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81-526: The Kenya Army Artillery Brigade consists of four artillery battalions with one dedicated to air defence. This brigade is made up of 66 Artillery Battalion, 75 Artillery Battalion, 77 Artillery Battalion and 8 Artillery Battalion. The Artillery Brigade is equipped predominantly with the L118 Light Gun but recent acquisitions have been made consisting of the Nora B-52 which is Kenya's first self-propelled gun and

162-424: A good approximation by using the definition of a radian and the simplified formula: Since a radian is mathematically defined as the angle formed when the length of a circular arc equals the radius of the circle, a milliradian, is the angle formed when the length of a circular arc equals ⁠ 1 / 1000 ⁠ of the radius of the circle. Just like the radian, the milliradian is dimensionless , but unlike

243-443: A "big tank." From the front a Land Rover is about 1.5 m wide, most tanks around 3–3.5 m. So a SWB Land Rover from the side is one finger wide at about 100 m. A modern tank would have to be at a bit over 300 m. If, for instance a target known to be 1.5 m in height (1500 mm) is measured to 2.8 mrad in the reticle, the range can be estimated to: So if the above-mentioned 6 m long BMP (6000 mm)

324-480: A 360° compass while also being easier to divide into parts than if true milliradians were used. The milliradian (approximately 6,283.185 in a circle) was first used in the mid-19th century by Charles-Marc Dapples (1837–1920), a Swiss engineer and professor at the University of Lausanne . Degrees and minutes were the usual units of angular measurement but others were being proposed, with " grads " (400 gradians in

405-414: A circle) for use with artillery sights instead of decigrades (4000 in a circle). The United Kingdom was also trialing them to replace degrees and minutes. They were adopted by France although decigrades also remained in use throughout World War I. Other nations also used decigrades. The United States, which copied many French artillery practices, adopted angular mils, later known as NATO mils . Before 2007

486-409: A circle) under various names having considerable popularity in much of northern Europe. However, Imperial Russia used a different approach, dividing a circle into equilateral triangles (60° per triangle, 6 triangles in a circle) and hence 600 units to a circle. Around the time of the start of World War I , France was experimenting with the use of millièmes or angular mils (6400 in

567-536: A factor of thousand, i.e. If using the imperial units yards for distance and inches for target size, one has to multiply by a factor of 1000 ⁄ 36 ≈ 27.78, since there are 36 inches in one yard. If using the metric unit meters for distance and the imperial unit inches for target size, one has to multiply by a factor of 25.4, since one inch is defined as 25.4 millimeters. Land Rovers are about 3 to 4 m long, "smaller tank" or APC / MICV at about 6 m (e.g. T-34 or BMP ) and about 10 m for

648-401: A fist 150 mrad and a spread hand 300 mrad. Milliradian reticles often have dots or marks with a spacing of 1 mrad in between, but graduations can also be finer and coarser (i.e. 0.8 or 1.2 mrad). While a radian is defined as an angle on the unit circle where the arc and radius have equal length, a milliradian is defined as the angle where the arc length is one thousandth of

729-498: A general staff requirement was approved for a new 105 mm weapon system because the L5 pack howitzer "lacked range and lethality". Key characteristics included 6400 mil (360°) traverse by one soldier, maximum weight of 3,500 pounds (1,600 kg), small enough size to be carried inside new Chinook helicopters and Andover transport aircraft , and ability to fire immediately after being under water for 30 minutes. The ammunition to be used

810-722: A milliradian is based on a unit circle with a radius of one and an arc divided into 1,000 mrad per radian, hence 2,000  π or approximately 6,283.185 milliradians in one turn , and rifle scope adjustments and reticles are calibrated to this definition. There are also other definitions used for land mapping and artillery which are rounded to more easily be divided into smaller parts for use with compasses , which are then often referred to as "mils", "lines", or similar. For instance there are artillery sights and compasses with 6,400  NATO mils , 6,000  Warsaw Pact mils or 6,300  Swedish "streck" per turn instead of 360° or 2π radians, achieving higher resolution than

891-403: A mrad/mrad scope), the shooter can spot his own bullet impact and easily correct the sight if needed. If the shot was a miss, the mrad reticle can simply be used as a "ruler" to count the number of milliradians the shot was off target. The number of milliradians to correct is then multiplied by ten if the scope has 0.1 mrad adjustments. If for instance the shot was 0.6 mrad to the right of

