118-522: Kenneth Whiting (July 22, 1881 – April 24, 1943) was a United States Navy officer who was a pioneer in submarines and is best known for his lengthy career as a pioneering naval aviator. During World War I , he commanded the first American military force to arrive in Europe for combat. After the war, he was instrumental in development of the aircraft carrier in the United States, where he sometimes
236-516: A 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt , it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater. By 1911, the U.S. had begun building the super-dreadnoughts at a pace to eventually become competitive with Britain. The 1911 also saw the first naval aircraft with the navy which would lead to the informal establishment of United States Naval Flying Corps to protect shore bases. It
354-502: A brief stint aboard Concord again from August to October 1908, Whiting volunteered for submarine duty and was reassigned to command of the submarine USS Shark at Naval Station Cavite in the Philippine Islands to oversee her fitting-out . He then assumed command of the submarine USS Porpoise at Cavite on November 20, 1908. On April 15, 1909, Whiting took Porpoise out for what his crew of six thought would be
472-633: A change in their rating from their previous rating (i.e., MMCM) to CMDCM. The stars for Command Master Chief are silver, while stars for Fleet, and gold stars for Force. Additionally, CMCs wear a badge, worn on their left breast pocket, denoting their title (Command/Fleet/Force). Insignia and badges of the United States Navy are military "badges" issued by the Department of the Navy to naval service members who achieve certain qualifications and accomplishments while serving on both active and reserve duty in
590-403: A formidable force in the years prior to World War II , with battleship production being restarted in 1937, commencing with USS North Carolina (BB-55) . Though ultimately unsuccessful, Japan tried to neutralize this strategic threat with the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Following American entry into the war , the U.S. Navy grew tremendously as the United States
708-629: A frequent actor in American foreign and military policy. The United States Navy is part of the Department of the Navy , alongside the United States Marine Corps , which is its coequal sister service. The Department of the Navy is headed by the civilian secretary of the Navy . The Department of the Navy is itself a military department of the Department of Defense , which is headed by the secretary of defense . The chief of naval operations (CNO)
826-621: A major effect on naval planning is the Pivot to East Asia . In response, the Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus stated in 2015 that 60 percent of the total U.S. fleet will be deployed to the Pacific by 2020. The Navy's most recent 30-year shipbuilding plan, published in 2016, calls for a future fleet of 350 ships to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive international environment. A provision of
944-606: A national navy was debated in the Second Continental Congress . Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, and make it easier to seek support from foreign countries. Detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy , then the world's preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned
1062-491: A navy able to reform those enemies to mankind or crush them into non-existence. Naval power . . . is the natural defense of the United States. The Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War , Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia . The rationale for establishing
1180-637: A number of unique capabilities, including Military Sealift Command , Naval Expeditionary Combat Command , and Naval Information Forces . The United States Navy has seven active numbered fleets – Second , Third , Fifth , Sixth , Seventh and Tenth Fleets are each led by a vice admiral , and the Fourth Fleet is led by a rear admiral . These seven fleets are further grouped under Fleet Forces Command (the former Atlantic Fleet), Pacific Fleet, Naval Forces Europe-Africa, and Naval Forces Central Command, whose commander also doubles as Commander Fifth Fleet;
1298-842: A quarter of whom are in ready reserve. Of those on active duty, more than eighty percent are enlisted sailors and around fifteen percent are commissioned officers ; the rest are midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy and midshipmen of the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps at over 180 universities around the country and officer candidates at the Navy's Officer Candidate School . Enlisted sailors complete basic military training at boot camp and then are sent to complete training for their individual careers . Sailors prove they have mastered skills and deserve responsibilities by completing Personnel Qualification Standards (PQS) tasks and examinations. Among
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#17328448847551416-458: A routine run. After Porpoise leveled off in Manila Bay at a depth of 20 feet (6.1 meters), Whiting informed his crew that he was convinced that a man could escape from a submarine through a torpedo tube and that he intended to test the idea on himself. He squeezed into Porpoise ' s 18-inch (460-mm) tube and clung to the crossbar which stiffened the outer torpedo tube door as the crew closed
1534-469: A schoolship for the newly established Submarine Base and Submarine School at New London , training officers and men of the newly expanded submarine force. Concurrently, given the entry of the United States into World War I , G-1 tested submarine nets and detector devices for the Experiment Board. She served in a similar capacity at Nahant, Massachusetts , and Provincetown, Massachusetts , assisting
1652-465: A senior non-commissioned officer in the other services, and must have a minimum 14 years in service. Sailors in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are considered to be in apprenticeships. They are divided into five definable groups, with colored group rate marks designating the group to which they belong: Seaman, Fireman, Airman, Constructionman, and Hospitalman. E-4 to E-6 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs), and are specifically called Petty officers in
1770-489: A service member may choose to further their career by becoming a Command Master Chief Petty Officer (CMC). A CMC is considered to be the senior-most enlisted service member within a command, and is the special assistant to the Commanding Officer in all matters pertaining to the health, welfare, job satisfaction, morale, use, advancement and training of the command's enlisted personnel. CMCs can be Command level (within
