Misplaced Pages

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75-750: Despite many claims that the Jabrid Emirate in the 14th and 15th centuries was ruled by the Bani Khalid, the Jabrid dynasty seems to be unrelated. The confusion may arise from the fact that the ruling clan of the Bani Khalid were also known as the Banu Jabr, and also may have descended from the Banu Uqayl like the Jabrids; as well as the fact that both dynasties ruled the same region, yet there are no contemporary sources labelling

150-408: A desert climate with temperatures approaching 50 °C (122 °F) in the summer and an average humidity of 75%. In winter, temperatures range between 2 and 18 °C (36 and 64 °F). During the months of May and June, warm seasonal winds called albwarh affect the region. The rest of the year, the moist southern winds, or alcos , bring humidity. There is little rainfall. The Qatif region

225-565: A governorate and urban area located in Eastern Province , Saudi Arabia . It extends from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south, and from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. This region has its own municipality and includes the Qatif downtown, Safwa , Saihat , Tarout Island , and many other smaller cities and towns. Qatif

300-580: A battle at Ghuraymil, south of Qatif, the Banu Khalid lost their rule to the new " First Saudi State " in 1790. In 1818 the Saudi State was destroyed in the Ottoman-Saudi War and the commander of the mostly Egyptian troops, Ibrahim Pasha , took control of Hofuf, only to evacuate it the next year and return to the west coast. The Humayd regained control until the Banu Khalid were finally defeated in 1830 by

375-565: A big demonstration. The demonstrators spent the evening of 11 November 1979 shouting slogans against the royal family and the Americans. The Saudi government responded by imposing a curfew on all the towns in the Qatif area, sealing off the area with tanks and armoured vehicles. A bloody showdown between the armed forces and the Shiites continued until 30 November 1979, in which thousands were arrested, hundreds injured and 24 killed. On 10 March 2011, in

450-508: A brotherly union in the Holy Places. You see another difficulty, Excellency, in the existence of the non-Jewish population in Palestine. But who would think of sending them away? It is their well-being, their individual wealth which we will increase by bringing in our own. Do you think that an Arab who owns land or a house in Palestine worth three or four thousand francs will be very angry to see

525-496: A letter from Zadok Kahn Chief Rabbi of France, calling him to the Zionist cause. He replied with a letter: "In the Name of God, Leave Palestine Alone." When Zadok Kahn showed the letter to Theodor Herzl , the founder of political Zionism, Herzl replied: "If we are not wanted in Palestine, we will search and we will find elsewhere what we seek." Yusuf Dia Pasha's nephew Ruhi al Khalidi was

600-530: A teenager, al-Khalidi may have been influenced by the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 . At the age of 17, he wrote of his thoughts about the state of the world, personal dignity and the individual's quest to become free, in the context of meditations on why the Ottoman Empire was being increasingly surrounded by European powers pilfering the region of its wealth and identified the cause of the situation to be

675-538: A western border for Qatif and separates it from King Fahd International Airport . The Gulf Road links the city with Dammam . It is also close to the King Fahd Causeway that connects the kingdom with the nation of Bahrain (about 55 km (35 mi)). List of some towns and villages forming Qatif county: Yousef al-Khalidi Yusuf Dia Pasha al-Khalidi (1842–1906; Arabic : يوسف ضياء الدين باشا الخالدي , Yousef Ḍiya’ ad-Dīn Bāshā al-Khalidī )

750-462: Is a professor of history at Oxford University . The nephew of Hussein al-Khalidi , Rashid Khalidi , is a professor at Columbia University and has written extensively on the Palestinian Exodus. The Khalidis of Jerusalem established the famous Khalidi Library near Al-Aqsa Mosque, which is open till this day. Al-Qatif Qatif or Al-Qatif ( Arabic : ٱلْقَطِيف Al-Qaṭīf ) is

825-428: Is derived from what translates to "harvest" or "grain", signifying the area's past agricultural history. The historic oasis area shows its first archaeological evidence of settlement beginning about 3500 BC. It was known by other names, such as Al-Khatt ( الخَطّ ), immortalized in the poetry of Antarah ibn Shaddad , Tarafa ibn Al-`Abd , Bashshar ibn Burd (in his famous Ba'yya), and others. The word "Khatty" became

