95-584: Kentmere Reservoir is a water storage facility situated in the Kentmere valley in the county of Cumbria , England. It is located 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) north-northeast of the town of Windermere . The reservoir is fed by the streams which form the headwaters of the River Kent which rise 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the north in Hall Cove on the southern slopes of a mountainous ridge called High Street , which
190-458: A crenellated roof with turrets and a spiral staircase; all built out of local stone. The farmstead to the east of it shows signs of many building phases and changes, in common with many other significant Lake District valley bottom medieval and post-medieval buildings such as Dalegarth Hall in Eskdale . The manor, having been handed down to the eldest son, the rest of the valley was divided between
285-411: A private bill into parliament in 1845 to get permission for the scheme. The bill became an act of Parliament when Queen Victoria signed it on 21 July 1845. It authorised the building of Kentmere Head reservoir, with a capacity of 44 million cubic feet (1,200 Ml) impounded by an earth dam which was 57 feet (17 m) high. It collected water from an area of 1,330 acres (540 ha), which
380-437: A ( radiocarbon dated ) pre-Viking and Viking Age upland settlement at Bryant's Gill, south of Rainsborrow Crag (on private land, not publicly accessible), and part of a medieval platform site and farmstead near Kentmere Hall The results of this survey and excavation project are to be made publicly available via a new Lake District and Cumbrian archaeology website in 2012. The valley's rich archaeological heritage also includes
475-400: A 16-inch (400 mm) diameter HDPE pipe manufactured by Stewarts and Lloyds Plastic, and butt welded on site. Once all issues had been remedied, the reservoir was filled slowly, using the outlet valve to prevent water levels rising too fast. As a result of the work, the reservoir then met modern standards, and was expected to remain in good condition for several decades. The work carried out to
570-473: A few hundred yards of the early settlement at Tongue House, suggesting that the two may have been coexisting in some form or other. However the general proliferation of rock in this part of Kentmere means the early inhabitants may easily have taken their building material from almost anywhere in the valley, so it is by no means certain. The second is situated at Steelrigg near Staveley . Both produced green slate. There were also at least six underground mines in
665-415: A flood, and had to be repaired and extended at a cost of £686. Although Bateman does not appear to have been involved during the actual construction, his specification for building the dam has been preserved by James Cropper of Burneside Paper Mill. It specifies that the clay core was to be built up in layers, each 8 inches (20 cm) thick, and that complete layers should be finished before work started on
760-461: A local technique known as dry stone walling . Just below the reservoir is a Geological Conservation Review site known as Jumb Quarry. The site is significant due to its volcanic rock which displays " bird's-eye tuffs ", which contain lapilli (fragments of lava that erupted from a volcanic centre and probably fell into standing bodies of water). The lapilli are believed to have been spherical originally, but were squashed into elliptical shapes as
855-574: A lower and an upper reservoir, as to create a single reservoir would have required a dam with a height of 130 feet (40 m), which was too ambitious for the time. The lower reservoir required a dam with a height of 64 feet (20 m) to impound 84 million cubic feet (2,400 Ml), with the dam located below Dryhowe Bridge. The upper dam was to be located half way up the valley, would have been slightly lower at 60 feet (18 m), but would have had more capacity, holding 140 million cubic feet (4,000 Ml) of water. The fifth reservoir authorised
950-400: A new valve was installed on the upstream side of the dam, with control rods running up the stone cladding of the dam to a control wheel on its crest. One unexpected consequence of moving the control valve to the upstream side of the dam was that the rectangular culvert which carried water between the reservoir and the original cut-off valve well, near the core of the dam, was now pressurised in
1045-572: A number of occasions, with three companies listed in the pre-war period; James Stevenson & Co., Kendal, Tilberthwaite Green Slate Co Ltd., Kendal and Buttermere Green Slate Quarries Ltd., Station Buildings, Keswick. Throughout this time the agent for the quarries was local man J.J. Thomas. By 1945 a company recorded as being the Kentmere Green Slate Co. Ltd. having its offices in the St. George's Buildings, Blackhall, Kendal owned both sites. For
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#17328524450611140-428: A private bill, in cases where the promoters of the bill have challenged that right. When the bill is sent to a committee of each House, the committee hears arguments for and against the bill in a way quite similar to a civil court hearing: the promoter (often represented by a barrister ) has to prove their case and satisfy the committee that the bill is necessary, whilst any opposers will seek to demonstrate that it