1888-404: A single unit, such as a ship or shore station), Fleet level (squadrons consisting of multiple operational units, headed by a flag officer or commodore), or Force level (consisting of a separate community within the Navy, such as Subsurface, Air, Reserves). CMC insignia are similar to the insignia for Master Chief, except that the rating symbol is replaced by an inverted five-point star, reflecting
2006-651: A subcontract from the Lake Torpedo Boat Company, making her the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the seal , a sea mammal valued for its skin and oil. She was launched on 8 February 1911, sponsored by Miss Margaret V. Lake, daughter of Simon Lake , the submarine pioneer. She was renamed G-1 on 17 November 1911, and commissioned in the New York Navy Yard on 28 October 1912 with Lieutenant Kenneth Whiting in command. Seal
2124-404: A week later, she shifted to Naval Submarine Base New London , the new submarine base at New London, Connecticut . On 4 December, while the crew of G-1 was charging batteries, a circulating pump broke down and severely overheated the port engine. That mishap – combined with a steering gear overhaul at New York – kept ship's force busy in the yard for the next thirteen months. While there, G-1
2242-709: Is a distinct, separate service branch with its own uniformed service chief – the Commandant of the Marine Corps, a four-star general. The Marine Corps depends on the Navy for medical support (dentists, doctors , nurses, medical technicians known as corpsmen ) and religious support (chaplains). Thus, Navy officers and enlisted sailors fulfill these roles. When attached to Marine Corps units deployed to an operational environment they generally wear Marine camouflage uniforms, but otherwise, they wear Navy dress uniforms unless they opt to conform to Marine Corps grooming standards. In
2360-694: Is immediately under and reports to the Secretary of the Navy. At the same time, the Chief of Naval Operations is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which is the second-highest deliberative body of the armed forces after the United States National Security Council , although it plays only an advisory role to the President and does not nominally form part of the chain of command . The Secretary of
2478-500: Is known as the U.S. Navy ' s "father of the aircraft carrier." He was involved in some way in the design or construction of five of the first six U.S. Navy aircraft carriers, and served as acting commanding officer of the first carrier to enter U.S. Navy service and as executive officer of the first two American carriers. In the earliest days of the U.S. Navy ' s development of an aircraft carrier force, he led many shipboard innovations still in use aboard carriers today. Whiting
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#17328448847552596-420: Is the most senior Navy officer serving in the Department of the Navy. To recruit, train, equip, and organize to deliver combat ready Naval forces to win conflicts and wars while maintaining security and deterrence through sustained forward presence. The U.S. Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States . The Navy's three primary areas of responsibility: U.S. Navy training manuals state that
2714-579: The 1966 Palomares B-52 crash incident and the subsequent search for missing hydrogen bombs, and Task Force 71 of the Seventh Fleet's operation in search for Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , shot down by the Soviets on 1 September 1983. The U.S. Navy continues to be a major support to U.S. interests in the 21st century. Since the end of the Cold War, it has shifted its focus from preparations for large-scale war with
2832-640: The American Civil War , in which the Union had a distinct advantage over the Confederacy on the seas. A Union blockade on all major ports shut down exports and the coastal trade, but blockade runners provided a thin lifeline. The Brown-water navy components of the U.S. navy control of the river systems made internal travel difficult for Confederates and easy for the Union. The war saw ironclad warships in combat for
2950-538: The Atlantic Ocean to France aboard Neptune and the collier USS Jupiter to become the first American military unit to debark in Europe for combat, with Jupiter arriving at Pauillac on June 5, 1917, and Neptune at St. Nazaire on June 8, 1917. With only vague guidance and, at first, no aircraft, Whiting set about establishing a European presence for U.S. Navy aviation. In June 1917, he selected Dunkirk as
3068-641: The Battle of Okinawa . By 1943, the navy's size was larger than the combined fleets of all the other combatant nations in World War II. By war's end in 1945, the U.S. Navy had added hundreds of new ships, including 18 aircraft carriers and 8 battleships, and had over 70% of the world's total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater. At its peak, the U.S. Navy was operating 6,768 ships on V-J Day in August 1945. Doctrine had significantly shifted by
3186-842: The Bureau of Naval Personnel , the Office of Naval Research , the Office of Naval Intelligence , the United States Naval Academy , the Naval Safety Command , the Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center , and the United States Naval Observatory . Official Navy websites list the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Chief of Naval Operations as part of the shore establishment, but these two entities effectively sit superior to
3304-493: The Bureau of Ordnance on 9 June. In 1920, G-1 was redesignated SS-20 even though that hull classification symbol and number had already been given to F-1 (ex- Carp ). F-1 had sunk in a collision with F-3 in 1917, so there was no overlap in time of service. The minesweeper USS Grebe (AM-43) towed G-1 back to Narragansett Bay in May 1921. Grebe made eight experimental depth charge attacks on G-1 while
3422-784: The Cold War until 1958. Whiting was inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida, in 1984. United States Navy 13 October 1775 (249 years, 1 month) (as the Continental Navy ) The United States Navy ( USN ) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of
3540-604: The Execution Rocks in the deepest part of Long Island Sound . Naval Air Station Whiting Field near Milton in Santa Rosa County, Florida , is named for Whiting. His widow, Edna Andresen Whiting, was among 1,500 people who attended its commissioning on July 16, 1943. A plaque there reads: ""Whiting Field, named in honor of Capt. Kenneth Whiting, U.S. Navy, Pioneer in Submarines and Aviation, Naval Aviator No. 16, Father of
