends in

1078-606: Is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of Schleswig-Holstein , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony and the two city-states Hamburg and Bremen . It contrasts with Southern Germany , Western Germany , and Eastern Germany . Northern Germany generally refers to the Sprachraum area north of the Uerdingen and Benrath line isoglosses , where Low German dialects are spoken. These comprise

1155-409: Is an exception insofar as tea is largely preferred over coffee there, to the extent that East Frisians drink about 300 litres (79 US gal) of tea per capita and year, more than in any particular country. Lunch at workplaces and educational institutions in northern Germany begins very early – usually between 11:45 and 12:15 pm, and dinner is usually eaten between 7 and 8 pm. This

1232-467: Is because the work and school day starts pretty early, at 8 am sharp. Lunches eaten at home during holidays and weekends usually start later – around 1 pm. The drinking culture in the north is more or less similar to that of the rest of the country, heavily based on beer with pale lagers and pilsners being favourites. Unlike Bavaria and Central Germany , dark beers or dark lagers are not at all popular in northern Germany. The north has

1309-545: Is centered around boiled potatoes , rye bread, dairy products, cabbages, cucumbers, berries, jams, fish , and pork and beef . A breakfast specialty is the crispbread ( Knäckebrot ), eaten with a variety of toppings such as ham, soft cheese, cucumber, tomatoes, and liver paste. Lentil stews and soups are very popular as a working lunch. Regional specialties in Schleswig-Holstein , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony include blood sausage ( Blutwurst ) and

1386-633: Is characterized by higher levels of income equality and gender equality than southern and south-western Germany. While the national federal Gini coefficient for Germany stands at around 30, the southern states have a Gini coefficient of 30.6 whereas for the Northern states the Gini coefficient stands at 27.5 which is closer to the Scandinavian average of 25. Traditional society in the western part of Northern Germany ( Schleswig-Holstein , Lower Saxony and some parts of North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony-Anhalt ) until

1463-719: Is given first. The German Football Association was founded in Leipzig in 1900. Several cities in Northern Germany have hosted matches of the 1974 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 and 2006 FIFA World Cup . The Nordderby ( Northern derby ) is played between Hamburger SV and SV Werder Bremen , whereas the Hamburg derby is played between Hamburger SV and FC St. Pauli . Other notable men's football clubs include Hertha Berlin , VfL Wolfsburg , Hannover 96 , Eintracht Braunschweig , F.C. Hansa Rostock , 1. FC Magdeburg . Hamburger SV won

1540-457: Is not available to students, it is not uncommon for students to bring their own hot coffee in insulated flasks and drink from it intermittently. Cafés usually offer medium-fat milk and sugar cubes along with filter coffee . Commonly eaten desserts include waffles with ice cream, pancakes, the sweet bun roll with cream known as Heißwecke , and blueberry pie ( Heidelbeerkuchen ) with vanilla cream. The northwesternmost region of East Frisia

1617-1173: The 1982–83 European Cup and six German championships, whereas Werder Bremen won the German championship four times and Hertha Berlin twice. In women's football, the VfL Wolfsburg won the Bundesliga three times and the UEFA Women's Champions League twice, whereas 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam won the Bundesliga six times and the UEFA Champions League twice. Notable Basketball Bundesliga teams include Alba Berlin , Basketball Löwen Braunschweig , Hamburg Towers and EWE Baskets Oldenburg . Notable Eishockey-Bundesliga teams include Eisbären Berlin , Grizzlys Wolfsburg , Hamburg Freezers , Hannover Scorpions and Fischtown Pinguins . Notable handball teams include GWD Minden , SG Flensburg-Handewitt , TuS Nettelstedt-Lübbecke , THW Kiel , Handball Hamburg , SC Magdeburg , Buxtehuder SV , VfL Oldenburg and HSG Blomberg-Lippe . Notable marathon races include

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1694-859: The Berlin Marathon (one of the World Marathon Majors ), Hamburg Marathon , Hannover Marathon . Notable tennis tournaments include the Halle Open , International German Open and Sparkassen Open . Other notable competitions are the Kiel Week , EuroEyes Cyclassics and the Hanse Sail . The Olympiastadion in Berlin has hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics , 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and Internationales Stadionfest . The sailing competitions for