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900-507: Is necessary to understand this, and make it known to everybody. As Your Excellency said very well in your letter to the Grand Rabbi, the Jews have no belligerent Power behind them, neither are they themselves of a warlike nature. They are a completely peaceful element, and very content if they are -left in peace. Therefore, there is absolutely nothing to fear from their immigration. The question of

975-574: Is one of the oldest settlements in Eastern Arabia ; its history goes back to 3500 BC, more than 5,000 years ago, and was part of the Bahrain Region which was called Dilmun at that time and the Sumerians knew it as the land of paradise, immortality, and life. Before the discovery of oil, Qatifi people used to work as merchants, farmers, and fishermen. However, with the development of the oil fields in

1050-521: Is rich with shrimp and many varieties of fish . Qatif Fish Market is the largest in the Middle East . Qatif villages are known to have many date palms and other fruits. On 8 March 2020 Qatif was put into lockdown by Saudi Arabia until 29 April 2020 because of cases of COVID-19 . There are several educational facilities built by the government and Saudi Aramco for all age levels, starting from first grade in elementary school to secondary school. Most of

1125-609: Is the largest concentration of Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia; less than 10% of Qatif are Sunni Muslims . Qatif is the centre of the Shiite population in Saudi Arabia. Since 2005, the government has eased the restrictions on commemorating Day of Ashura in public. As of 2022, the total population of Qatif was 552,442. Qatif has one of the lowest numbers of non-Saudi residents in the kingdom (only 114,173). Most people in Qatif are Arab Baharna , with very similar culture and dialects to

1200-519: Is these sentiments that put me at ease to speak frankly to You about the great question that is currently agitating your people. You are well aware that I am talking about Zionism. The idea in itself is only natural, beautiful and just. Who can dispute the rights of the Jews to Palestine? My God, historically it is Your country! And what a marvellous spectacle it would be if the Jews, so gifted, were once again reconstituted as an independent nation, respected, happy, able to render services to poor humanity in

1275-616: The Battle of Qatif . From 1071 until 1253 the Uyunids ruled the region first from the city of "al-Hasa" (predecessor to modern Hofuf ) and later from Qatif. In 1253 the Usfurids rose from Al-Hasa and ruled during the struggle of Qays with the Hormuz for control of the coast. Probably at about this time, Qatif became the main port for the mainland surpassing ' Uqair in importance for the trade and thus became

1350-502: The Mutayr and 'Ajman tribes in 1823, and another battle with the Subay' and Al Saud in 1830, brought the rule of the Bani Khalid to a close. The Ottomans appointed a governor from Bani Khalid over al-Hasa once more in 1874, but his rule was also short-lived. The Khalidis of Jerusalem rose to prominence during Mamluk rule. They became one of the most powerful families in Palestine, rivaled by

1425-661: The Saudis and their allies and attempted to invade Nejd and Diriyyah in an effort to stop Saudi expansion. Their efforts failed, however, and after conquering Nejd, the Saudis invaded the Bani Khalid's domain in al-Hasa and deposed Al 'Ura'yir in 1793. In the early 1950s, many Al Arabi people originating from Iraq migrated to Saudi Arabia Al Qassim. When the Ottomans invaded Arabia and overthrew Al Saud in 1818, they conquered al-Hasa and al-Qatif, and reinstated members of Al 'Uray'ir as rulers of

1500-506: The "Second Saudi State" who now took control of the whole region. The Ottomans moved in again in 1871 not to be expelled until 1913 when Ibn Saud finally established the Saudi rule in the Eastern Province . The economy of Qatif witnessed a sharp decline in the 1920s, initially due to the invention of cultured pearls which severely impacted the Gulf pearl trade, then due to World War I . The decline

1575-432: The 10 days, small kiosks are erected by volunteers in the squares and streets to provide free food, sweets and beverages to the audience and passers-by. Mahmous , a local black colored dish is widely offered during Ashura to indicate a climate of grief. Traditionally, people go out to the seashore to celebrate after the end of Safar , and when they return in the sunset, heaps of straw are collected and burned to symbolize