3658-651: The General Board of the United States Navy about the need for U.S. Navy aircraft carriers, Whiting was partially responsible for the General Board ' s April 1919 recommendation that the collier USS Jupiter be converted into the U.S. Navy ' s first aircraft carrier. On July 11, 1919, the United States Congress authorized Jupiter ' s conversion into the carrier, which later would be named USS Langley (CV-1) . Later in 1919, after
Kenneth Whiting - Misplaced Pages Continue
3776-486: The Naval Aeronautic Station at Pensacola, Florida . He and fellow naval aviator Henry C. Mustin worked together on seaplane designs and filed a patent application for the design of a "hydroaeroplane" on October 27, 1916. In November 1916, he transferred to the armored cruiser USS Washington – renamed USS Seattle on December 1, 1916 – and took command of a unit of seaplanes attached to
3894-1246: The Naval War College and received instruction at the Naval Torpedo Station . He returned to USS Langley as her commanding officer on June 15, 1933, leaving her in December 1933 to fit out the new aircraft carrier USS Ranger (CV-4) at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. He left Ranger in 1934 to assist in developing plans for the new aircraft carriers USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Enterprise (CV-6) . In June 1934 he returned to USS Saratoga to serve as her commanding officer. Whiting left Saratoga in July 1935 and next became Commander, Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet, serving simultaneously as commander of Fleet Air Base Pearl Harbor , Territory of Hawaii . In September 1937, he became commanding officer of Patrol Wing 2 , remaining in that position until June 3, 1938. On July 14, 1939, Whiting reported for duty as General Inspector of Naval Aircraft, Eastern Division, in
4012-540: The Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 299 deployable combat vessels and about 4,012 operational aircraft as of July 18, 2023. The United States Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at
4130-640: The Third Naval District at New York City . He was still in this position when he was placed on the retirement list on June 30, 1940. However, instead of retiring, he was retained on active duty. After the United States entered World War II on December 7, 1941, Whiting continued his general inspector duties until February 19, 1943, when he took command of Naval Air Station New York in Brooklyn, New York , serving also as District Aviation Officer, Third Naval District. He held these posts until his death. Whiting
4248-499: The armored cruiser USS West Virginia . After serving the requisite sea duty, he was commissioned as an ensign on either January 31, 1907 or February 25, 1908, according to different sources. In June 1907, Whiting detached from West Virginia and transferred to the gunboat USS Concord in the United States Asiatic Fleet . He transferred again, to the steamer USS Supply , in May 1908. After
4366-490: The battleship USS Texas (BB-35) experimented successfully with the use of aircraft to spot her gunfire and found that the aircraft spotters allowed her greater accuracy, Whiting testified before the General Board, attesting that aircraft spotting could increase the accuracy of ship gunnery by up to 200 percent. The success of the experiments led the Navy to embark floatplanes aboard all of its battleships and cruisers . On September 1, 1921, Whiting transferred to
4484-517: The destroyer Aylwin and steam yacht Margaret in the development and use of sound detection devices and experiments with the " K tube ," a communications device. With German U-boats reported off the coast in June 1918, the submarine spent two four-day periscope and listening patrols off Nantucket, Massachusetts , as a defense screen for shipping. Following the end of the war , G-1 conducted daily operations with enlisted students in connection with
4602-439: The limited duty officer (LDO) in the Navy. Warrant officers perform duties that are directly related to their previous enlisted service and specialized training. This allows the Navy to capitalize on the experience of warrant officers without having to frequently transition them to other duty assignments for advancement. Most Navy warrant officers are accessed from the chief petty officer pay grades, E-7 through E-9, analogous to
4720-512: The torpedo range. She also carried out harbor defense and patrol battle problems in Narragansett Bay . Aside from minor repairs at New York in June, this duty continued until 3 October, when she set course – along with tender Ozark – for a training cruise to Chesapeake Bay . After making a few days of practice attack runs against the monitor off Fisherman's Island , the boat returned to Newport on 12 October for inspection and crew changes;
4838-418: The 2018 National Defense Authorization Act called for expanding the naval fleet to 355 ships "as soon as practicable", but did not establish additional funding nor a timeline. The U.S. Navy falls under the administration of the Department of the Navy , under civilian leadership of the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV). The most senior naval officer is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), a four-star admiral who
Kenneth Whiting - Misplaced Pages Continue
4956-521: The Aircraft Carrier in our Navy, Died on Active Duty on April 24, 1943." One U.S. Navy ship, the seaplane tender USS Kenneth Whiting (AV-14) , has been named for Whiting. Edna Andresen Whiting served as sponsor during the ship ' s launching ceremonies on December 15, 1943. The ship served in the latter stages of World War II in 1944–1945, in the Korean War in 1952–1953, and then in
5074-592: The Atlantic Submarine Flotilla, G-1 spent the next year and a half conducting dive training and torpedo firing exercises in Long Island Sound and Narragansett Bay . In preparation for her final acceptance trials in October 1913, the boat made a record dive of 256 ft (78 m) in Long Island Sound . Financial considerations led to G-1 being put in reserve at New York City on 15 June 1914. G-1
5192-549: The Barbary pirates, blockaded the Barbary ports and executed attacks against the Barbary' fleets. The U.S. Navy saw substantial action in the War of 1812 , where it was victorious in eleven single-ship duels with the Royal Navy. It proved victorious in the Battle of Lake Erie and prevented the region from becoming a threat to American operations in the area. The result was a major victory for