1771-552: The Duchy of Lauenburg . This duchy was then handed over from Prussia to Denmark, along with an additional payment of 3.5 million talers . Prussia also took over a Danish debt to Sweden of 600,000 talers, and agreed on an additional payment of 2 million talers to Sweden. Denmark and Sweden in turn relinquished their claims to Swedish Pomerania in favour of Prussia. Charles XIII of Sweden then released his Pomeranian subjects from their obligations towards Sweden on 1 October 1815, and on 23 October

1848-841: The Early Middle Ages , Northern Germany was the settlement area of the Saxon tribes, which were subjugated by the Frankish ruler Charlemagne in the Saxon Wars from 772 onwards, whereafter the Imperial Duchy of Saxony was established in 804. In the 10th century the Saxon lands, enlarged by the Saxon Eastern March , became the cradle of the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire , when

1925-521: The Finnish War , 1808/1809. Sweden could no longer uphold her anti-French foreign policy , and French Marshal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte was elected heir to the Swedish throne in 1810. Denmark–Norway entered an alliance with France after the second British bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807. In 1812, Napoleon's forces were decimated in their failed attempt to subdue Russia, and started their westward retreat. Sweden allied with Russia on 30 August 1812, with

2002-565: The French defeat in Russia in 1812, the Allies again asked him to change sides but he refused. Many historians portray the King as stubborn, incompetent, and motivated by a misconceived loyalty towards Napoleon. However, some historians in recent years have provided a different interpretation that sheds a better light on the King. He stayed with Napoleon in order to protect the exposed situation of Norway, which

2079-598: The Kingdom of Sweden tried to maintain neutrality but soon became involved in the fighting, joining opposite camps. Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf entered an alliance with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Russian Empire against Napoleon Bonaparte in 1805, and declared war on Napoleonic France . The United Kingdom, which had declared war on France in 1803, paid subsidies to Sweden. Before Gustav IV Adolf marched his forces out of Swedish Pomerania ,

2156-978: The Low Saxon dialects in the west (including the Westphalian language area up to the Rhineland ), the East Low German region along the Baltic coast with Western Pomerania , the Altmark and northern Brandenburg , as well as the North Low German dialects. Although from the 19th century onwards, the use of Standard German was strongly promoted especially by the Prussian administration, Low German dialects are still present in rural areas, with an estimated number of five to eight million active speakers. However, since World War II and

2233-588: The North German Confederation in the 19th century. The boundary between the spheres of political influence of Prussia (Northern Germany) and Austria (Southern Germany) within the German Confederation (1815–1866) was known as the "Main line" ( Mainlinie , after the river Main ), Frankfurt am Main being the seat of the federal assembly. The "Main line" did not follow the course of the river Main upstream of Frankfurt, rather corresponding to

2310-765: The geest and heaths inland. Also prominent are the low hills of the Baltic Uplands , the ground moraines , end moraines , sandur , glacial valleys , bogs and Luch . These features were formed during the Weichselian glaciation and contrast topographically with the adjacent Central Uplands of Germany to the south, such as the Harz and Teutoburg Forest , which are occasionally counted as part of Northern Germany. Northern Germany has traditionally been dominated by Protestantism , especially Lutheranism . The two northern provinces of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony have

2387-596: The 1520s after the period of the Kalmar Union with other Scandinavian countries. However, Frederick's brother-in-law, Prince Christian Augustus of Augustenborg , was first elected to the throne of Sweden, followed by the French Marshal Bernadotte . During the Napoleonic Wars , he tried to maintain neutrality; however, after the British bombardment of Copenhagen , he allied Denmark-Norway with Napoleon . After

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2464-506: The Crown Prince entered into a conspiracy with other disaffected persons who were in opposition to the government. Despite the Crown Prince's age, the government deliberately postponed his confirmation that would confirm his adult status. But in 1784, as Crown Prince Frederick turned 16, it could no longer be postponed, and he was finally confirmed on 4 April, and was declared of legal majority. Already, on 14 April 1784, he proceeded to seize

