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68-397: The word "Kendari" is thought to come from a version of the word "Kandai" , meaning a tool made of bamboo and wooden planks to push boats away from a dock. Over time, the pronunciation changed, and the city is now officially known as Kendari. The Bay of Kendari has been known since the 15th century and appears on Portuguese chartered maps, marked with the name " Citta dela Baia " ("City of

136-464: A binding treaty. Since then, any king of Tallo also became the king of Gowa. Many historians then simply call these Gowa-Tallo twin kingdoms as Makassar or just Gowa. The traces of Islam in South Sulawesi existed since the 1320s with the arrival of the first Sayyid in South Sulawesi, namely Sayyid Jamaluddin al-Akbar Al-Husaini , who is the grandfather of Wali Songo . The conversion of

204-872: A large industrial container port , and the Samudera Fishery Port, which hosts 27 fish processing companies as of 2016 and is among the largest centers for that industry in Eastern Indonesia. The fish catch was around 37,000 metric tons (36,000 long tons; 41,000 short tons) tons in 2018, consisting largely of skipjack tuna . There are 142 hotels registered in the city. Kendari is home to 28 large industrial companies and 446 registered small and medium-sized enterprises employing more than 1,500 people. Agricultural exports include frozen shrimp, processed cashew nuts, cocoa butter, and raw octopus; most of these products are exported to Japan and India . Around 90 percent of Kendari's population are members of groups native to

272-484: A literacy rate of 97.94 percent. As of 2020, the city has 15 hospitals, including a maternity hospital, six polyclinics, 30 puskesmas (community health centers), five of which provide inpatient care, and 40 pharmacies. There are 38 primary clinics, 216 healthcare centers, and 55 family planning clinics in the city. Of the 15 hospitals, five are public hospitals while 10 are private. There are two psychiatric hospitals, one public, and one private. The provincial government

340-405: A new Konawe Islands Regency ( Konawe Kapulauan ). Konawe Regency, since the removal of the seven districts on Wawonii Island to form a new Konawe Islands Regency and the creation of six new districts within the remaining area, is now divided into twenty-nine districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with

408-593: A number of his war canoes for the war against Gowa. A week after June 19, 1667, Speelman's armada set sail toward Sulawesi and Makassar from Butung. When the fleet reached the Sulawesi coast, Speelman received news of the abortive Bugis uprising in Bone in May and of the disappearance of Arung Palakka during the crossing from the island of Kambaena. The war later broke in 1666 between the VOC and

476-569: A population of 257,011 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 262,439. Prior to its division in 2003, 2007 and 2013 (see below), Konawe was known as the rice granary of the province of Southeast Sulawesi because half of the province's rice production comes from the Konawe regencies. Konawe Regency was established pursuant to Law No 29 of 1959 (dated 4 July 1959) on the formation of second-level regions in Southeast Sulawesi with

544-584: A regent heading an Islamic religious council installed. In 1660 Arung Palakka, the long-haired prince of the Sultanate of Bonu , led a Bugis revolt against Gowa, but failed. In 1666, under the command of Admiral Cornelis Speelman , The Dutch East India Company (VOC) attempted to bring the small kingdoms in the North under their control, but did not manage to subdue the Sultanate of Gowa. After Hasanuddin ascended to

612-421: Is a second-level administrative division, equal in power to a regency, that is run by an elected mayor and vice mayor, who hold executive power, as well as a legislative city parliament. Legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary. The city is part of the 1st Southeast Sulawesi electoral district, which sends six of

680-511: Is also industrial, with the manufacturing sector employing 21.04 percent of the workforce, while agriculture employs 1.34 percent. Overall GRP growth of the city was 6.48 percent in 2019, but then the economy contracted 1.3 percent in 2020 because of the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic . The poverty rate in 2020 was 4.34 percent. The nearby Konawe Industrial Area produces mainly nickel–lithium batteries . Shipping comes to Kendari New Port,

748-487: Is being developed into an international airport to relieve pressure on the already congested Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport . Kendari New Port, in the city, is an international seaport, managed by Pelindo IV, which is used for the export and import of goods from the region. It is one of two international container ports on Sulawesi island that are currently being developed along with Makassar New Port in

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816-528: Is between 81 and 87 percent regardless of the month, and wind speed on average sits between 6.8 knots (12.6 km/h; 7.8 mph) and 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph) with stronger winds observed in December. At the time of the 2010 census, the city was divided into ten districts ( kecamatan ), but an 11th district (Nambo) was subsequently created from part of Abeli District. All districts are tabulated below with their postcodes , areas and populations at