1235-400: A quarry located above Kentmere Hall was used to condition the soil, and field drains were added to make the land more suitable for agriculture. The Wilsons, who owned Kentmere Hall, drained Kentmere Tarn in the 1830s, hoping that the reclaimed land would be of good quality. However, these alterations to the landscape had unexpected consequences for the mill owners further downstream who relied on
1330-505: A result of intense pressure during the formation of the Caledonian Mountains . The valley has evidence of habitation going back to roughly 4000 BC, when the valley and surrounding hillsides were almost entirely covered with forest. A major archaeological research project conducted in the valley by a local archaeology group between 1983 and 1999 surveyed and recorded hundreds of archaeological features, as well as excavating two sites –
1425-410: A short MS. poem read to me when an under-graduate, by my schoolfellow and friend Charles Farish, long since deceased. The verses were by a brother of his, a man of promising genius, who died young." — W. W. 1842 in a statement by the editor of the volume the footnote goes on to say that: " Charles Farish was the author of The Minstrels of Winandermere" as a result there is some debate as to authorship of
1520-419: A slightly lower maximum water level, and a wall being constructed along the top of the dam to prevent wave action causing the downstream face to erode and possibly fail. Prior to 1800 most of the land around Kentmere was unenclosed common land, but at that time farms began to be bought by wealthy people from outside the area. They set about enclosing the land and improving the farms that they now owned. Lime from
1615-400: A specific wrong, or to obtain a benefit that was not otherwise available through statute or the common law . The granting of divorces , the naturalisation of (granting of citizenship to) foreigners, legal name changes , and changing the terms of a will , were often given effect through this means. In more recent years (since the introduction of general divorce and nationality laws, and
1710-599: A transitory lake called Kentmere Tarn just south of the confluence with Hall Gill. The lake has at times in the past completely disappeared into marshland and in 1840 it was purposely drained to provide reclaimed farm land, but in the past 100 years the " mere " has reappeared again. It is currently 1 mile in length. An archaeological excavation there uncovered an 'extended' log boat dated to c. 1300 AD (D.M. Wilson, A Medieval Boat from Kentmere, Westmorland, in Medieval Archaeology (1966) 10. 81–88). Other tributaries within
1805-571: A valley of its size, Kentmere has produced more than its fair share of famous families. Most notably the Gilpin family who were the main landowners in the village. Secondly the family of Airy who are first officially recorded in the 14th century, although in 1692 a history of the Barony of Kendal recorded that the church of St. Cuthbert, which is known to be of Norman date or earlier, was "reported to have been built by one Airay of this dale" but this may refer to
1900-410: A way for which it had not been designed, and the entrance to the culvert collapsed in 1964. A repair was made by welding oil drums together to form a circular tube, and then grouting the gap around the outside of the tube with concrete, to form a circular concrete pipe. As the steel drums corroded away, it became clear that not all the voids had been filled, and further grouting was carried out in 1977. In
1995-464: A year to ensure a monthly sermon was held at St. Cuthbert's. Postman Pat the cartoon character lived in Greendale which is claimed by his creator to be based on Kentmere and the neighbouring valley of Longsleddale . The valley is famous for the Gilpin family who were given the valley and much surrounding land after an act of bravery by a member of the court of King John . According to legend, around
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#17328524450612090-679: Is in the formal restructuring of corporations. Recent examples include the HSBC Investment Banking Act 2002 , which facilitated the transfer of one HSBC subsidiary's businesses to two other subsidiaries, and the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006 , which facilitated conversion of the Bank of Scotland into a public limited company . Similarly, major changes to the organisation of universities or charities may be facilitated through local acts, particularly when this involves
2185-502: Is named after the nearby Roman road. It is also fed by Lingmell Gill, which drains the large corrie on the western side of Harter Fell beneath the Nan Bield Pass . After Kentmere Tarn was drained to provide agricultural land in the 1840s, water supply to the mills further downstream became erratic, and the mill owners met to plan a reservoir to regulate the flow. They employed the water engineer John Frederick Bateman to advise, and