5310-521: The Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt , authorized the Navy to celebrate its birthday on 13 October to honor the establishment of the Continental Navy in 1775. The United States was without a navy for nearly a decade, a state of affairs that exposed U.S. maritime merchant ships to a series of attacks by the Barbary pirates . The sole armed maritime presence between 1790 and the launching of
5428-557: The Coast Guard may be called upon to operate as a service within the Navy. At other times, Coast Guard Port Security Units are sent overseas to guard the security of ports and other assets. The Coast Guard also jointly staffs the Navy's naval coastal warfare groups and squadrons (the latter of which were known as harbor defense commands until late-2004), which oversee defense efforts in foreign littoral combat and inshore areas. The United States Navy has over 400,000 personnel, approximately
5546-751: The LSO concept survives aboard aircraft carriers to this day. Whiting also was influential in the U.S. Navy ' s decision to make pilot qualification a requirement for command of an aircraft carrier. In July 1924, Whiting returned to duty at the Bureau of Aeronautics to serve as its assistant chief. Later he became head of the Aircraft Carriers Division. In September 1926, he reported to the Brown-Boveri Electric Company in Camden, New Jersey , to oversee
5664-567: The Listener and Hydrophone School at New London. In August 1919, after a failed inspection by the Board of Inspection and Survey, the boat was laid up at New London in preparation for disposal. Towed to the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 30 January 1920 she was stripped of useful material and decommissioned on 6 March. She was designated as a target for depth charge experiments under the cognizance of
5782-763: The Mediterranean, where it participated in the Second Barbary War that ended piracy in the region, South America, Africa, and the Pacific. From 1819 to the outbreak of the Civil War, the Africa Squadron operated to suppress the slave trade , seizing 36 slave ships, although its contribution was smaller than that of the much larger British Royal Navy. After 1840 several secretaries of the navy were southerners who advocated for strengthening southern naval defenses, expanding
5900-429: The Navy Josephus Daniels that the Navy acquire a ship with an aircraft catapult and a flight deck , prompting the first serious U.S. Navy consideration of the acquisition of any kind of aviation ship since the American Civil War of 1861–1865. The United States Department of the Navy rejected his proposal on June 20, 1917. In the years between World War I and World War II , however, Whiting would be instrumental in
6018-404: The Navy ' s newly established Bureau of Aeronautics . There he continued his advocacy for an American aircraft carrier force. In January 1922, he said, "The Langley when commissioned will provide our Navy with an experimental ' carrier ' which, while not ideal, will be sufficiently serviceable to conduct any experiment required for the design of future ' carriers ' and for
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#17328448847556136-644: The Navy and Chief of Naval Operations are responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Navy so that it is ready for operation under the commanders of the unified combatant commands . There are nine components in the operating forces of the U.S. Navy: the United States Fleet Forces Command (formerly United States Atlantic Fleet), United States Pacific Fleet , United States Naval Forces Central Command , United States Naval Forces Europe , Naval Network Warfare Command , Navy Reserve , United States Naval Special Warfare Command , and Operational Test and Evaluation Force . Fleet Forces Command controls
6254-400: The Navy reactivated the Fourth Fleet to control operations in the area controlled by Southern Command, which consists of US assets in and around Central and South America. Other number fleets were activated during World War II and later deactivated, renumbered, or merged. Shore establishments exist to support the mission of the fleet through the use of facilities on land. Among the commands of
6372-482: The Navy, albeit several years late. In addition to a pair of fixed torpedo tubes in the bow, G-1 carried two torpedo tubes in mounts inside her superstructure that could be trained in the same manner as a deck gun on a surface vessel while the boat was submerged, thus allowing a " broadside " shot of one or more torpedoes. After fitting out in New York City, G-1 proceeded to the Naval Torpedo Station , Rhode Island , arriving there on 30 January 1913. Attached to
6490-424: The Navy. Petty Officers perform not only the duties of their specific career field but also serve as leaders to junior enlisted personnel. E-7 to E-9 are still considered Petty Officers, but are considered a separate community within the Navy. They have separate berthing and dining facilities (where feasible), wear separate uniforms, and perform separate duties. After attaining the rate of Master Chief Petty Officer,
6608-477: The Soviet Union to special operations and strike missions in regional conflicts. The navy participated in Operation Enduring Freedom , Operation Iraqi Freedom , and is a major participant in the ongoing War on Terror , largely in this capacity. Development continues on new ships and weapons, including the Gerald R. Ford -class aircraft carrier and the Littoral combat ship . Because of its size, weapons technology, and ability to project force far from U.S. shores,
6726-410: The U.S. Army at the Niagara Frontier of the war, and the defeat of the Native American allies of the British at the Battle of the Thames . Despite this, the U.S. Navy could not prevent the British from blockading its ports and landing troops. But after the War of 1812 ended in 1815, the U.S. Navy primarily focused its attention on protecting American shipping assets, sending squadrons to the Caribbean,
6844-402: The U.S. Navy and its decisive victory over the outdated Spanish Navy in 1898 brought a new respect for American technical quality. Rapid building of at first pre-dreadnoughts, then dreadnoughts brought the U.S. in line with the navies of countries such as Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet , were showcased in
6962-465: The U.S. Navy's first warships in 1797 was the U.S. Revenue-Marine , the primary predecessor of the U.S. Coast Guard . Although the United States Revenue Cutter Service conducted operations against the pirates, the pirates' depredations far outstripped its abilities and Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 that established a permanent standing navy on 27 March 1794. The Naval Act ordered the construction and manning of six frigates and, by October 1797,