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972-484: A number of dedicated saluting guns for ceremonial purposes. Based on the standard L118, these saluting guns are modified to exclusively fire blank cartridges, are not fitted with the APS system and are easily distinguished from the field gun variant by their distinctive bronze green paintwork, chromed muzzle brake, and chromed breech. Angular mil A milliradian ( SI -symbol mrad , sometimes also abbreviated mil )

1053-443: A particular sight, for instance a scope may have 20 mrad vertical and 10 mrad horizontal adjustment. Elevation differ between models, but about 10–11 mrad are common in hunting scopes, while scopes made for long range shooting usually have an adjustment range of 20–30 mrad (70–100 moa). Sights can either be mounted in neutral or tilted mounts. In a neutral mount (also known as "flat base" or non-tilted mount)

1134-411: A precise shot fired by an experienced shooter missed the target by 0.8 mrad as seen through an optic, and the firearm sight has 0.1 mrad adjustments, the shooter must then dial 8 clicks on the scope to hit the same target under the same conditions. Subtension refers to the length between two points on a target, and is usually given in either centimeters, millimeters or inches. Since an mrad

1215-437: A ratio of 1000:1. It is possible to purchase rifle scopes with a mrad reticle and minute-of-arc turrets, but it is general consensus that such mixing should be avoided. It is preferred to either have both a mrad reticle and mrad adjustment (mrad/mrad), or a minute-of-arc reticle and minute-of-arc adjustment to utilize the strength of each system. Then the shooter can know exactly how many clicks to correct based on what he sees in

1296-433: A scope with both mrad adjustment and a reticle with mrad markings (called an "mrad/mrad scope"), the shooter can use the reticle as a ruler to count the number of mrads a shot was off-target, which directly translates to the sight adjustment needed to hit the target with a follow-up shot. Optics with mrad markings in the reticle can also be used to make a range estimation of a known size target, or vice versa, to determine

1377-447: A single quadrant elevation scale. These optical indirect fire sights are now only used in recruit training. The guns also have a direct-fire telescope and were originally issued with a night telescope using image intensification. The 105 mm Fd Mk 2 ammunition has two propelling cartridges and a blank cartridge (for saluting purposes). The normal cartridge has six propellant increments (charges 1, 2, 3, 4, 4½, and 5). Charge 4½, which

1458-460: A slightly larger touchscreen was ordered. It may enable data transfer from FC-BISA and include the NATO armament ballistic kernel (NABK) for direct fire shooting. The L119 variant has a different barrel (a slightly shorter L30 ordnance with a percussion firing mechanism) for firing the ubiquitous US M1 type ammunition (UK 105 mm How), giving the gun a max range of 11,400 metres (12,500 yd). When

1539-417: A target size if the distance is known, a practice called "milling". Milliradians are generally used for very small angles, which allows for very accurate mathematical approximations to more easily calculate with direct proportions , back and forth between the angular separation observed in an optic, linear subtension on target, and range. In such applications it is useful to use a unit for target size that

1620-404: A tight shot grouping, especially when competitors are using the same match grade firearms and ammunition. Many telescopic sights used on rifles have reticles that are marked in mrad. This can either be accomplished with lines or dots, and the latter is generally called mil-dots. The mrad reticle serves two purposes, range estimation and trajectory correction. With a mrad reticle-equipped scope

1701-642: A week. New Zealand also donated approximately 40 dial sights to Ukraine. The L119 was further modified and produced under licence for the United States Army. The most recent version is the M119A3 introduced in 2013 with a digital fire-control system and GPS-aided inertial navigation unit using software derived from the M777A2 . During the 1970s, a third variant with the L21 ordnance, was developed and prototypes produced. This

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1782-418: Is autofrettaged and hence lighter. The light gun appears to owe a number of its features to the 25-pounder gun , unsurprisingly since RARDE was the successor to the design department, Woolwich Arsenal . Among these features are its vertically sliding block breech, and a box trail instead of a split trail ; a traversing platform is normally used with it. Its comparatively light weight is also attributed to

1863-423: Is 0.1 mrad, which are sometimes called "one centimeter clicks" since 0.1 mrad equals exactly 1 cm at 100 meters, 2 cm at 200 meters, etc. Similarly, an adjustment click on a scope with 0.2 mrad adjustment will move the point of bullet impact 2 cm at 100 m and 4 cm at 200 m, etc. When using a scope with both mrad adjustment and a reticle with mrad markings (called