2280-408: Is not. If the committee agrees that the purposes of the bill are proper and desirable then the bill continues on to the next stage, and ultimately to the other House where a similar process is followed. Local and personal Acts of Parliament have two distinctive features. Firstly, they are preceded by a preamble setting out the reasons why the act needs to be made (and the preamble must be proved for
2375-405: Is often the case with medieval churches, there is an ancient yew tree situated nearby which has been estimated to date back to the time of William I; indicating that worship had been taking place there at an early stage in the village's history. Written records of the chapel do not begin until 1692 making earlier history difficult to establish. A graveyard for the church was dedicated in 1701, and
2470-508: Is positive then the Secretary of State makes a provisional order. This order has no effect, however, until confirmed by an order confirmation act passed by Parliament. The bill for such an act normally skips the second reading and committee stages of the parliamentary process (as this has been replaced by the inquiry) and so takes up less time. Since devolution , many matters which were previously dealt with by provisional orders now fall within
2565-485: Is the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967. In the nineteenth century, local acts were used to create corporations , grant monopolies and, most frequently, for the construction of railways , canals and other infrastructure projects. Their use has become more limited in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries as statute law (principally
2660-482: Is the village of Kentmere, which includes Kentmere Hall and the church of St Cuthbert 's. The parish of Kentmere is divided into four quarters: Over Staveley and Hugill are also situated within the Kent valley, along with the small settlements of Elfhowe and Browfoot. Near Kentmere Hall stands the "Brock Stone" or Badger Rock, a large free-standing rhyolite boulder. It is one of many challenges popular with climbers in
2755-486: The Act of Parliament obtained in 1845 authorised five reservoirs. Despite Bateman's preference for the reservoir at Skeggles Water, the millers opted to build that at Kentmere Head, which was completed in 1848, but cost a lot more than estimated. Millers paid for the water based on the drop in river level at their mill, with small mills exempt from charges. Soon after its completion, cheap coal became available, as railways arrived in
2850-688: The Dutch States and the English against the Spanish Armada . He was minister to The Hague during her reign. He carried with him an autographed letter written by the Queen stating: The second brother, William Gilpin, took residence in the mill in 1578 after marrying Elizabeth Washington of Hall Head (the great-great aunt of George Washington ). Kentmere Hall remained in the hands of the Gilpins for 12 generations. It
2945-581: The House of Commons and two members of the House of Lords . The inquiry sits in Scotland, rather than at Westminster, and hears arguments for and against the proposal, before making a recommendation to the Secretary of State for Scotland . If the proposal is not opposed then an inquiry is not held, but the petition is still scrutinised by counsel to the Secretary of State. If the inquiry's, or counsel's, recommendation
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3040-510: The Kings of Scotland . Bernard Gilpin also known as the "Apostle of the North" was a youngest son of the Gilpins of Kentmere Hall during the 16th century, and grew up there. In his adulthood he stayed there on occasion, preaching at the church. Concerning Bernard Gilpin; Thomas Cox states: Bernard's eldest brother was George Gilpin who was commissioned by Queen Elizabeth I to form an alliance between
3135-811: The Peasey Beck , which was supplied with compensation water from the Killington Reservoir, built to supply the Lancaster Canal . There was no enthusiasm to pay rates from the smaller mills, with even less to spend large amounts of money on new works, and so the Commissioners of the Kendal Reservoirs became the Commissioners of the Kentmere Reservoir. There was a steady decline in the number of mills using water power. James Cropper & Company became
3230-471: The Transport and Works Act 1992 ) and statutory instruments have enabled many situations to be dealt with through other, delegated, legislative mechanisms. Major public transport projects which do require the passing of a specific Act of Parliament now tend to be dealt with as hybrid bills which become public general Acts of Parliament. However, local acts are still used for special purposes. One such example
3325-487: The United Kingdom which apply to a particular individual or group of individuals, or corporate entity. This contrasts with a public general Act of Parliament ( statute ) which applies to the nation-state. Acts of Parliament can afford relief from another law; grant a unique benefit or, grant powers not available under the general law; or, relieve someone from legal responsibility for some allegedly wrongful act. Acts for