2541-532: The Crown Prince, who was perceived as weak and needed to be strengthened physically and mentally. While Struensee was in power, the young Frederick was raised at Hirschholm Palace following an interpretation of the educational approach advocated by Rousseau in his famous work Émile . Instead of receiving direct instruction, Frederick was expected to learn everything through his own efforts through playing with two commoner boys as per Struensee's instructions. The general ill will against Struensee found expression in

2618-597: The Danish administration to hand over all civilian and military administrative documents and archives concerning Norway. Article XVII provided for a mutual exchange of all prisoners of war. According to article XV, allied troops were to leave the Danish Duchy of Schleswig (Slesvig), but were allowed to remain in the German confederal Duchy of Holstein (Holsten), ruled in personal union with Denmark and Schleswig, to participate in

2695-523: The Danish claim to all of Greenland in the Eastern Greenland Case of 1931–33.) However, not all provisions of the treaty would come into force. Norway declared its independence, adopted a constitution and elected Crown Prince Christian Frederik as its own king. Sweden therefore refused to hand over Swedish Pomerania , which instead passed to Prussia after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. After

2772-566: The Danish king could choose within the next six years whether they would finally settle in Norway or Denmark, whereby property in the realm which would not become the permanent residence was to be sold only to inhabitants of this realm. This provision was also enacted with respect to Swedish Pomerania. In article XVI, it was agreed that the governors general and all foreign-born officials of the exchanged territories, as long as they did not decide to remain, were removed from their offices. Article XXI obliged

2849-559: The Danish king to negotiate further compensation for Denmark's territorial cessions to Sweden in a pending final peace. In article XIII, older Dano-British treaties were confirmed. The articles added in Brussels were concerned with the property of Danish subjects in the colonies or in ceded territories, which was to remain untouched by the British for the next three years, and equal treatment of Danish, British and Hanoveranian subjects, who were not to be prosecuted because of their participation in

2926-482: The Dano-British treaty confirms his obligation to put part of his army under Swedish command. In article IV, the Danish king in his and his successors' name "irrevocably and forever" renounced claims to the Kingdom of Norway , which would enter a union with Sweden under the Swedish king. The Norwegian kingdom was defined as consisting of the bishoprics of Christiansand , Bergen , Akershus and Trondheim , as well as

3003-420: The Swedish crown prince. This Danish contingent was to be treated the same way the Swedish contingent was treated, and the Danish king was to receive an annual 400,000 pounds of British subsidies for maintenance and pay of the army, to be paid in monthly installments as soon as the army entered Allied service. Article VIII was concerned with the abolishment of slave trade . In article X, the British king promised

3080-648: The Treaty of Kiel. This was supported by the majority of people living in Sweden. However, the Swedish elite in Christiania supported resistance. The bishop Johan Nordahl Brun wrote to Claus Pavels and urged his religious colleagues in Christiania to grab their rifles so as to never surrender. There was a brief war but a ceasefire allowed for the union between Norway and Sweden to be established. The Norwegian Parliament voted for

3157-465: The United Kingdom on 3 March 1813, and with Prussia on 22 April 1813. Previously, on 23 March 1813, she had declared war on Napoleon. Bernadotte's condition for entering the anti-Napoleonic alliance was the gain of Norway, which the United Kingdom and Russia accepted in May 1813. Prussia however did not acknowledge this claim at first. Thus, Bernadotte hesitated to enter the war with full force, and only engaged in

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3234-469: The United Kingdom was obliged to return all occupied Danish possessions to the Danish king. Excepted was the island of Heligoland , where the British king was granted "full and unlimited sovereignty". In article VI, the Danish king joined the anti- Napoleonic alliance, and obliged himself to maintain an army of 10,000 men that was to be joined to the Allied forces in Northern Germany and likewise be commanded by

3311-491: The age of 59 at Rendsburg during a stay in the Duchy of Holstein . At the death of his father, Frederick finally ascended the thrones of Denmark and Norway in name also as their seventh absolute monarch at the age of 40. When the throne of Sweden seemed likely to become vacant in 1809, Frederick was interested in being elected there as well. Frederick actually was the first monarch of Denmark and Norway to descend from Gustav I of Sweden , who had secured Sweden's independence in