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1650-495: The Baharna of Bahrain . There is a minority of bedouins, of the tribes of Bani Khalid and Bani Hajer , concentrated in the villages of Anak and Um Al-Sahek . There are also Sunni Gulf Arabs concentrated in the villages of Darin and Al-Zour. Several periodic religious occasions are held in Qatif, the most prominent of which are the Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha , as well as Qarqi'an , and

1725-449: The British consul. The governor of Qatif responded with intimidation and mass imprisonments. Several notables wrote letters to King Abdulaziz voicing their complaints. He eventually met with the governor and some citizens, pardoned past-due taxes, and reduced new taxes. Approximately 60,000 Shias (estimate of 1969) live in the oasis town of Qatif, which is about 65 km (40 mi) from

1800-509: The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini . Due to the Khaldis opposition to nationalism, they had difficult time getting back into politics, with the exceptions of Hussein al-Khalidi who was mayor from 1934 to 1937, and Mustafa al-Khalidi who was the last Arab Mayor of Jerusalem from 1938 to 1944. When Mustafa was accused of Zionism, like his relatives, he replied by saying,"We must recognise

1875-518: The Holy Places? But no one thinks of ever touching those. As I have said and written many times: These places have lost forever the faculty of belonging exclusively to one faith, to one race or to one people. The Holy Places are and will remain holy for all the world, for the Moslems as for the Christians as for the Jews. The universal peace which all men of good will ardently hope for will have its symbol in

1950-478: The Israelites are concerned [...], I really do regard them as relatives of us Arabs; for us they are cousins; we really do have the same father, Abraham, from whom we are also descended. There are a lot of affinities between the two races; we have almost the same language. Politically, moreover, I am convinced that the Jews and Arabs will do well to support each other if they are to resist the invaders of other races. It

2025-712: The Ittihad ve Terraki, a right wing party believing in Ottoman Islamist Nationalism, as opposed to their Husseini rivals who were Arab Nationalists. After the collapse of the Ottomans in WW1 due to the Great Arab Revolt , a British Mandate was set up in Palestine, charged with modernizing Palestine and granting it independence when it was "ready". This time period was marked by Arab Nationalists strengthening their regime under

2100-580: The Jabrids as Khalidis. The chieftainship of the Bani Khalid has traditionally been held by the clan of Al Humaid from the Banu Jabr section of the Khalidis. The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding the Al-Hasa and Al-Qatif during the 15th and 18th centuries. Under Barrak ibn Ghurayr of the Al Humaid, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman garrisons from the cities and towns of Eastern Arabia as well as

2175-717: The Jerusalem Sharia court secretariat in Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire for about fifty years. Members of the Khalidi family , one of the politically prominent old families of the local nobility (the others being the al-Husayni family and the Nashashibi family ), continuously held the office through the 18th and 19th centuries. Although the Husayni family was larger and wealthier, the Khalidis were more united and noted for their intellect. As

2250-449: The Ottoman Empire. Compelled by a "holy duty of conscience" to voice his concerns that Zionism would jeopardize the friendly associations between Muslims, Christians and Jews, he wrote a letter On 1 March 1899 to Zadok Kahn , the chief rabbi of France , to prevail on Zionists, through Kahn's offices, to leave the area of Palestine in peace. "I flatter myself to think that I need not speak of my feelings towards Your people. As far as

2325-628: The average European nation. In accordance with the Ottoman Constitution of 1876, which had turned the Ottoman Empire into a constitutional monarchy, it now had a parliament with representatives from every province. Yusuf Dia-Uddin Pasha Al Khalidi was the representative of Jerusalem in the parliament, and was also the mayor of Jerusalem from 1870 to 1876 and 1878 to 1879. Yusuf Dia Pasha had studied in Malta and learned English and French. He received

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2400-552: The bird's eggs, earning the tribe the appellation of "protectors of the eggs of the Habari", an allusion to the chief's absolute supremacy over his realm. The Bani Khalid of eastern Arabia maintained ties with members of their tribe who had settled in Nejd during their earlier migration eastwards, and also cultivated clients among the rulers of the Najdi towns, such as Al Mu'ammar of al-Uyayna . When