3420-420: The 120 years since its construction, the clay core had consolidated, lowering its top to a point where water could soak through the fill above it, which might cause slippage of the downstream face of the dam. Rather than restoring the core to its former level, a new spillway was cut into the existing spillway. It was 45 feet (14 m) long, and lowered the maximum water level by 3.5 feet (1.1 m). This reduced
3515-550: The 1970s and is now a pottery studio producing handmade ceramics. Also, at the Staveley end of the valley, is a photographic paper manufactory known as Kentmere Ltd. A fishery is situated beside the reservoir and every year trout and salmon are released into the River Kent for the benefit of anglers because the river's native population has been diminished. The area has had a history of mining. This appears to have been predominantly for
3610-478: The Act gave them powers to charge mills for each thousand gallons abstracted from a river for the generation of power, even though the water was returned to the river a little further downstream. This effectively killed the use of water power, and Croppers, who used water to drive turbines which generated electricity to power their mill at Burneside, could no longer afford the cost, and the turbines were shut down in 1972. As
3705-529: The Act to be made). Secondly, they are published in separate series from public acts: whilst public acts are numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. in the year they are passed, local acts are numbered using roman numerals (i, ii, iii etc.) and personal acts are numbered using italic numerals ( 1 , 2 , 3 , etc.). The procedure set out in the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 , which the House of Commons can use to enact laws without
3800-417: The Commissioners asked E. C. Oakes, the water engineer from Preston Corporation to carry out their assessment in 1933. He reported that there was some subsidence, there were leaks in the clay core and at least one of the 24-inch (610 mm) outlet pipes through the dam was broken. Repairs were carried out, with all of the outlet pipes being renewed, and as the valve in the valve house was no longer operational,
3895-473: The Easter Sunday celebrations. The River Kent begins above the reservoir in the heights of Bleathwaite Crag. It collects beneath Kentmere Common in the reservoir which was built in 1848 to control the flow of water to the lower pastures. Lingmell Gill also feeds into the reservoir. Beside the reservoir sits a disused quarry and a cottage formerly used for maintenance of the river. The river opens out into
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3990-524: The Lord of the Manor paid the curate "a rate of 2s. levied for every 13s. 4d. paid to the lord of the manor" . In 1757 this was supplemented with money paid out of Queen Anne's Bounty roughly £400–800. The chapel was remodelled in the 19th century and again in the 1950s. The roof was of 16th century date, but in 2016 was replaced. The valley used to be known for its bobbin mills and for Waterfoot factory which dredged
4085-811: The Sleddale Beck, the River Mint , known at the time as the Bannesdale Beck, and the River Kent. By 1844 there were 15 mills on the Kent, three on the Sprint and five on the Mint, processing wool, gunpowder, bobbins, logwood, dyewood, paper, marble and iron. Water power was important because there were no sources of coal nearby. A total of ten mill owners and the mayor of Kendal formed a provisional committee, which resolved to build reservoirs in Kentmere and elsewhere, to maintain flows on
4180-473: The University of London Act 2018. The majority of local acts now passed are promoted by local authorities . Such acts are often for the purpose of giving the local authority additional powers to deal with such matters as street trading. Bills for local and personal acts do not follow exactly the same parliamentary process as bills for public general acts. Private bills are introduced into Parliament by
4275-488: The Westminster system, are bills for a public general act of Parliament proposed by individual parliamentarians rather than the government. About 11,000 private or personal acts have been passed since 1539, and 26,500 local acts have become law since 1797 (when local acts were separated from public general acts). Personal acts (known as private acts until 1948) evolved from the right to petition Parliament for redress from
4370-543: The area, and the number of mills using water power steadily declined. This process was exacerbated by the Water Resources Act 1963 , under which the Lancashire River Authority levied prohibitive charges for using water to generate power. The use of water power effectively ceased in 1972, with James Cropper becoming the owner of the reservoir, as the paper mills at Burneside were the last user of water from
4465-471: The area. It is said that: " Kentmere valley has the greatest number of recorded [climbing] problems in the Lake District (over 125) " The main rocks and minerals to be found in the valley are green slate and granite . There has been some record of opal being found too though it has never been mined. Much of the local stone has been used since pre-history as the raw material for field boundaries using