7080-401: The U.S. economy and quality of life. This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent these crises from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to prevent negative impacts on the U.S. In 2010, Admiral Gary Roughead, Chief of Naval Operations, noted that demands on the Navy have grown as
7198-438: The United States . It is the world's most powerful navy and the largest by tonnage, at 4.5 million tons in 2021 and in 2009 an estimated battle fleet tonnage that exceeded the next 13 navies combined. It has the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with 11 in service , one undergoing trials, two new carriers under construction, and six other carriers planned as of 2024. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in
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#17328448847557316-445: The United States Navy grew under an ambitious ship building program associated with the Naval Act of 1916 . Naval construction, especially of battleships, was limited by the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–22, the first arms control conference in history. The aircraft carriers USS Saratoga (CV-3) and USS Lexington (CV-2) were built on the hulls of partially built battle cruisers that had been canceled by
7434-504: The United States Navy. Most naval aviation insignia are also permitted for wear on uniforms of the United States Marine Corps . As described in Chapter 5 of U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations, "badges" are categorized as breast insignia (usually worn immediately above and below ribbons) and identification badges (usually worn at breast pocket level). Breast insignia are further divided between command and warfare and other qualification . USS G-1 (SS-19%C2%BD) USS G-1 (SS-19½)
7552-479: The aft port corner of Langley ' s flight deck. where he was visible to pilots in critical touchdown attitudes when the nose of the aircraft might obscure their view straight ahead as they approached the ship to land. Pilots found Whiting ' s body language helpful and suggested an experienced pilot be assigned to occupy that position as a " landing signal officer " or "landing safety officer" (LSO), using signals to guide them to safe landings. In an advanced form,
7670-508: The burden of retaliating against the Japanese on the small number of aircraft carriers. During World War II some 4,000,000 Americans served in the United States Navy. The potential for armed conflict with the Soviet Union during the Cold War pushed the U.S. Navy to continue its technological advancement by developing new weapons systems, ships, and aircraft. U.S. naval strategy changed to that of forward deployment in support of U.S. allies with an emphasis on carrier battle groups. The navy
7788-419: The capture of California with large-scale land operations coordinated with the local militia organized in the California Battalion . The Navy conducted the U.S. military's first large-scale amphibious joint operation by successfully landing 12,000 army troops with their equipment in one day at Veracruz , Mexico. When larger guns were needed to bombard Veracruz, Navy volunteers landed large guns and manned them in
7906-604: The construction of five of the U.S. Navy ' s first six aircraft carriers and serve as executive officer of its first two. He also served as acting commanding officer of its first carrier at a time when the United States was experimenting with many aspects of the operation of aircraft carriers and their aircraft. Returning to the United States after World War I, Whiting was assigned to the Chief of Naval Operations ' Office of Naval Aviation in Washington, D.C. , in 1919. Testifying along with other leading naval aviators, including Henry C. Mustin and John Henry Towers , before
8024-642: The construction of the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) , which was commissioned in 1927 as the second American aircraft carrier and the first one capable of operating with the battle fleet. He became her first executive officer on November 16, 1927, remaining in that position until May 1929. Whiting was promoted to captain on July 1, 1929. He became aide and chief of staff to Commander, Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet , in September 1929. In August 1930, Whiting took command of Naval Air Station Norfolk at Norfolk , Virginia. In June 1932, he departed Norfolk for Newport, Rhode Island , where he attended
8142-411: The current U.S. Navy remains an asset for the United States. Moreover, it is the principal means through which the U.S. maintains international global order, namely by safeguarding global trade and protecting allied nations. In 2007, the U.S. Navy joined with the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises
8260-418: The development of naval aerial tactics, and for the development of the various types of aircraft...for these last are also lacking in our Navy, due to concentrating on anti-submarine work during the War [i.e., World War I]. That ' carriers ' will be successful, and an absolute necessity to any well-equipped navy in the future, there is not the slightest doubt in my mind. We are asking this Congress for
8378-464: The end of the war. The U.S. Navy had followed in the footsteps of the navies of Great Britain and Germany which favored concentrated groups of battleships as their main offensive naval weapons. The development of the aircraft carrier and its devastating use by the Japanese against the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, however, shifted U.S. thinking. The Pearl Harbor attack destroyed or took out of action a significant number of U.S. Navy battleships. This placed much of
8496-514: The face of the expiration of budget relief offered by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 and CNO Jonathan Greenert said that a ten ship carrier fleet would not be able to sustainably support military requirements. The British First Sea Lord George Zambellas said that the USN had switched from "outcome-led to resource-led" planning. One significant change in U.S. policymaking that is having
8614-435: The first person to command a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier. Langley was far too slow to keep up with the battle fleet , and her main purpose was to serve as a laboratory for the exploration of the new naval warfare discipline of aircraft carrier operations , with her personnel and those of her embarked air squadrons experimenting to discover what practices worked best. Flying a Vought VE-7 , Lieutenant Virgil C. Griffin made