1944-462: Is a thousandth of the unit for range, for instance by using the metric units millimeters for target size and meters for range. This coincides with the definition of the milliradian where the arc length is defined as ⁠ 1 / 1,000 ⁠ of the radius. A common adjustment value in firearm sights is 1 cm at 100 meters which equals ⁠ 10 mm / 100 m ⁠ = ⁠ 1 / 10 ⁠  mrad. The true definition of

2025-640: Is also fired by 14 (Training) Regiment Royal Artillery on Remembrance Sunday and Armistice Day each year. As of July 2017, there were 126 L118 light guns in service with the British Army. The L118 uses the L19 ordnance on the L17 carriage. The L19 ordnance is slightly shorter than the L13 used by the Abbot and hence has a slightly shorter maximum range. Also, unlike the Abbot, the barrel

2106-421: Is always an mrad regardless of distance. Therefore, ballistic tables and shot corrections are given in mrads, thereby avoiding the need for mathematical calculations. If a rifle scope has mrad markings in the reticle (or there is a spotting scope with an mrad reticle available), the reticle can be used to measure how many mrads to correct a shot even without knowing the shooting distance. For instance, assuming

2187-429: Is an SI derived unit for angular measurement which is defined as a thousandth of a radian (0.001 radian). Milliradians are used in adjustment of firearm sights by adjusting the angle of the sight compared to the barrel (up, down, left, or right). Milliradians are also used for comparing shot groupings , or to compare the difficulty of hitting different sized shooting targets at different distances. When using

2268-557: Is an angular measurement, the subtension covered by a given angle ( angular distance or angular diameter ) increases with viewing distance to the target. For instance the same angle of 0.1 mrad will subtend 10 mm at 100 meters, 20 mm at 200 meters, etc., or similarly 0.39 inches at 100 m, 0.78 inches at 200 m, etc. Subtensions in mrad based optics are particularly useful together with target sizes and shooting distances in metric units . The most common scope adjustment increment in mrad based rifle scopes

2349-419: Is approximated as 1 inch at 100 yards, where comparably there is a: where Milliradian adjustment is commonly used as a unit for clicks in the mechanical adjustment knobs (turrets) of iron and scope sights both in the military and civilian shooting sports . New shooters are often explained the principle of subtensions in order to understand that a milliradian is an angular measurement. Subtension

2430-422: Is based at Archers Post having been relocated there from Gilgil in 1983. The oldest unit is the 66 Artillery Battalion which was first mooted in 1964 but was formed on November 29, 1966 hence given the name '66' to denote the year it was formed. The first battery consisted of 120mm Tampella mortars which were acquired from Israel and the first ceremonial firing was done on top of Menengai Crater . The mortar unit

2511-411: Is charge 5 with the blue charge three bag removed, is peculiar to the light gun and is used only for high-angle fire . A separate "charge super" cartridge is used for firing to maximum range. Both charge five and charge super project beyond the end of the metal cartridge case. The 105 mm Fd is "separate, cased"; the shell is loaded and rammed by hand, then the cartridge with propellant is loaded. By

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2592-417: Is often advertised by the manufacturer using mrads. For instance a rifle scope may be advertised as having a vertical adjustment range of 20 mrad, which means that by turning the turret the bullet impact can be moved a total of 20 meters at 1000 meters (or 2 m at 100 m, 4 m at 200 m, 6 m at 300 m etc.). The horizontal and vertical adjustment ranges can be different for

2673-404: Is required. Angle can be used for either calculating target size or range if one of them is known. Where the range is known the angle will give the size, where the size is known then the range is given. When out in the field angle can be measured approximately by using calibrated optics or roughly using one's fingers and hands. With an outstretched arm one finger is approximately 30 mrad wide,

2754-752: Is similar to a Ordnance QF 25-pounder field gun. The 105 mm light field gun is much more like L118, although somewhat heavier. In 1984, the L119 entered service with the Australian Army named the "Hamel gun" to replace the M2A2 . The gun was manufactured under licence in Australia for the Australian and New Zealand armies using mostly Australian produced components. Plans to produce 105 mm field ammunition were postponed. The 105 mm saluting gun: The British Army has