4560-469: The benefit of individuals were before 1948 known as private acts , and are now called personal acts . Acts of local or limited application are known as local acts or public local acts . This distinction from the more normal public general acts was introduced in 1797, before that time there were simply 'public acts'. The bills for both personal and local acts are known as private bills . These should not be confused with private member's bills —which, in
4655-512: The bottom of the Kentmere Tarn in the 1950s searching for diatomite . A water mill was established by the first Lord of the Manor in 1272. The records state that he had " Liberty granted to erect a mill on the banks of the River Kent at Ulthwaite, upstream of Croft Head " they also stated that the mill was used to cut the sleepers for the Kendal and Windermere Railway in 1860. The mill was restored in
4750-667: The consent of the House of Lords, only applies to public acts; as such, the Lords maintain an absolute veto power over private acts. Private legislation that mainly relates to Scotland is dealt with under a different procedure: that put in place by the Private Legislation Procedure (Scotland) Act 1936 ( 26 Geo. 5 & 1 Edw. 8 . c. 52). The 1936 act (which replaced similar previous acts dating back to 1899) provides for petitions for private legislation which are opposed to be considered by an inquiry panel made up of two members of
4845-524: The culvert after the reservoir had been drained. There were significant problems with the culvert through the upstream bank, and the inspector would not sanction refilling the reservoir. Possible options were breaching the embankment, reducing the volume of water stored to below 880 thousand cubic feet (25,000 m) so that the reservoir was no longer subject to the provisions of the Reservoir Safety Act, or carrying out immediate repairs. Because
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#17328524450614940-430: The dam was gratefully acknowledged by Kentmere Parish meeting in a letter sent to James Cropper. The reservoir is built in an area where the underlying rocks are low-grade metamorphic, similar to slate, or volcanic. These are covered by a wide layer of slates and grits of Silurian age, which are more or less impermeable. The reservoir dam wall is 832 feet (254 m) long at its crest with a stepped weir type overflow at
5035-529: The effective owner of the reservoir, Croppers have made various attempts to dispose of the reservoir. An approach was made to the Lakes and Lune Water Board in 1972 or 1973, to see whether they could use the facility for water supply, but they were not prepared to do so. In 1995, having failed to interest either North West Water or the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in taking it over, they offered to give
5130-523: The five reservoirs authorised, only Kentmere Head was built. By the time it was completed, the railways had reached Kendal, and coal from the Wigan coalfields was readily available. Steam engines began to replace water power, with Castle Mill installing a 100 hp (75 kW) engine in 1850. Wakefields, who operated the Sedgwick lower gunpowder mill on the east bank of the river moved their operations to Gatebeck on
5225-485: The five reservoirs. As well as having powers to borrow money to fund construction, they could collect rates from individual mills, which were based on the number of feet of fall in level at that mill. Any corn mill with less than 6 pairs of stones did not have to pay rates, while the Barley Bridge corn mill at Staveley was exempt. The Act also stated that the Commissioners were the only ones authorised to build reservoirs in
5320-496: The foundations and crest of the dam; insertion of a liner into the scour pipe and a CCTV survey to prove its effectiveness; building a wall along the crest of the dam to prevent wave action damaging the downstream slope; removing silt from the tunnel through the downstream embankment; and grouting the spillway. A contract worth £100,125 was awarded to Askan Construction of Lancaster, with work commencing in August 1996. The liner consisted of
5415-480: The green slate available in the valley. Official records of mining in the area go back at least as far as 1898. Before that it is likely, due to the particularly craggy nature of the valley, that the local dry stone walls and stone for housing were taken from the slopes around the valley, even as far back as the Bronze Age . There are two main open cast mines in the valley. The first is Jumb Quarry, situated within
5510-505: The land in and around Kentmere, about 4,000 acres (16 km²), described as "a breezy tract of pasture land" by the French Chronicler Froissart . From this time onward, the Gilpin's crest included a sable boar on a gold background. Many areas near and surrounding Kentmere still sport the name of Gilpin given to them by descendants of this family. Richard's achievement and his ancestry were immortalised by minstrels of