3388-460: The alliance with Napoleon because of the Swedish claim to Norway, was isolated and, as a consequence of the war, bankrupt. Bernadotte, now free to attack Denmark after Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig in Mid-October, took his combined Swedish/Russian Army and quickly defeated the outnumbered Danish Army and occupied Holstein and Schleswig during late December 1813. Frederick VI agreed to make peace once it

3465-537: The assistance of Chief Minister Andreas Peter Bernstorff , including the abolition of serfdom in Denmark in 1788 and hanging as a capital punishment was abolished in 1789 in both Denmark and Norway. In 1803 the transatlantic slave trade was abolished in Denmark-Norway. After Crown Prince Frederick was declared of legal majority and assumed the regency in 1784, the Danish royal court started to make inquiries to arrange

3542-433: The cession of Norway in a pending final peace, and the cession of Swedish Pomerania is described as a "proof" of this intention. In article XII, the king of Sweden promised to maintain the Norwegian University of Christiania, and the Pomeranian University of Greifswald , which was to pass to Denmark according to article VII, and confirmed donations made before the exchange. Also, it was agreed in article XX that subjects of

3619-430: The coastal islands and the northern regions of Nordland and Finnmark to the Russian border. Excepted were Greenland , Iceland and the Faroe Islands . The Norwegian subjects were freed of their obligations to the Danish king. In article VI, the Swedish crown took over the debts and financial obligations of Norway, which was to be determined by a joint Dano-Swedish commission. Article VII ruled that Swedish Pomerania

3696-403: The creation of the Assemblies of the Estate (purely consultative regional assemblies); this had the unintended result of later exacerbating relations between Danes and Germans in Schleswig , whose regional assembly became a forum for constant bickering between the two national groups. Frederick VI was known as a patron of astronomy and in 1832 offered gold medal prizes to anyone who discovered

3773-410: The dukes of the Ottonian dynasty were elected King of the Romans and crowned Holy Roman Emperors . From 1500 onwards, the former Saxon territories (except for Westphalia) were incorporated into the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire . The Hanseatic League is also part of the common history and culture of the cities in northern Germany. Northern Germany corresponds to the territory of

3850-460: The early 20th century was based on well-off, literate and landowning yeoman farmers owning relatively large pieces of land, making a living growing grain crops and raising dairy cattle and pigs, and a large and educated middle class in the towns and cities working in the civil service, or as businessmen, artisans, blue-collar workers and skilled workers. Thus, the proportion of serfs, landless labourers, semi-skilled industrial workers and large landlords

3927-455: The encirclement of Hamburg . In article XXVII, former Dano-Swedish peaces were confirmed as long as their provisions were not in conflict with the treaty of Kiel, namely the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) , the Treaty of Stockholm (June 1720) , the Treaty of Frederiksborg (July 1720) and the Treaty of Jönköping (1809). A separate article was concerned with the cession of hostilities. The Swedish crown prince intended to invade Norway to enforce

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4004-471: The former Iron Curtain and mutual prejudices regarding what once was the other side may still persist today. A number of Scottish and English Lutheran Families settled in Northern Germany between the years 1683 and 1709, with the result that many Germans in Northwest Germany can claim Scottish and English ancestry. The term northern German states is always used to refer to the following coastal federal States of Germany : In some cases, it also includes

4081-417: The full powers of the regency, dismissing the ministers loyal to the Queen Dowager. It is said that during the coup, he engaged in a fistfight with his half-uncle over the regency. He continued as regent of Denmark-Norway under his father's name until the latter's death in 1808. During the first years of the regency, Frederick instituted widespread liberal reforms in the spirit of enlightened absolutism with

4158-424: The highest proportion of self-reported Lutherans in Germany. Exceptions include the Catholic districts of Emsland , Cloppenburg and Vechta in the west, traditionally linked to the Catholic region of Westphalia in the south, and the southernmost region of Lower Saxony , around the city of Duderstadt , comprising part of the traditional Catholic enclave of Eichsfeld . Culturally and socially, Northern Germany

4235-423: The immigration of expellees from the former eastern territories of Germany , its prevalence has steadily reduced. Besides which, Frisian is spoken in East and North Frisia , as well as Danish (Standard and South Jutlandic ) in parts of Schleswig . The key terrain feature of Northern Germany is the North German Plain including the marshes along the coastline of the North and Baltic Seas , as well as