8732-495: The first properly designed 'carrier.' It will take from three to four years to build it. Will they give it to us?" The "properly designed" carriers Whiting wanted first began to appear in 1927, with the commissioning of USS Saratoga (CV-3) and USS Lexington (CV-2) . Whiting reported aboard Langley on March 20, 1922, the day of her commissioning, as her first executive officer , also serving on an acting basis as her first commanding officer and thus becoming
8850-504: The first takeoff from an American carrier from Langley on October 17, 1922, and Lieutenant Commander Godfrey Chevalier made the first landing on October 26, 1922, in an Aeromarine 39 B. On November 18, 1922, Whiting himself made the world ' s first catapult launch of an aircraft from an aircraft carrier while aboard Langley , piloting a Naval Aircraft Factory PT while Langley was at anchor in Virginia ' s York River . Whiting
8968-632: The first three commands being led by four-star admirals. The United States First Fleet existed after World War II from 1947, but it was redesignated the Third Fleet in early 1973. The Second Fleet was deactivated in September 2011 but reestablished in August 2018 amid heightened tensions with Russia. It is headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, with responsibility over the East Coast and North Atlantic. In early 2008,
9086-551: The first three were brought into service: USS United States , USS Constellation , and USS Constitution . Due to his strong posture on having a strong standing Navy during this period, John Adams is "often called the father of the American Navy". In 1798–99 the Navy was involved in an undeclared Quasi-War with France. From 1801 to 1805, in the First Barbary War , the U.S. Navy defended U.S. ships from
9204-424: The first time at the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862, which pitted USS Monitor against CSS Virginia . For two decades after the war, however, the U.S. Navy's fleet was neglected and became technologically obsolete . A modernization program beginning in the 1880s when the first steel-hulled warships stimulated the American steel industry, and "the new steel navy" was born. This rapid expansion of
9322-484: The first uniform regulations for officers were issued in 1802 on the formation of the Navy Department. The predominant colors of U.S. Navy uniforms are navy blue and white. U.S. Navy uniforms were based on Royal Navy uniforms of the time and have tended to follow that template. Navy officers serve either as a line officer or as a staff corps officer . Line officers wear an embroidered gold star above their rank of
9440-452: The fleet has shrunk and that in the face of declining budgets in the future, the U.S. Navy must rely even more on international partnerships. In its 2013 budget request, the navy focused on retaining all eleven big deck carriers, at the expense of cutting numbers of smaller ships and delaying the SSBN replacement. By the next year the USN found itself unable to maintain eleven aircraft carriers in
9558-681: The fleet, and making naval technological improvements. During the Mexican–American War the U.S. Navy blockaded Mexican ports, capturing or burning the Mexican fleet in the Gulf of California and capturing all major cities in Baja California peninsula. In 1846–1848 the Navy successfully used the Pacific Squadron under Commodore Robert F. Stockton and its marines and blue-jackets to facilitate
9676-559: The hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the United States Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the Navy. The United States Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers. It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The United States Navy emerged from World War II as
9794-521: The inner door. When the crew opened the outer door and seawater rushed in, Whiting hung onto the crossbar, which drew his elbows out of the tube ' s mouth, and then muscled his way out using his hands and arms. After 77 seconds, he was free of the submarine and swam to the surface; Porpoise soon surfaced and recovered him. Reluctant to speak about the incident in public – in Porpoise ' s log that day, Whiting simply commented, "Whiting went through
9912-468: The mission of the U.S. Armed Forces is "to be prepared to conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest." The Navy's five enduring functions are: sea control , power projection , deterrence , maritime security , and sealift . It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, and with it, everything honorable and glorious. Would to Heaven we had
10030-529: The most common ground since aircrews are guided in their use of aircraft by standard procedures outlined in a series of publications known as NATOPS manuals. The United States Coast Guard , in its peacetime role with the Department of Homeland Security , fulfills its law enforcement and rescue role in the maritime environment. It provides Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) to Navy vessels, where they perform arrests and other law enforcement duties during naval boarding and interdiction missions. In times of war,
10148-469: The most important is the "warfare qualification", which denotes a journeyman level of capability in Surface Warfare, Aviation Warfare, Information Dominance Warfare, Naval Aircrew, Special Warfare, Seabee Warfare, Submarine Warfare or Expeditionary Warfare. Many qualifications are denoted on a sailor's uniform with U.S. Navy badges and insignia . The uniforms of the U.S. Navy have evolved gradually since
10266-577: The most powerful navy in the world. The modern United States Navy maintains a sizable global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean. It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world, engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises, making it
10384-495: The naval service dress uniform while staff corps officers and commissioned warrant officers wear unique designator insignias that denotes their occupational specialty. Warrant and chief warrant officer ranks are held by technical specialists who direct specific activities essential to the proper operation of the ship, which also require commissioned officer authority. Navy warrant officers serve in 30 specialties covering five categories. Warrant officers should not be confused with