5605-413: The largest user when they opened a paper mill at Bowston in 1880, as they then owned a total fall of 51 feet (16 m). With the other large mills closing or turning to steam power, they became the only contributor to the Commissioners, and effectively owned the reservoir. They have funded the maintenance costs since then. The Reservoir (Safety Provisions) Act 1930 required reservoirs to be inspected, and
5700-467: The manor is American philanthropist Terry A. Perkins. The narrow valley spans about 3 miles (4.8 km) in length and begins with a bowl of hills known as the Kentmere Round; a horseshoe of high fells which surrounds Kentmere Reservoir . The River Kent , which gives Kendal its name, begins from Hall Cove, a corrie at the head of the valley, before flowing through the reservoir. Access to this part of
5795-663: The manufacturing industry, and hence the prosperity of the town. The provisional committee consisted of James Gandy of Dockray Hall woollen and dye-wood mill, Kendal; J. Wakefield of old Sedgwick and Bassing Ghyll gunpowder mills; John Ireland of Low Mills woollen mill and iron foundry; J. H. Wilson; John Whitwell also of Dockray Hall mill; Cornelius Nicholson of Cowan Head and Burneside paper mills; J. Philipson of Ullthwaite corn mill, Kentmere; B. Turton of Staveley bobbin mill; George Suart of Scroggs bobbin mill, near Staveley; and J. J. Wilson who bought Castle Mill from Kendal Corporation in 1853. They considered Bateman's report, and introduced
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#17328524450615890-524: The named valleys. This fact was overlooked by Manchester Corporation in 1962 when they considered building a reservoir for drinking water supply in Bannisdale. Despite Bateman's preference for the Skeggles Water reservoir, the Commissioners decided to build Kentmere Head reservoir first. On 9 October 1845, they awarded a tender for construction of the dam to Messrs Shuttleworth and Dobson. The contract price
5985-409: The next layer. The clay was to be soaked for 12 hours, and then cut into blocks, which were to be worked into the layer below by treading it. The earth dam was to be made of concave layers, 2 feet (0.61 m) thick on the upstream side, and twice that thickness on the downstream side. Material for the upstream side was to be adhesive, and watered in to become nearly waterproof, while the downstream bank
6080-554: The outlet valve. Croppers agreed to bring the next statutory inspection forward by two years, and assembled documentation on the reservoir, which revealed a succession of problems starting soon after its construction. Major issues included raising of the embankment due to settlement in 1852, 1861 and 1926, rebuilding of the bywash in 1864 after it failed, and lowering of the overflow weir by 1 foot (0.30 m) in 1926. The statutory inspection took place in May 1995, which involved CCTV inspection of
6175-472: The period in a song known as "the Minstrels of Winandermere" after Windermere which is less than 10 miles (15 km) from the valley. The estate of Kentmere was increased during the reign of Henry III by a grant of the Manor of Ulwithwaite to Richard, the grandson of the boar-slayer. The family later became famous for their alliance with the neighbouring de Bruce family who went on to become ancestors of
6270-423: The person promoting them by means of a petition. Because they may grant powers in excess of the normal law, a person, organisation or local community which could be affected by the proposed law can object to it, either through presenting a petition of their own or securing the support of a Member of Parliament to block the bill. The Court of Referees exists to consider the rights of a petitioner to argue against
6365-471: The re-roofing in the mid-16th century. The Aireys still have descendants of the same name in the valley today, although many of them were driven out during the Civil War , when they removed to Lincolnshire . Their notable descendants include George Biddell Airy the astronomer and Henry Airay , who was born in the valley and became Provost of Queen's College , Oxford in 1599. He bequeathed 40 shillings (£2)
6460-657: The remains of at least five large prehistoric compound or curvilinear sites incorporating the remains of round houses, stockyards and more. One of these sites is on a public footpath at Tongue House in the northern part of the valley. Kentmere Hall is famous for its tower house ; a fortification built for status in the 13th – early 14th centuries – ostensibly to guard against raiding parties from Scotland . Similar towers occur elsewhere in Cumbria and other northern English and southern Scottish counties. Kentmere Hall's tower has 5-foot-thick (1.5 m) walls, tunnel-vaulted ceilings,
6555-473: The reservoir is located in the Lake District National Park , there was public outcry at the thought of breaching the dam, with its effect on an area of natural beauty, while reducing the capacity of the reservoir would have been almost as contentious, and so was discounted. Although Croppers did not use the water from the reservoir, they decided to carry out repairs, which consisted of grouting of