2835-414: Is the most common mrad based adjustment value, another common rule of thumb is that an adjustment of ⁠ 1 / 10 ⁠  mrad changes the impact as many centimeters as there are hundreds of meters. In other words, 1 cm at 100 meters, 2.25 cm at 225 meters, 0.5 cm at 50 meters, etc. See the table below The horizontal and vertical adjustment range of a firearm sight

2916-512: Is the physical amount of space covered by an angle and varies with distance. Thus, the subtension corresponding to a mrad (either in an mrad reticle or in mrad adjustments) varies with range. Knowing subtensions at different ranges can be useful for sighting in a firearm if there is no optic with an mrad reticle available, but involves mathematical calculations, and is therefore not used very much in practical applications. Subtensions always change with distance, but an mrad (as observed through an optic)

2997-443: Is very important to have enough vertical adjustment to compensate for the bullet drop at longer distances. For this purpose scope mounts are sold with varying degrees of tilt, but some common values are: With a tilted mount the maximum usable scope elevation can be found by: The adjustment range needed to shoot at a certain distance varies with firearm, caliber and load. For example, with a certain .308 load and firearm combination,

3078-566: Is viewed at 6 mrad its distance is 1000 m, and if the angle of view is twice as large (12 mrad) the distance is half as much, 500 m. When used with some riflescopes of variable objective magnification and fixed reticle magnification (where the reticle is in the second focal plane), the formula can be modified to: Where mag is scope magnification. However, a user should verify this with their individual scope since some are not calibrated at 10× . As above target distance and target size can be given in any two units of length with

3159-762: The Army Reserve , The Honourable Artillery Company (HAC), 103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery , 104th Regiment Royal Artillery and 105th Regiment Royal Artillery ) are also equipped with the light gun. Those University Officer Training Corps with "gun troops" train with the L118. On 30 November 2001, an L118 light gun replaced a 25-pounder gun as the One O'Clock Gun in Edinburgh Castle . By tradition, this fires at one o'clock every afternoon, except on Sundays, Good Friday and Christmas Day. The light gun

3240-551: The Puma and Westland Sea King , were entering service at the same time. A new vehicle, the Land Rover 101 Forward Control ("Land Rover, one-ton"), was designed as its prime mover in the field (and also for the Rapier air-defence missile launcher). Since the end of the 1990s, the British Army has used Pinzgauer ATVs as their gun tractors. In Arctic service, and elsewhere, the gun is towed by

3321-678: The Royal School of Artillery while stocks of 105 mm How lasted, and the last British L119s were retired in 2005. However, the L119 is popular with many export customers who still rely on M1 ammunition. In 2022, the New Zealand Army sent 30 soldiers to the United Kingdom to train Ukrainian soldiers on the L119 light gun, as military assistance to Ukraine. They were to be stationed in the United Kingdom from May to July, with each course to take

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3402-411: The small angle approximation shows that the angle approximates to the sine of the angle, that is sin ⁡ θ ≃ θ {\displaystyle \sin \theta \simeq \theta } . This allows a user to dispense with trigonometry and use simple ratios to determine size and distance with high accuracy for rifle and short distance artillery calculations by using

3483-418: The " semi-fixed " M1 ammunition is prepared for firing, any propellant charge bags that are not going to be used are removed from the cartridge case, then the projectile is fitted into the top of the case. The shell is then loaded into the gun as a complete round, unlike the L118 ammunition, where the projectile and cartridge case are loaded separately. In British service, the L119 was used only for training at

3564-549: The British victory. At present, the British Army has four light gun regiments: 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery , 4th Regiment Royal Artillery , 7th (Parachute) Regiment Royal Horse Artillery , and 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery . Other regiments are temporarily equipped with it for service in Afghanistan. The 14 (Training) Regiment Royal Artillery uses it for training at the Royal School of Artillery . Four regiments of

3645-572: The Hägglunds Bv 206 and is fitted with skis when over snow. In 1982, five batteries (30 guns) were deployed to the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War . In the final phases of the battles around Port Stanley , these guns were firing up to 400 rounds per gun a day, mostly at "charge super", the most powerful propellant charge for which they were designed. They were a significant factor in

3726-472: The M1 shell, in training. However, in 1968, this was changed to allow a different version of the weapon, which subsequently became the L119, to fire US 1935 pattern (i.e. M1) ammunition. The new gun, soon designated "light gun", was designed by the government Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (RARDE), Fort Halstead , Kent. Prototypes were tested in 1968. It soon emerged that some increase in weight