2475-653: The birth of Hassan bin Ali , and is called Karikshon. Qarqi'an is an annual custom found in both Bahrain, Qatif and some other areas in the Persian Gulf, where celebrations are held, feasts are made, new clothes are worn, candles are lit, and people and children between 4 and 12 years go out to the streets of old villages and neighborhoods to celebrate. Mosques prepare early to receive visitors, and people distribute sweets and food. The girls wear traditional clothes and are decorated with henna. The children chant folk songs, while they roam

2550-400: The burning of mourning monuments. Pottery, worn-out trays, and pots are disposed of by smashing them, a habit that seemed to fade away, but few still do it nonetheless. Joy and festivals pervade all of Qatif on during Qarqi'an , on the 15th of the month of Sha’ban , which coincides with the birth of Al-Mahdi , and this day is called Al-Nasifah, and on the 15th of Ramadan, which coincides with

2625-571: The capital of the Usfurids. Ibn Battuta , visited Qatif in 1331 and found it a large and prosperous city inhabited by Arab tribes whom he described as "extremist Shi`is". Power shifted in 1440 to the Jabrids of the Al-Hasa oasis. In 1515 the Portuguese conquered Hormuz and sacked Qatif in 1520, killing the Jabrid ruler Muqrin ibn Zamil . The Portuguese invaded the island of Bahrain and stayed there for

2700-415: The city of Al-Qatif, its name is derived from fruit picking, which is an oasis of water and a large city with many palm trees inhabited by sects of Shiite Arabs." Its survival in the midst of desert surroundings is due not only to its being a coastal city but to the fact that Qatif is a green oasis with rich agricultural soil. Qatif itself is surrounded by a jungle of palm trees . Springs are abundant in

2775-424: The city of Qatif resulted in protests the evening of his arrest. Government snipers killed two protesters that night: Sayed Akbar al-Shakori and Sayed Mohammed Alfelfel. Videos of the killing were released on video streaming sites such as YouTube.com . Although Qatif has a traditional Arab cuisine, in which it shares dishes with its surroundings, it is famous and specializes in several dishes, including: Qatif has

2850-499: The deaths and births of Muhammad and the twelve Imams . At the beginning of each Hijri year , Qatif is draped with black, red and green banners and flags over houses, alleys and roads, which is intended to announce the state of mourning and the start of the Ashura season from the beginning of the month of Muharram until the end of the month of Safar in commemoration of the days of Ashura in which Hussein bin Ali , grandson of Muhammad

2925-607: The disparity in knowledge between the region and Europe. The interests of the country could only be defended by dropping frivolous studies and acquiring scientific, historical and philosophical knowledge. Yousef's initial requests to receive an education in Egypt was turned down because he lacked an invitation from that country and his father rebuffed his proposal that he be educated in Europe. Afterward he and his cousin Husayn left Jerusalem without

3000-535: The emir of Uyayna adopted the ideas of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab , as the Khalidis were strong proponents of the Maliki Madhab and opposed to the new Wahhabi ideology, the Khalidi chief ordered him to cease support for Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and to expel him from his town. The emir agreed, and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab moved to neighboring Dir'iyyah , where he joined forces with Al Saud . The Bani Khalid remained staunch enemies of

3075-471: The encroaching Portuguese who had built many fortified trade posts. In 1670 they proclaimed their rule over the region. Ibn Ghurayr made his capital in Al-Mubarraz near Al-Ahsa , where remnants of his castle stand today. According to Arabian folklore, one chief of the Bani Khalid attempted to protect the prized desert bustard ( Habari ) from extinction by prohibiting the bedouin in his realm from poaching

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3150-726: The equally powerful Husayni clan as well as the Nashashibis . The Khalidi family held the banner of the Qaysi faction in Jerusalem while the Husaynis held the banner of the Yamanis. After the fall of Egypt and the Levant to the Ottomans, the Khalidis grew in power, with many of them holding key offices. After the Tanzimat reforms were completed, the Ottoman Empire adopted a new government type, modeled on that of

3225-517: The facts; the Zionists have migrated to this country, become citizens, have become Palestinians, and they cannot be thrown into the sea. Likewise, some of them have bought land and received deeds in exchange for money and we must recognize them. There is no point in closing our eyes about such things". After the creation of the State of Israel, most Arab countries had turned into monarchies, meaning ascension into