6650-485: The reservoir to any new owner for free in return for their paying for repairs totalling £100,000 plus annual maintenance of over £2,000. No buyers came forward and Croppers remain the de facto owners of the reservoir. In 1995, the Supervising Engineer for the reservoir expressed concern at the volume of water emerging at the outlet, which was thought to be caused by leakage, as it could not be reduced by operating
6745-454: The reservoir. By 1995 there were serious problems with the dam, and there was talk of breaching the dam, so that it would no longer be subject to the provisions of the Reservoir (Safety Provisions) Act 1930. However, there was public outcry, because the reservoir is in an area of natural beauty, and despite not needing the water, Croppers paid for engineering work to remedy the faults, resulting in
6840-415: The reservoirs, at 180 acres (73 ha), as opposed to just 40 acres (16 ha) for Kentmere Head. Three separate dams would have been built, and this reservoir was favoured by Bateman, because he thought it would cost the least, and would provide a similar yield to Kentmere Head. However, his estimates were wildly inaccurate, as was his prediction of the available rainfall. On Bannisdale, Bateman proposed
6935-598: The river meets the Gowan Beck coming in from Ings . A walk described by Wainwright in his Far Eastern Fells series as the Kentmere Round involves an all-inclusive round trip of 12 miles (19 km). In the past there were drove roads up over the horseshoe in the north to the village of Mardale which is now under the water of the Haweswater Reservoir . In the past it was a tradition of the valley's inhabitants to travel from Kentmere to Mardale village church as part of
7030-464: The rivers. The mayor was involved because Kendal Corporation owned the water rights and leasehold to Castle Mill. The committee lost no time in employing the eminent water engineer John Frederick Bateman to advise on the scheme, who in turn commissioned Job Bintley to survey the proposed sites in September and October 1844. By November there was serious discussion in the local press, both for and against
7125-432: The scheme. Arguments against the scheme focused on the high cost, the fact that it would only be a benefit to a small number of mill owners, it would use up valuable agricultural land, and would cause desolation and loss of life if the dam burst. Those supporting the scheme argued that Kendal was losing out as a manufacturing town to those which had a cheap supply of coal, and enabling the mills to operate regularly would boost
7220-559: The shore and give fine views of the reservoir. [REDACTED] Media related to Kentmere Reservoir at Wikimedia Commons Kentmere Kentmere is a valley , village and civil parish in the Lake District National Park , a few miles from Kendal in the Westmorland and Furness district of Cumbria , England. Historically in Westmorland , at the 2011 census Kentmere had a population of 159. The current lord of
7315-971: The song commemorating Richard Gilpin's achievements). Or, a boar statant sable, langued and tusked gules. Crest: A dexter arm embowed I armour proper, the naked hand grasping a pine branch fesswise vert. Motto: Dictis Factisque Simplex ( Latin ; "Honest in Word and Deed"). Local and Personal Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee Local and personal acts are laws in
7410-479: The steady flow of the River Kent to maintain their operations. The loss of bogs which had released water into the river, maintaining its steady flow, meant that the flow fluctuated widely, interrupting operation of the mills. The building of a reservoir to regulate the flow was a small part of a much bigger scheme to build a series of reservoirs in the parish of Kendal to regulate the River Sprint , otherwise known as
7505-399: The storage capacity from 280 million imperial gallons (1,300 Ml) to 220 million imperial gallons (1,000 Ml). By 1970 there were just five mills operational on the Kent. The Water Resources Act 1963 established 27 River Authorities to replace the 32 River Boards existing at that time. The Kent was within the jurisdiction of the Lancashire River Authority, and section 58 of
7600-619: The time of the signing of the Magna Carta Richard de Gilpin, known as "Richard the Rider" accompanied the Baron of Kendal to Runnymede as his secretary because the Baron himself was unable to read or write. After their return, Richard achieved renown for killing the Wild Boar of Westmorland a ferocious animal that had been terrorising the local villages. As a reward for his bravery, the Baron gave him
7695-538: The transfer of assets. For example the University of Manchester Act 2004 effected the merger of two Manchester-based universities by dissolving two existing universities (both incorporated by royal charter) and transferring their rights, properties, assets and obligations to a single new institution (also incorporated by royal charter). For a few universities that are statutory corporations, some revisions to their constitutional documents are also effected by local acts, e.g.