3807-720: The M119A2 which is the American version of the 105mm Light Gun. The Brigade has its main headquarters in Isiolo but the various formations are found in various other garrisons across the country. The School of Artillery formed in 1966 is where all artillerymen of the Kenya Army undergo specialized training after completing their basic training at the Recruits Training School in Eldoret. The school

3888-479: The Russian mil has a somewhat different origin than those derived from French artillery practices. In the 1950s, NATO adopted metric units of measurement for land and general use. NATO mils, meters, and kilograms became standard, although degrees remained in use for naval and air purposes, reflecting civil practices. Use of the milliradian is practical because it is concerned with small angles , and when using radians

3969-585: The Swedish defence forces used "streck" (6300 in a circle, streck meaning lines or marks) (together with degrees for some navigation) which is closer to the milliradian but then changed to NATO mils. After the Bolshevik Revolution and the adoption of the metric system of measurement (e.g. artillery replaced "units of base" with meters) the Red Army expanded the 600 unit circle into a 6000 mil circle. Hence

4050-498: The UK for L118. A base bleed insensitive HE shell, with a maximum range of 20.6 kilometres (12.8 mi) has been developed. During the early 1990s all UK L118 were fitted with a muzzle velocity measuring device (MVMD), a radar, and its power supply. In 2002, the British Army's L118 guns completed replacement of their optical sights with the LINAPS artillery pointing system (APS) mounted above

4131-406: The United States Army's M119 are variants that use a different type of ammunition. The L118 uses separate-loading cased-charge ammunition – the projectile is loaded into the gun and rammed by hand, then the cartridge with propellant is loaded behind it. The L119 and M119 use "semi-fixed" ammunition – when it is prepared for firing, the projectile is fitted into the top of the cartridge case and

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4212-562: The barrel is reversed and clamped to the end of the trail. For storage, the gun is in the unfolded position with the barrel elevated to an angle that balances the elevated mass on the yoke and therefore relieves pressure on the elevating gears. When first introduced in the British Royal Artillery, the L7 or L7A1 dial sight and its carrier, incorporating an integral elevation scale and internal lighting powered by Trilux nuclear light sources,

4293-420: The barrel. This is a self-contained system that uses three ring laser gyros to determine azimuth, elevation angle and trunnion tilt angle. It also includes facilities for navigation and self-survey using a global positioning system, inertial direction measurement and distance measurement. All this can be used anywhere in the world to lay the gun without external references. The outputs and inputs for APS are through

4374-524: The bullet may drop 13 mrad at 1000 meters (13 meters). To be able to reach out, one could either: A shot grouping is the spread of multiple shots on a target, taken in one shooting session. The group size on target in milliradians can be obtained by measuring the spread of the rounds on target in millimeters with a caliper and dividing by the shooting distance in meters. This way, using milliradians, one can easily compare shot groupings or target difficulties at different shooting distances. If

4455-413: The distance to an object can be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy by a trained user by determining how many milliradians an object of known size subtends. Once the distance is known, the drop of the bullet at that range (see external ballistics ), converted back into milliradians, can be used to adjust the aiming point. Generally mrad-reticle scopes have both horizontal and vertical crosshairs marked;

4536-408: The firearm is attached in a fixed mount and aimed at a target, the shot grouping measures the firearm's mechanical precision and the uniformity of the ammunition. When the firearm also is held by a shooter, the shot grouping partly measures the precision of the firearm and ammunition, and partly the shooter's consistency and skill. Often the shooters' skill is the most important element towards achieving

4617-409: The handy property of subtension: One mrad approximately subtends one meter at a distance of one thousand meters . More in detail, because subtension ≃ arc length {\displaystyle {\text{subtension}}\simeq {\text{arc length}}} , instead of finding the angular distance denoted by θ (Greek letter theta ) by using the tangent function one can instead make

4698-559: The horizontal and vertical marks are used for range estimation and the vertical marks for bullet drop compensation. Trained users, however, can also use the horizontal dots to compensate for bullet drift due to wind. Milliradian-reticle-equipped scopes are well suited for long shots under uncertain conditions, such as those encountered by military and law enforcement snipers , varmint hunters and other field shooters. These riflemen must be able to aim at varying targets at unknown (sometimes long) distances, so accurate compensation for bullet drop