3300-681: The family's permission and reached Malta where they were enrolled into the Protestant college through the mediation of the Anglican bishop Gobat of Jerusalem. There, he studied English and French. Yousef's brother Yasin persuaded him after two years in the Protestant college to attend the Imperial Medical School in Constantinople , capital of the Empire. Yousef was dissatisfied with his time at

3375-588: The founder of political Zionism. On 19 March 1899 Herzl replied to al-Khalidi arguing that both the Ottoman Empire and the non-Jewish population of Palestine would benefit from Jewish immigration. As to al-Khalidi concerns about the non-Jewish majority population of Palestine, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of sending them away?" and concluded ambiguously that "If he (the Ottoman Sultan) will not accept it, we will search and, believe me, we will find elsewhere what we need." The Zionist idea, of which I am

3450-513: The historical region known as the Province of Bahrain , along with Al-Hasa and the present-day Bahrain islands. In 899 the Qarmatians conquered the region with the oases of Qatif and Al-Hasa. They declared themselves independent and reigned from al-Mu'miniya near modern Hofuf until 1071. The Buyids of western Persia raided Qatif in 988. In 1059, Qatif was liberated from Qarmatian rule during

3525-473: The humble servant, has no hostile tendency toward the Ottoman Government, but quite to the contrary this movement is concerned with opening up new resources for the Ottoman Empire. In allowing immigration to a number of Jews bringing their intelligence, their financial acumen and their means of enterprise to the country, no one can doubt that the well-being of the entire country would be the happy result. It

3600-531: The late 1940s, Qatif lost its status as an important port to Dammam, and since the 1990s has focused on the oil industry, public services, education, and healthcare sectors. Several travelers visited the city, most famously Abulfeda : "Al-Qatif: a town next to Al-Ahsa, of a beautiful nature, whose people are well-groomed, and it is on the Arab side of the Persian Sea coast," as well as Ibn Battuta : "Then we traveled to

3675-400: The letter from Theodore Herzl to Yusuf Diya-uddin al-Khalidi dated 19 March 1899 Scholar Rashid Khalidi notes that this sentiment was penned 4 years after Herzl had confided to his diary the idea of spiriting the Arab population away to make way for Jews: We must expropriate gently the private property on the estates assigned to us. We shall try to spirit the penniless population across

3750-418: The letter from Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi to Zadoc Kahn, the chief Rabbi of France, dated March 1, 1899. According to Rashid Khalidi , Alexander Scholch and Dominique Perrin , Khalidi was prescient in predicting that, regardless of Jewish historic rights, given the geopolitical context, Zionism could stir an awakening of Arab nationalism uniting Christians and Muslims. Kahn showed the letter to Theodor Herzl ,

3825-614: The main Saudi refinery and the export terminal of Ras Tanura . The Shias have participated in all the strikes and other political demonstrations that have taken place in the kingdom. The most significant were the 1979 strikes when the Saudi armed forces were called in. The Shias in Saudi Arabia were very receptive to Khomeini and demonstrated against the Saudi royal family on the hitherto novel grounds that Islam and hereditary kingship are not compatible. When American jets landed in Dhahran Air Base for manoeuvres, citizens of Qatif organized

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3900-416: The mayor of Jerusalem from 1899 to 1907 and deputy to the head of parliament in 1911; he wrote extensively on early Zionism and the threats they posed; and was known to be very cross with the ruling political party, the Ittihad ve Terraki , for their lack of seriousness with dealing with the Zionist threat. His rising political career ended with his death from typhoid in 1913. Both Yusuf and Ruhi were part of

3975-451: The medical school after a year, finding no "salvation, he enrolled in an American Protestant missionary school outside of the capital, Robert College ." He remained there for a year and a half before returning to Jerusalem because of the death of his father. Later in life he taught Semitic languages in the Oriental Academy of Vienna, where he also wrote the first Kurdish - Arabic dictionary. Al Khalidi served as mayor of Jerusalem from