10502-413: The new submarine USS Seal , which was renamed G-1 later that year. He became the first commanding officer of G-1 when she was commissioned on October 28, 1912. In 1910, Whiting applied for flight training by Glenn Curtiss and talked his friend from the submarine service Theodore G. Ellyson into applying as well. Ellyson was accepted and went on to become Naval Aviator No. 1 in 1911, but Whiting
10620-691: The notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war. The strategy was presented by the Chief of Naval Operations , the Commandant of the Marine Corps , and Commandant of the Coast Guard at the International Sea Power Symposium in Newport, Rhode Island on 17 October 2007. The strategy recognized the economic links of the global system and how any disruption due to regional crises (man-made or natural) can adversely impact
10738-410: The number two official in the Navy Department during World War I, appreciated the Navy and gave it strong support. In return, senior leaders were eager for innovation and experimented with new technologies, such as magnetic torpedoes, and developed a strategy called War Plan Orange for victory in the Pacific in a hypothetical war with Japan that would eventually become reality. The U.S. Navy grew into
10856-525: The ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchantmen and reported the captures to the Congress. On 13 October 1775, the Continental Congress authorized the purchase of two vessels to be armed for a cruise against British merchantmen; this resolution created the Continental Navy and is considered the first establishment of the U.S. Navy. The Continental Navy achieved mixed results; it
10974-427: The operational environment, as an expeditionary force specializing in amphibious operations, Marines often embark on Navy ships to conduct operations from beyond territorial waters. Marine units deploying as part of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) operate under the command of the existing Marine chain of command. Although Marine units routinely operate from amphibious assault ships, the relationship has evolved over
11092-447: The other organizations, playing a coordinating role. In 1834, the United States Marine Corps came under the Department of the Navy. Historically, the Navy has had a unique relationship with the USMC, partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations. Together the Navy and Marine Corps form the Department of the Navy and report to the Secretary of the Navy. However, the Marine Corps
11210-685: The senior command meant that naval forces were not contributed until late 1917. Battleship Division Nine was dispatched to Britain and served as the Sixth Battle Squadron of the British Grand Fleet. Its presence allowed the British to decommission some older ships and reuse the crews on smaller vessels. Destroyers and U.S. Naval Air Force units like the Northern Bombing Group contributed to the anti-submarine operations. The strength of
11328-533: The ship. Whiting would later become a member of the Early Birds of Aviation , an organization founded in 1928 and dedicated to the history of pilots who learned to fly before December 17, 1916. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, and Whiting was selected to command the 1st Naval Air Unit (or First Aeronautic Detachment ) and assigned to the collier USS Neptune in May 1917. The unit ' s seven officers and 122 enlisted men crossed
11446-962: The shore establishment, as of April 2011 , are the Naval Education and Training Command , the Navy Installations Command , the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command , the Naval Information Warfare Systems Command , the Naval Facilities Engineering Command , the Naval Supply Systems Command , the Naval Air Systems Command , the Naval Sea Systems Command , the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery ,
11564-404: The site for a U.S. Navy air base, laying the groundwork for the establishment in 1918 of the U.S. Navy ' s Northern Bombing Group . He also instructed French pilots. On June 1 or July 20, 1918, according to different sources, Whiting, by now promoted to lieutenant commander , took command of Naval Air Stations 14 and 15 at RNAS Killingholme , England. For his World War I service, Whiting
11682-400: The staff of Commander, Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, inspected the boat and concluded the G -boats were crude and inefficient in comparison to current designs. Deeming their military value negligible, he urged that a field of scientific or experimental use be found for them. G-1 departed New York on 23 May 1915 and proceeded to Newport, Rhode Island , where she became a school ship on
11800-638: The submersible's wooden false bow. After a short period at Norfolk for repairs, the division cruised south to Charleston, South Carolina , mooring there on 17 April. Heavy seas encountered during this coastwise passage caused the two G -class submarines to roll heavily, spring oil leaks, and pop engine rivets. Following a three-week yard period in Charleston, the two boats – accompanied by Fulton and gunboat Castine – proceeded back to New York City on 6 May, arriving there three days later. Upon arrival, retired Rear Admiral Yates Stirling Jr. , senior aide on
11918-571: The successful bombardment and capture of the city. This successful landing and capture of Veracruz opened the way for the capture of Mexico City and the end of the war. The U.S. Navy established itself as a player in United States foreign policy through the actions of Commodore Matthew C. Perry in Japan, which resulted in the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Naval power played a significant role during
12036-665: The torpedo tube, boat lying in water in normal condition, as an experiment..." – he nevertheless informed his flotilla commander, Lieutenant Guy W. S. Castle , who submitted a report on how the feat had been accomplished. In September 1910, Whiting detached from Porpoise . He next took command of the Atlantic Fleet submarine USS Tarpon . In January 1911, he reported to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in Newport News, Virginia , to fit out
12154-477: The treaty. The New Deal used Public Works Administration funds to build warships, such as USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Enterprise (CV-6) . By 1936, with the completion of USS Wasp (CV-7) , the U.S. Navy possessed a carrier fleet of 165,000 tonnes displacement , although this figure was nominally recorded as 135,000 tonnes to comply with treaty limitations. Franklin Roosevelt ,
