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18-478: The first self-propelled Nora B (developed on the basis of Nora C) was designed by the Military Technical Institute in 1984 with a modified 152 mm Nora M-84 howitzer mounted on an FAP 8x8 truck bed and was a third generation of artillery systems. Later, in 2000s, Military Technical Institute developed new versions of 4th generation artillery systems with 52 caliber 155 mm gun for fitting on

36-559: A bigger caliber was set. In 1986, it was accepted by the Yugoslav People's Army under the designation M-46/86 in 152 mm caliber. Another version for export, M46/86, with 155 mm gun caliber was developed. Two more versions of NORA M-84 were developed after 2008: With the introduction of the gun, new munition was developed. In 1984, new ammunition with base-bleed was tested with a range of 34.5 km on NORA M84 152 mm. In 1986, serial production of ammunition started under

54-572: A computerized fire control system and a land navigation system. Ballistic protection is provided against small arms fire, shell splinters and some mines. For training and simulation purposes special computer simulator was developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute that includes terrain maps of customer country with ability to train up to 3 battery of Nora B-52 or up to division of 18 gun, including crews for artillery designation on targets. Special truck chassis upgrade as resupply vehicle for ammunition reload

72-624: A new system of Nora family with B-52 designation. B-52 operation depending on version is fully automated, including a 36-round autoloader. It is made in several versions: K designation stands for Kamaz chassis, number for orientation of main weapon in relationship to north and letter for level of equipment and/or export designation. It is possible on demand to equip Nora B-52 howitzer with 152 mm gun. All versions have differences in chassis, armour, turret, loading and support system. All versions with automatic loader features multiple rounds simultaneous impact capability. Standard equipment includes

90-452: A pneumatic loader which is operational at all gun elevations, with the capacity to fire over 30 round. Converted M-46 130 mm gun to NORA standard using 152 mm or 155 mm 45-caliber barrel and other parts developed through NORA program. In 155 mm M46/84 variant range of 39 km is achieved with ERFB/BB ammunition's with 2078 square meters lethal zone compared to 27 km standard range and 630 square meters lethal area for

108-596: Is a Yugoslav and Serbian 152 mm and 155 mm gun-howitzer developed by the Military Technical Institute (MTI) for the Yugoslav People's Army , Serbian Army , and export. Gun howitzer NORA has three basic versions (M-84, M-84B1, M-84B2), and is usually towed by a FAP 2026 BS/AV truck. After producing domestic howitzer M65 155 mm based on the US M114 155 mm howitzer , the Yugoslav People's Army

126-402: Is capable to fire M84/GG projectile with a range of 34.5 km and all other ammunition developed for D-20 gun and NORA gun. NORA guns in the caliber of 155 mm are capable to fire all domestic and foreign counterpart ammunition developed for 155 mm guns within pressure allowed in chamber and barrel. The illumination round for NORA gun 152 mm is designated M88. NORA gun-howitzer

144-534: Is subordinated to the General Staff . Technical Testing Center was founded by Yugoslav Federal Defence Secretariat on 22 March 1973 by uniting and transforming 7 military technical institutes of Yugoslav Ground Forces . In 2006 due to rationalization it was merged with Air Force Testing Center and Navy Testing Center into a single institution. Technical Testing Center primary mission include quality control of military equipment as well as metrological securing of

162-583: Is transported by FAP-2026 or Kamaz 43118 6x6 cross-country trucks. From traveling into combat position and vice versa it takes about 3–5 minutes. A crew of 9 is needed to operate it successfully in combat within designed parameters. Technical Testing Center Technical Testing Center ( Serbian : Технички опитни центар , romanized :  Tehnički opitni centar ) is acceptance testing facility that provides testing of new and existing military aircraft, military vehicles, military equipment, battle systems, civilian products for Serbian Armed Forces and