4050-587: The moral domain as in the past! Unfortunately, the destinies of nations are not governed solely by these abstract conceptions, however pure, however noble they may be. We must reckon with reality, with established facts, with force, yes with the brutal force of circumstances. But the reality is that Palestine is now an integral part of the Ottoman Empire and, what is more serious, it is inhabited by people other than only Israelites. This reality, these acquired facts, this brutal force of circumstances leave Zionism, geographically, no hope of realisation." Excerpts from

4125-426: The neighborhoods with large bags to collect candy distributed from houses. Saudi Aramco (the Saudi national oil company) completed the development of the Qatif Project in October 2004, comprising facilities to produce, process and transport 80,000 cubic metres per day (500,000 bbl/d) of blended Arabian light crude oil from the Qatif field and 48,000 m /d (300,000 bbl/d) of Arabian medium crude oil from

4200-407: The next eighty years. The ruler of Basra extended his power to Qatif in 1524 but ultimately in 1549 the Ottomans took over, though they could not expel the Portuguese from the island of Bahrain. In 1551 the Portuguese conquered Qatif maintaining domain of the gulf allied with the Pasha of Basra. In 1680 the Al Humayd of the Banu Khalid took the by now weak garrison of the Ottomans in Hofuf. In

4275-413: The oasis of Qatif. On the East, there lies the Persian Gulf . Its warm and calm waters are rich in marine life; fishes, shrimps, and pearls. Also, some springs are found in the midst of its waters. On the west lies, Al-Dahna Desert with its golden sands intermingled with little rocky heights. There are many landmarks in Qatif such as the old city of the Qala'a and Awamiya, Tarout Castle , Darin castle which

4350-563: The offshore Abu Sa'fah field (total 130,000 m /d (800,000 bbl/d)), plus 10 million cubic metres per day (370 × 10 ^  cu ft/d) of associated gas. Qatifi people are likely to work in the oil industry (Saudi Aramco, Schlumberger , Halliburton and Baker Hughes ). Some of the employees have moved to Dhahran , where these companies are located, but the majority still reside in Qatif and go to Dhahran by cars or Saudi Aramco buses in about 50 minutes' journey. Others work in Aramco refineries in Ras Tanura. and others work in

4425-401: The petrochemical companies in Jubail (80 km from Qatif), some go every day and some have moved to Jubail. SABIC is the largest employer in Qatif, However, some Qatifi are also working in other oil, petrochemical, and engineering companies located in Dhahran, Khobar, Dammam, Ras Tanura, or Jubail. Some of Qatifi people work in public services, health care and education. The Qatif coastline

4500-401: The political system was no easy task. Hussein al-Khalidi had managed to be appointed Prime Minister of Jordan. His cabinet was rejected multiple times, however, and he was forced to give up the position. His memoirs, "An Era of Courtesies Went On", were published by the Khalidi Library in Jerusalem. Descendants of the Jerusalemite branch have become highly influential academics. Walid Khalidi

4575-433: The preferred " kenning " for "spear" in traditional poetic writing until the dawn of the modern era, supposedly because the region was famous for spear making, just as "muhannad" ("of India ") was the preferred kenning for "sword". The older name also survives as the eponym of several well-known local families ("Al-Khatti", spelled variously in English). Until the advent of Ottoman rule in the 18th century, Qatif belonged to

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4650-428: The price of his land rise in a short time, to see it rise five and ten times in value perhaps in a few months? Moreover, that will necessarily happen with the arrival of the Jews. That is what the indigenous population must realize, that they will gain excellent brothers as the Sultan will gain faithful and good subjects who will make this province flourish-this province which is their historic homeland. Excerpts from

4725-408: The protestors, injuring three, and there were reports of stun grenades being used as well as many more injuries from police use of batons . Further protests in Qatif continued throughout 2011. Over six people were reported to be killed by the government's forces since November 2011. However, the government tried to overshadow the reports but social networking groups has highly worked to demonstrate

4800-515: The reform of the system following Egyptian withdrawal from Syria, Khalidi was proud of his Jerusalem heritage, and was a relentless reformer of the Ottoman system from within, rather than a precursor of Arab, or Syrian independence from the Ottomans. He continuously referred to his homeland (watani) as Jerusalem, and his country (biladuna) as the Ottoman Empire. Al-Khalidi was born in Jerusalem, Ottoman Palestine in 1842. His father, al-Sayyid Muhammad Ali al-Khalidi, served as deputy qadi and chief of