4779-427: The nature of the steel used in the carriage and ordnance, and other weight-reducing features, including its narrow wheelbase. The narrow wheelbase prevents the ordnance rotating the 3200 mil (180°) required to 'unfold' the gun. Because of this, the gun features a knock-off hub on one side, allowing the ordnance to be rotated by removing one wheel. With a well-trained gun crew, this contributes approximately 30 seconds to

4860-444: The radian where the same unit must be used for radius and arc length, the milliradian needs to have a ratio between the units where the subtension is a thousandth of the radius when using the simplified formula. The approximation error by using the simplified linear formula will increase as the angle increases. For example, a The approximation using mrad is more precise than using another common system where 1′ ( minute of arc )

4941-408: The radius. Therefore, when using milliradians for range estimation, the unit used for target distance needs to be thousand times as large as the unit used for target size. Metric units are particularly useful in conjunction with a mrad reticle because the mental arithmetic is much simpler with decimal units, thereby requiring less mental calculation in the field. Using the range estimation formula with

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5022-450: The replacement of some steel components by titanium , however, only some elements entered UK service. The MVMD is also more tightly coupled with the LCDU, reducing electrical power requirements. Around 2010, new direct fire sights for longer range use were introduced for service in Afghanistan. These comprise a sniper's telescopic sight and a new night sight. At the end of 2011, a new LCDU with

5103-573: The reticle (i.e. a standard duplex cross-hair on a hunting or benchrest scope), sight correction for a known target subtension and known range can be calculated by the following formula, which utilizes the fact that an adjustment of 1 mrad changes the impact as many millimeters as there are meters: adjustment in mrad = subtension in mm range in m . {\displaystyle {\text{adjustment in mrad}}={\frac {\text{subtension in mm}}{\text{range in m}}}.} For instance: In firearm optics, where 0.1 mrad per click

5184-575: The reticle. If using a mixed system scope that has a mrad reticle and arcminute adjustment, one way to make use of the reticle for shot corrections is to exploit that 14′ approximately equals 4 mrad, and thereby multiplying an observed corrections in mrad by a fraction of ⁠ 14 / 4 ⁠ when adjusting the turrets. In the table below conversions from mrad to metric values are exact (e.g. 0.1 mrad equals exactly 1 cm at 100 meters), while conversions of minutes of arc to both metric and imperial values are approximate. Because of

5265-518: The scope's total elevation will be usable for shooting at longer ranges: In most regular sport and hunting rifles (except for in long range shooting), sights are usually mounted in neutral mounts. This is done because the optical quality of the scope is best in the middle of its adjustment range, and only being able to use half of the adjustment range to compensate for bullet drop is seldom a problem at short and medium range shooting. However, in long range shooting tilted scope mounts are common since it

5346-658: The shell loaded into the gun as a complete round. From 1961 to 1975, the British Army used the 105 mm pack howitzer L5 with L10 ordnance ( OTO Melara Mod 56 ) as its light artillery weapon, replacing the 75 mm howitzer , 4.2 inch mortar , and 25-pounder gun in eight regular artillery regiments. It fires the US M1 type ammunition (called "105 mm How" in the UK). The Mod 56 was originally designed in Italy for its mountain artillery units. It

5427-417: The sight will point reasonably parallel to the barrel, and be close to a zero at 100 meters (about 1 mrad low depending on rifle and caliber). After zeroing at 100 meters the sight will thereafter always have to be adjusted upwards to compensate for bullet drop at longer ranges, and therefore the adjustment below zero will never be used. This means that when using a neutral mount only about half of

5508-429: The target, 6 clicks will be needed to adjust the sight. This way there is no need for math, conversions, knowledge of target size or distance. This is true for a first focal plane scope at all magnifications, but a variable second focal plane must be set to a given magnification (usually its maximum magnification) for any mrad scales to be correct. When using a scope with mrad adjustments, but without mrad markings in

5589-465: The time required to deploy the gun. In British service, rotating the barrel for towing is optional. When being towed in the unfolded position, the A-frame is fitted to the front transom in order to support the elevating mass. A recent modification makes it possible to keep the gun in this position indefinitely at speeds up to 40 mph (64 km/h). For long-distance transport or traversing rough terrain,

5670-503: The time the L118 entered service, propellant sub-zones A and B originally used with the Abbot had been replaced by an aerodynamic spoiler (a ring slipped over the nose of shell to lodge on the ogive) to reduce the minimum range at high-angle fire when this was required. The 105 mm Fd Mk 2 rounds were the same as used with Abbot when the L118 was first introduced. The ammunition types originally or subsequently in UK service include: A white phosphorus smoke shell has never been adopted by