7790-402: The valley include Ullstone Gill, Nunnery Beck, Nuttera Beck, Park Beck and Hall Beck. A waterfall known as Force Jump is situated just north of the village, and there are two bridges at the Staveley end of the valley. The first is called Barley Bridge and includes a dramatic weir. The second straddles the Kent further up the valley and is known as Scrogg's Bridge. A little further down the valley
7885-462: The valley is available via the Roman High Street , over Nan Bield Pass , from Troutbeck over Garburn Pass ( Bridleway only. No motor vehicles ), or along an old bridleway up from the village. The valley is sandwiched between Troutbeck on the west side and Longsleddale on the east. It can be reached by road only by travelling through the village of Staveley , which sits at its mouth where
7980-459: The valley. At the height of production in 1914 Steelrigg employed five men below ground and nine above. The quarry fell out of use in 1923 and 1925 and employed only four men with no active mining listed between 1921 and 1926. Mining was resumed in 1927 and continued until at least 1938. Jumb quarry was in continuous use throughout the same period, employing 10 men below ground and five above at its height in 1934. The two quarries changed hands on
8075-410: The western end, and there is a lower outlet for the River Kent in the middle of the dam wall. The reservoir's location is quiet and secluded, surrounded by the fells of Yoke , Froswick , Ill Bell , Thornthwaite Crag , Harter Fell , Mardale Ill Bell and Kentmere Pike . These fells, which make up the Kentmere horseshoe walk around the head and flanks of the Kentmere valley, throw down steep slopes to
8170-590: The widespread adoption of the practice of using a deed poll to change name ) the use of personal acts has greatly decreased. From 1980 they were only used to authorise six marriages between individuals who would not otherwise be able to marry due to being within the prohibited degrees of relationship , and no personal acts have been passed since 1987. The most recent personal act, passed in 1987, provided for 59-year-old George Evans to marry his 28-year-old former daughter-in-law Deborah Evans. Until 1815, private and personal acts were not officially printed (although it
8265-417: The younger sons of the Gilpins for generations. What remains of the original estate is now a farm in possession of a private owner. Other important parts of the manor include Green Quarter on the eastern slopes of the valley where there is a bed and breakfast house, called Maggs Howe, that once was home to a branch of the Gilpin family. St Cuthbert's Church, Kentmere was built to the east of Kentmere Hall. As
8360-432: Was Elizabeth Gilpin (née Washington). He claimed they dated to the 13th century. However, the style is somewhat affected for the 13th century and everything but the first verse must be regarded with a suspicious eye. (note; Charles Farish was a friend of William Wordsworth . In his book Poetical Works vol. 1 a footnote to Guilt and Sorrow; or, Incidents upon Salisbury Plain states that some of its lines were taken " From
8455-615: Was a Commissioner while the Corporation owned water rights. The others were John Wakefield of Sedgwick gunpowder mills; John Gandy, James Gandy, John Edward Whitwell and Isaac Whitwell of Dockray Hall Mills; John Jowitt Wilson, William Wilson, and John Hewetson Wilson of Castle Mills; John Ireland of Low Mills; Cornelius Nicholson of Cowan Head and Burneside paper mills; and Benjamin Turton of Staveley Bobbin Mill. The Commissioners could build any or all of
8550-563: Was common for a private bill to include a clause to deem the Act to be a public act and this would lead to it being printed). Divorce acts enacted between 1815 and 1922 were not printed whilst some other personal acts were. Local acts are public acts sought by and for the benefit of organisations or used to authorise major projects such as railways or canals or to grant extra powers. The latter are often sought by local authorities who may seek additional powers to enable them to manage or control issues occurring in their locality. One such example
8645-527: Was in Longsleddale, with a 74-foot (23 m) high dam located just above Sadgill farm. With a capacity of 67 million cubic feet (1,900 Ml), it would have flooded most of the upper valley, with a water level at around 750 feet (230 m) above ordnance datum. The Act named 12 Commissioners, several of whom had been on the original committee. All had to be occupiers of mills on the rivers affected, with an annual value exceeding £50. The major of Kendal
8740-595: Was lost during the English Civil War when Cromwell's troops destroyed the hall leaving only the fortified tower standing. The head of the household at that time left the land in trust to a friend and fled the country. When returning the gentleman's heir was unable to lay hold of the official deeds to the estate and so possession was lost. In 1660 ownership of the hall passed to the Philipson family. The following lyrics were found by Reverend Charles Farish, whose mother
8835-408: Was relatively small, but the rainfall was high. It was situated in a region where there was a good supply of rock and boulder clay for the construction. The second reservoir was to be Skeggles Water, where a 26-foot (7.9 m) high dam would impound 85 million cubic feet (2,400 Ml). It would gather water from an area of 1,260 acres (510 ha), and would have had the largest surface area of
8930-412: Was to be built of dry or stony material. The dam had a slope of 1 in 3 on the upstream face and 1 in 2 on the downstream face. A central clay core was 10 feet (3.0 m) thick at the crest of the dam and 12 feet (3.7 m) thick at the bottom of the dam. The upstream face was covered in stone cladding, while the outlet pipe ran through the bottom of the dam with a valve house on the downstream side. Of
9025-413: Was £6,150, and they also paid £960 for 48 acres (19 ha) of land. A cottage for the reservoir keeper was to cost £45. These costs exceeded Bateman's estimate by 60 percent, and Job Bintley's estimate when he had originally proposed the reservoir in 1844 by 350 percent. The total cost was £13,435 by the time the work was completed in the summer of 1848. Shortly afterwards, the bywash channel was damaged in
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