4875-552: The region. The Bani Khalid were no longer the potent military force they once were at this time, and tribes such as the Ajman , the Dawasir , Subay' and Mutayr began encroaching on the Bani Khalid's desert territories. They were also beset by internal quarrels over leadership. Though the Bani Khalid were able to forge an alliance with the 'Anizzah tribe in this period, they were eventually defeated by an alliance of several tribes along with Al Saud , who had reestablished their rule in Riyadh in 1823. A battle with an alliance led by

4950-399: The schools are public (government owned) but there are some private schools as well. Air travel is provided by King Fahd International Airport , the distance from the terminal to the city center is 30 km (19 mi). Qatif is connected with other Saudi urban centers through highways mainly the Dhahran-Jubail Highway which runs across Qatif, and Abu Hadriyah Highway which serves as

5025-442: The wake of the Arab Spring and a day before a "day of rage" planned by Saudi internet users, consisting of protests across Saudi Arabia; 'dozens' of Shias attended a rally in the city centre calling for political reforms in the kingdom and the release of prisoners allegedly held without charge for more than 16 years. The government declared protests to be illegal and it had previously warned against this action. Police opened fire on

5100-414: The way the government used force against the protesters Activists in Qatif first took to the streets in March 2011, demanding the release of political prisoners. In early January 2012, Riyadh ordered the arrest of 23 people responsible for unrest in the Eastern Province. Activists reported that seven protesters were killed from November 2011 to 10 February 2012 in Qatif. The march on 10 February 2012

5175-410: The years 1870 to 1876, 1878 to 1879, and 1899 to 1906. Al-Khalidi played a key role in the opposing political factions established to prohibit the Ottoman Empire's attempts to violate the constitution. Al-Khalidi was very familiar with Zionist thought, and the anti-Semitic environment in Europe out of which it emerged. He also perceived the danger Zionism could expose Jews to throughout the domains of

5250-470: Was a prominent Ottoman politician who served as mayor of Jerusalem during several non-consecutive terms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Al Khalidi served as mayor of Jerusalem from the years 1870 to 1876, 1878 to 1879, and 1899 to 1906. He was an elected member of the first Ottoman parliament, and he represented Jerusalem. He was also a governor, translator, professor and prolific writer. As an Ottoman patriot and an active participant in

5325-418: Was accelerated by a special "Jihad" tax imposed by the Saudis (then the Sultanate of Nejd ), which was used to fund military campaigns . The economic situation became so dire that many citizens were imprisoned for unpaid taxes, including several wealthy landowners and merchants. Then in 1929, the tax was doubled. Riots broke out in several towns, and a large group escaped to Bahrain and requested protection from

5400-571: Was built to repel the attacks of the Portuguese campaign on Bahrain in the 15th century, and traditional markets such as the Khamis market; In addition to statues, which were transferred to the National Museum in Riyadh to be preserved. Qatif functioned for centuries as the most important trade port in Eastern Arabia , to the point where the whole Persian Gulf was labeled "Sea of Qatif". The term Qatif

5475-483: Was killed in the Battle of Karbala . These days have a special importance for the majority of the Qatif community, in which shops are closed and no marriages take place, and any sign of joy is abolished, and black or dark colors are worn. These days are accompanied by Hussaini Majlises which are religious or scientific lectures delivered by clerics in Husseiniyas or mosques . And the practice of Husseini rites. During

5550-441: Was killed on 10 February 2012 when police opened fire to disperse protesters in the town of al Awamiya , in the Qatif region. About 500 people were arrested since March 2011. Activists said 80 remained in custody, including author Nazir al Majid and human rights activist Fadil al Munasif. In July 2012, the government arrested Nimr al-Nimr , a Shiite preacher who called for protests against the government. The arrest of such an icon in

5625-422: Was reportedly organised to protest against the killings of demonstrators, who were calling for reforms, an end to sectarian discrimination and the release of political prisoners. "While security men were following up on an illegal gathering in the town of al Awamiya in Qatif on Friday they were attacked by gunfire," said a police statement published by the state news agency, Saudi Press Agency (SPA). Zuhair al Said

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