4312-521: The island where she did not exact actual sovereignty, and accordingly proclaimed a Norwegian Eirik Raudes Land in eastern Greenland on 10 July 1931, which had been occupied in the previous month. On 5 April 1933 however, the court ruled that on the basis of the Treaty of Kiel and subsequent treaties, Denmark was the sovereign over the whole of Greenland. Bibliography Frederick VI of Denmark Frederick VI ( Danish and Norwegian : Frederik ; 28 January 1768 – 3 December 1839)

4389-429: The larger towns and cities. In regions nearer to the coast, fish is very popular, with pickled herring and salmon being delicacies. Drinking coffee is firmly rooted in northern Germany and the northern provinces on average consume around 8 kilograms (18 lb) of coffee per capita annually. This is more than the 6 kilograms (13 lb) of coffee per capita consumed in the south. Coffee is frequently drunk four times

4466-400: The late 1760s, and from 1770 to 1772, Struensee was de facto regent of the country. Struensee soon also became the confidant of Queen Caroline Mathilde, Frederick's mother, partly because during a smallpox epidemic in the autumn of 1769, in which over 1,000 children died, he successfully inoculated Crown Prince Frederick with good results. In doing so, Struensee won the gratitude and trust of

4543-406: The liberal ideas of his years as a prince regent . Censorship and suppression of all opposition together with the poor state of the country's economy made this period of his reign somewhat gloomy, though the King himself in general maintained his position of a well-meaning autocrat. From the 1830s the economic depression was eased a bit and from 1834 the King accepted a small democratic innovation by

4620-433: The neglected Queen and soon became her lover as well. It is widely believed that Struensee was also the biological father of Prince Frederick's only sister Princess Louise Augusta , who was born in 1771. Both the Queen and Struensee were ideologically influenced by Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Therefore, the Queen also fully approved the harsh education recommended by Struensee for

4697-407: The non-coastal states of: Northern Germany as a region or as a historical landscape includes additional federal states (see geography above). Northwestern Germany is usually considered to be part of Northern Europe both culturally and geographically where as the southern states are much closer to Central European cultures. Where a city has different names in English and German, the English name

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4774-454: The northern border of the Kingdom of Bavaria . Cultural or political east–west divisions have existed in northern Germany since at least the early modern period, when During the Cold War of the second half of the 20th century, a cultural division of northern Germany into an Eastern and a Western part has become more pronounced due to the 1949–1990 division of all of Germany into West Germany and East Germany , where identities based upon

4851-476: The parents of eight children, six of whom died in infancy. Two daughters grew to adulthood and neither of them had children. The eight children of Frederick and Marie were: By his mistress Frederikke Dannemand (Bente Mortensdatter Andersen (Rafsted)), King Frederick VI had these four children: He received the following orders and decorations: Northern Germany Northern Germany (German: Norddeutschland , [ˈnɔʁtdɔɪ̯tʃlant] )

4928-440: The province was handed over to von Ingersleben, president of Prussian Pomerania . Between 1931 and 1933, Norway contested the Danish possession of all of Greenland at the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague . As of December 2008, this was the only case where possession of a polar territory was ever decided by an international court. The Norwegian side argued that Denmark did not hold rights to any part of

5005-411: The throne. The young prince was baptised already two days after the birth on 30 January at Christiansborg Palace by the royal confessor Ludvig Harboe , Bishop of Zealand , and was named after his late grandfather, King Frederick V . His godparents were King Christian VII (his father), the dowager queen Juliana Maria (his step-grandmother) and his half-uncle, Hereditary Prince Frederick . At

5082-428: The time of Crown Prince Frederick's birth, conditions at the Danish court were characterized by Christian VII's increasing mental illness, including suspected schizophrenia expressed by catatonic periods. In the resulting intrigues and power struggles which followed, Christian's personal physician, the progressive and radical thinker Johann Friedrich Struensee , became the King's advisor and rose steadily in power during