180-504: The Yugoslav People's Army. In 1989, the M-84 powder chamber was redesigned, the mass of the gun was reduced, and the gun was renamed M-84B1 . The M-84B2 version is fitted with a pneumatic loader which is operational at all gun elevations, with a capacity of over 30 work cycles from one standard compressed air tank mounted on one of the trails. Development of NORA-C was abandoned in 1991, and NORA-B suffered an almost similar fate. But after 2001, it

198-449: The defense system. It is obligated to research maximum weapons capabilities and to demonstrate possibilities of different usage and usage in extreme circumstances. Center employs more than 150 engineers as well as highly-skilled pilots and drivers who are in charge of driving or flying prototypes tested. It has 25 laboratories and 2 testing polygons with about 2,000 measuring devices. It has more than 350 developed methods for testings and it

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216-563: The designation M84/ГГ . It has a maximum muzzle velocity of 895 meters per second, and was ahead of Soviet ammunition for 152 mm howitzer 2A65 at the time of introduction. There are several variants of NORA artillery systems now in use or offered for sales or export: Basic variant that was accepted in the armament of the JNA in 1984. Small quantities are in use. Variant with 18 liters redesigned powder chamber and reduced mass to 6.88 tones. Most used variant. Range 34.5 km. Variant fitted with

234-562: The lack of desired features, a number of specifications were defined with characteristics that a new domestic gun-howitzer should have: Three versions of NORA were designed: Work on the NORA project began in 1975, and in May 1980, the first prototype of NORA-A was sent to the Technical Testing Center . In 1984, the development was completed and NORA-A, designated as M-84 NORA , was accepted by

252-619: The new BOV M16 Miloš was delivered as artillery reconnaissance and artillery battery command vehicle. There are various type of ammunition available that includes domestic and foreign 155mm projectiles as it is JBMOU-compatible. Depending on ammo used different maximum ranges and effects on target can be achieved. Nora M-84 NORA M-84 ( Serbian : Топ — хаубица НОРА , romanized :  Top — haubica NORA ; NORA acronymic for Serbian : Ново оруђе артиљерије , romanized :  Novo oruđe artiljerije , lit.   'New Artillery Weapon tool')

270-403: The original M-46 130 mm gun. Lightweight variant with 155 mm 39-caliber barrel and high rate of fire (8 rpm), new counter-recoil system and the possibility of use of semi-automatic loader. M08 represents a further development of M46/84 gun and it is 152 mm gun with 45-caliber barrel having a range that is exceeding 40 km with new M05 155 mm projectile. 152 mm NORA

288-555: Was decided to continue the NORA-B project, and development was reactivated. In 2006, a new self-propelled gun with many new improvements and modifications was developed, known as NORA B-52 . Today, the latest version, NORA B-52 , has little similarities with the original NORA-B project, as the new system is much more modern and automated. On the basis of the NORA M-84 development, a conversion of Soviet 130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46) to

306-916: Was developed and used within battery of Nora B-52 self-propelled howitzer. Serbia has exported the Nora B-52 artillery systems (B-52 selected versions of self-propelled howitzer K1, KE, KI), reconnaissance BOV M11 , command (BOV M10) and battery fire control and meteorological vehicles, ammunition loading trucks, artillery battlefield software for platoon, battery and division level) to the armed forces of Myanmar , Kenya and Bangladesh . One fully equipped battery usually consist of 6-12 self-propelled howitzer, reconnaissance 1-2 BOV M11 , three command BOV M10(1 for each platoon and 1 for battery command), 3-6 munition trucks, communication and workshop vehicle, 2-3 general supply vehicles (fuel, food, water etc.) and 1-2 fire direction and gunfire locator vehicle with radar and sound ranging. With latest order for Cyprus instead BOV M11

324-574: Was not satisfied with the maximum range of that gun, and the other existing artillery weapons at disposal. Decisions were made to start domestic production of new large caliber guns. The construction documentation of 152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20) as well as several D-20 guns were bought from the Soviet Union. Dissatisfied with the range of both the US 155 mm and the Soviet 152 mm gun, and considering

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