5751-496: The touchscreen layer's display and control unit (LCDU) that replaced the conventional dial sight and its mount. The LCDU enables the layer to lay the gun by moving the barrel until the LCDU displays no difference between the ordered firing data and where the barrel is pointing as determined by the LINAPS sensors. A capability enhancement program that started delivering improvements to UK guns in 2007 aimed at reducing weight and improving some components. Weight reduction measures include

5832-621: The unit is a fully-fledged Air Defence Battalion based in Embakasi Garrison. The unit was transferred from Naivasha to Mombasa in 1979 and it was the result of a plan mooted in 1977 to form a second field artillery unit hence the assigned '77'. The battalion was based in Nyali Barracks from 1979-1989 when it was relocated to Mariakani Barracks. It is believed that Kenya's first self-propelled artillery guns were assigned to this field unit and were spotted with this unit in southern Somalia. It

5913-421: The units meters for range and millimeters for target size it is just a matter of moving decimals and do the division, without the need of multiplication with additional constants, thus producing fewer rounding errors. and vice versa The same holds true for calculating target distance in kilometers using target size in meters. Also, in general the same unit can be used for subtension and range if multiplied with

5994-605: The year the first air defence guns were acquired by the Kenya Army. 2 Battery which was then under 66 Artillery Battalion was integrated into the Kenya Air Force Ground Air Defence Unit in September 1978. In 1982 elements of the Kenya Air Force failed in their coup attempt and GADU was disbanded following the resulting purge. This led to equipment and elements being transferred into the Kenya Army. At present

6075-468: Was established at Larisoro, Isiolo County on 27 April 2018. During the handing over ceremony newer field guns of the Kenya Army were spotted including the Nora B-52 self-propelled gun. L118 Light Gun The L118 light gun is a 105 mm towed howitzer . It was originally designed and produced in the United Kingdom for the British Army in the 1970s. It has since been widely exported. The L119 and

6156-480: Was for Switzerland and used Swiss pattern 105 mm ammunition. It did not enter service. The Indian Field Gun appears to share many features with the UK equipment. In the late 1960s India introduced the Value Engineered Abbot variant with the 105 mm Fd ammunition; this led to the 105 mm field gun (India), which appears to have some light gun features in its elevating mass, although its platform

6237-539: Was known as the First Mortar Battery and in 1975 more mortars were acquired which led to the formation of C troop. The First Battery was detached from 66 Artillery Battalion and was assigned under the command of 'Headquarter Artillery Brigade'. Kenyatta Barracks in Gilgil is home to Kenya's only airborne battalion, the 20th Battalion and also home to the 66 Artillery Battalion and the 1st Mortar Battalion '75' denotes

6318-444: Was light enough to be lifted by Westland Wessex helicopters or towed by Land Rovers . It could also be dismantled, with no piece heavier than 128 kg (282 lb) to be transported by mules or horses. It lacked range (making it potentially vulnerable to counter-battery fire), was not notably robust, had poor sights and was not universally liked. Nor were its rate of fire and time to prepare for opening fire satisfactory. In 1965,

6399-449: Was needed for the requisite robustness, and several assemblies were substantially redesigned. Original production, which was authorised in late 1975, was by Royal Ordnance Factory , ROF Nottingham , which has since been incorporated into BAE Systems Land and Armaments . Deliveries started in 1976. The light gun entered service with the British Army in 1976. It was heavier than its predecessor, but helicopters that could carry it, such as

6480-443: Was the 105 mm Fd Mk 2 ammunition used in the L13 ordnance of the gun equipment 105 mm L109 (better known as the " Abbot self-propelled gun "). This ammunition uses electrical instead of percussion primers and is an entirely different design from the US M1 type ammunition as used in the L5 pack howitzer. The two types are not interchangeable. An early requirement was for the new weapon to use 105 mm Fd Mk 1 ammunition, which uses

6561-421: Was used to aim the gun for indirect fire. The L7 sight is a modified version of a German Leitz instrument. Since the light gun entered service after the introduction of field artillery computer equipment (FACE), it never, unlike the Abbot, had gun rules (large slide rule like instruments used at each gun to convert range in metres to tangent elevation in mils, taking account of muzzle velocity). Therefore, it has

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