5159-483: The time of his reign, succeeding Danish monarchs have also chosen mottos in the Danish language rather than the formerly customary Latin. He was succeeded by his half cousin Christian . The future King Frederick VI was born between 10 and 11 p.m. on 28 January 1768 in the Queen's Bedchamber at Christiansborg Palace , the royal residence in central Copenhagen . He was the first child born to King Christian VII and Queen Caroline Mathilde of Denmark and Norway . He

5236-451: The war on different sides, nor because of their political or religious beliefs. The treaty between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden was negotiated by Danish diplomat Edmund Bourke (Burke) and Swedish envoy Baron Gustaf af Wetterstedt with British mediation. It consisted of 28 articles and one separate article. In article III, the Danish king promised to join the alliance against Napoleonic France , and with reference to

5313-461: The wife of the future Frederick VII of Denmark . Crises encountered during his reign include disagreement with the British over neutral shipping. This resulted in two British attacks on Copenhagen, the Battle of Copenhagen of 1801 and the Battle of Copenhagen of 1807 . The conflict continued in the Gunboat War between Denmark-Norway and the United Kingdom, which lasted until the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. On 13 March 1808, Christian VII died at

5390-435: Was king of Denmark from 13 March 1808 until his death in 1839 and king of Norway from 13 March 1808 to 7 February 1814. He was the last king of Denmark–Norway . From 1784 until his accession, he served as regent during his father's mental illness and was referred to as the "Crown Prince Regent" (Norwegian: kronprinsregent ). For his motto he chose God and the just cause (Danish: Gud og den retfærdige sag ) and since

5467-426: Was born 15 months after his parents' wedding, the day before his father's 19th birthday, and while his mother was just 16 years old. The King had shown little interest in the Queen after the marriage and only reluctantly visited her in her chambers. The King's advisors had to step in, among other things with love letters written in the King's name, in an attempt to make the marriage lead to a pregnancy and thus an heir to

5544-505: Was clear that Bernadotte would occupy Jutland and Zealand (with British naval assistance), if necessary to force the Norwegian cession. The treaty between the Kingdom of Denmark and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was negotiated by Danish diplomat Edmund Bourke and the British envoy at the Swedish court, Edward Thornton . It consisted of 14 articles, to which two articles were added in Brussels on 7 April. In article III,

5621-593: Was dependent on grain imports and had become the target of Swedish territorial ambitions. He expected the wars would end with a great international conference in which Napoleon would have a major voice, and would help protect the crown's interests, especially in Norway. After the French defeat in the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 and the loss of the Norwegian crown (as a result of the Treaty of Kiel ), Frederick VI carried through an authoritarian and reactionary course, giving up

5698-542: Was made regent. The real power, however, was held by Hereditary Prince Frederick's mother (Crown Prince Frederick's step-grandmother), Queen Dowager Juliana Maria , aided by Ove Høegh-Guldberg . Frederick was raised under the supervision of Margrethe Marie Thomasine Numsen and then under his chamberlain, Johan Bülow . Already in 1782, Crown Prince Frederick came in contact with the minister Andreas Peter Bernstorff , who had been dismissed two years earlier. Later

5775-555: Was relatively smaller, making for a more stable society than elsewhere in Germany like the Rhineland region and the region east of the Elbe river. Additionally, Northern cities like Hamburg , Bremen and Rostock have always been economic powerhouses of trade and commerce and have had a long tradition of innovation and creativity in business and industry. The traditional northern German daily diet

5852-577: Was solved at the Congress of Vienna , when the Great Powers followed a plan worked out by Karl August von Hardenberg , prime minister of the Kingdom of Prussia , who proposed a ring exchange of territories and payments between the Kingdom of Denmark , the Kingdom of Hanover (ruled in personal union with Great Britain and Ireland ), the Kingdom of Prussia and the Kingdom of Sweden . According to Hardenberg's plan, Prussia ceded East Frisia with Emden to Hanover, and in exchange received from Hanover

5929-419: Was to be handed over to Denmark. In article XV, it was ruled that the Swedish forces were to take over the Norwegian fortresses as soon as the treaty was ratified, and that they were to abandon Swedish Pomerania as soon as the Norwegian fortresses Fredriksten , Fredrikstad , Kongsvinger and Akershus were handed over. In article XIII, the Swedish king promised the Danish king to negotiate full compensation for

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