12272-586: The years much as the Commander of the Carrier Air Group/Wing (CAG) does not work for the carrier commanding officer, but coordinates with the ship's CO and staff. Some Marine aviation squadrons, usually fixed-wing assigned to carrier air wings train and operate alongside Navy squadrons; they fly similar missions and often fly sorties together under the cognizance of the CAG. Aviation is where the Navy and Marines share
12390-569: Was a major participant in the Korean and Vietnam Wars , blockaded Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis , and, through the use of ballistic missile submarines , became an important aspect of the United States' nuclear strategic deterrence policy. The U.S. Navy conducted various combat operations in the Persian Gulf against Iran in 1987 and 1988, most notably Operation Praying Mantis . The Navy
12508-418: Was assigned (SS-19½) as her official hull number on 12 June 1916. The assigning of half a hull number was an unprecedented move by the Navy, making G-1 unique amongst all ships in the U.S. Navy. Finally, after a few days of familiarization training, the crew sailed the boat to New London on 23 January 1917. Once there, G-1 began her new career as an experimental and instructional submersible. She acted as
12626-547: Was awarded the Navy Cross "for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility," and France awarded him the Legion of Honor (Chevalier) . Whiting sometimes is referred to as the U.S. Navy ' s "father of the aircraft carrier." He had begun agitating for the U.S. Navy development of what were then called "plane carriers" in the spring of 1916, and as early as March 1917 he had proposed to United States Secretary of
12744-581: Was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts , on July 22, 1881, but moved to Larchmont, New York , at an early age. Larchmont remained his residence for the rest of his life. He was appointed as a naval cadet on September 7, 1900, and became a midshipman from New York at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland , in 1901. After graduating from the Naval Academy on January 30, 1905, he reported aboard
12862-594: Was credited with establishing many basic tenets of carrier aviation, largely worked out during his first Langley tour. He established the first pilot ready rooms aboard Langley . He had a hand-cranked movie camera film every landing on the carrier to aid in the evaluation of landing techniques, and had a darkroom and photography laboratory installed on board to allow the landing films to be developed at sea. Langley ' s pilots had no signaling system with which shipboard personnel could assist them in landing, so when not flying himself, Whiting observed all landings from
12980-484: Was extensively involved in Operation Urgent Fury , Operation Desert Shield , Operation Desert Storm , Operation Deliberate Force , Operation Allied Force , Operation Desert Fox and Operation Southern Watch . The U.S. Navy has also been involved in search and rescue/search and salvage operations, sometimes in conjunction with vessels of other countries as well as with U.S. Coast Guard ships. Two examples are
13098-681: Was faced with a two-front war on the seas. It achieved notable acclaim in the Pacific Theater , where it was instrumental to the Allies' successful " island hopping " campaign. The U.S. Navy participated in many significant battles, including the Battle of the Coral Sea , the Battle of Midway , the Solomon Islands Campaign , the Battle of the Philippine Sea , the Battle of Leyte Gulf , and
13216-507: Was not and continued his submarine duties. On June 29, 1914, however, Whiting finally began his career in naval aviation, the field in which he was to make his name as a true pioneer, when he reported to the Wright Company at Dayton, Ohio , to learn to fly. The last naval officer to take flight training from Orville Wright personally, Whiting was designated Naval Aviator No. 16 on September 6, 1914. Whiting then became officer-in-charge of
13334-691: Was not until 1921 US naval aviation truly commenced. During World War I , the U.S. Navy spent much of its resources protecting and shipping hundreds of thousands of soldiers and marines of the American Expeditionary Force and war supplies across the Atlantic in U-boat infested waters with the Cruiser and Transport Force . It also concentrated on laying the North Sea Mine Barrage . Hesitation by
13452-648: Was placed in full commission at New York City on 6 February 1915 with Lieutenant, junior grade Joseph M. Deem in command. In company with sister ship G-2 , tender Fulton and tug Sonoma , G-1 sailed south on 25 March into Chesapeake Bay and down the seaboard for Norfolk, Virginia . Arriving there two days later, she conducted maneuvers in Hampton Roads as part of the Third Division, Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet . On 2 April, while off Old Point Comfort , G-1 grazed steam ship Ocean View , wrecking
13570-463: Was successful in a number of engagements and raided many British merchant vessels, but it lost twenty-four of its vessels and at one point was reduced to two in active service. In August 1785, after the Revolutionary War had drawn to a close, Congress had sold Alliance , the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy due to a lack of funds to maintain the ship or support a navy. In 1972,
13688-754: Was suffering from pneumonia and hospitalized at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland , when he died of a heart attack on April 24, 1943. Among the honorary pallbearers at his funeral in Larchmont, New York, on April 27, 1943, were Undersecretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal , Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics Rear Admiral John S. McCain, Sr. , Rear Admiral George D. Murray , and Harry Frank Guggenheim . In accordance with Whiting ' s wishes, his ashes were buried at sea off
13806-490: Was the lead ship of her class of submarine of the United States Navy . While the four G-boats were nominally all of a class, they differed enough in significant details that they are sometimes considered to be four unique boats, each in a class by herself. G-1 was named Seal when her keel was laid down on 2 February 1909 by the Newport News Shipbuilding Company in Newport News, Virginia , under
13924-555: Was the first contract the Lake Torpedo Boat Company secured from the United States Government, but the contract's requirements were among the most severe ever required of a shipbuilder. The Company did not receive any payment on account during her construction and her required performances had never been approached by any other submarine in the world. G-1 eventually met those requirements and was commissioned into
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