884-411: Is constructing a hospital specializing in cardiology; construction began in 2019 and is expected to be completed in 2022. It is claimed to be the first cardiology hospital in Eastern Indonesia. There are 614.35 kilometers (381.74 mi) of road within the city boundaries, of which 472.53 km (293.62 mi) have been paved and sealed with asphalt. Most of the roads are owned by the city government;

952-513: Is for Unaaha, the seat of the regency. 3°51′12″S 122°03′13″E  /  3.85333°S 122.05361°E  / -3.85333; 122.05361 Sultanate of Gowa The Sultanate of Gowa was one of the great kingdoms in the history of Indonesia and the most successful kingdom in the South Sulawesi region. People of this kingdom come from the Makassar tribe who lived in

1020-520: Is the Fajar Group, a media conglomerate that owns several television channels, print media, and online news websites in the city and province. There are several private television channels in Kendari including Net.Kendari, GlobalTV Kendari, and local channels including Sigma TV. The Indonesian state-owned television channel TVRI and state-owned radio broadcaster Radio Republik Indonesia also have branches in

1088-453: The 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of urban villages ( kelurahan ) in each district, and its post codes. Note: (a) The 2010 population of the new Nambo District, and its post codes, are included in the figures for Abeli District, from which it was later cut out. As with all Indonesian cities , Kendari

1156-511: The 45 representatives to the provincial parliament. On the city level, it is divided into five electoral districts, which has 35 representatives. The city's economy consists largely of service-related sectors employing 77 percent of its workforce. The construction sector, retail, agriculture and fisheries, processing and manufacturing, education, logistics and the financial and insurance industries are also major industries, listed here in order of percentage of gross regional product (GRP). Kendari

1224-514: The Bay"). The bay was known as " Baia du Tivora " ("Tivora Bay"). The Kingdom of Konawe , founded in the fifth century by the Tolaki people, ruled the settlement. Its early governmental structure was simple and resembled those of tribal societies. The kingdom had several historical periods. Its first king was Mokole Roro, who ruled the kingdom between 428 and 447, in a period known as Ancient Konawe. The kingdom

1292-423: The Bone kingdom around today's South Sulawesi . During his reign, the kingdom banned things that were considered un-Islamic, such as eating pork. He promoted the construction of mosques in each village, and marriage in accordance with Islamic tradition. The kingdom's governance structure did not change significantly, and many animist traditions were incorporated with Islamic beliefs by the people. The Kalo Sara symbol

1360-675: The Bugis people, came to Kendari due to the ongoing Dutch–Bone War between 1824 and 1825. During this time, Konawe was in a weakened state following a succession of crises. In 1858, La Mangu, a noble from Ranome Eto, signed a treaty with the Dutch, as he wished to create a separate kingdom, Laiwoi, independent from Konawe. Laiwoi would be located in Ranome Eto, and its founding was kept secret from Konawe royal council members. Laiwoi existed legally, but did not control any territory, as Konawe maintained its hold on

1428-587: The Dutch command ultimately pressed for surrender, which they did on 27 March. As in other regions, Japanese troops provided opportunities for Indonesian nationalism to spread in the region, and gave nationalist groups military training. One month after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in August 1945, youth in the region created a militia headquartered in Kolaka. The PRI (Indonesian Republican Youth) controlled

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1496-598: The Kendari Modern Library, in Kadia District, was completed in 2021. The library is managed by the provincial government and was modeled after the Harvard Library . The library has seven floors, a cinema room, meeting spaces, an area for local artifacts, and a cafe. The school participation rate is relatively high—99.44 percent for ages seven to 12 years old, and 94.76 percent for ages 13 to 15. The city reports

1564-486: The Kepulauan Konawe Regency. (a) includes 4 offshore islands. (b) included in figures for Sampara District, from which it was cut out. (c) included in figures for Bondoala District, from which it was cut out. (d) except for Puanaha village, which has a post code of 93411. (e) included in figures for Wonggeduku District, from which it was cut out. (f) includes in figures for Wawotobi District, from which it

1632-631: The VOC's military capability, allowing it to break the Sultanate of Gowa's strongest fortress in Somba Opu on June 12, 1669, which finally marked the end of the war. Sultan Hasanuddin resigned from the royal throne, dying exactly a year later on June 12, 1670. After the Makassar war, Admiral Cornelis Speelman destroyed the large fortress in Somba Opu, and built up Fort Rotterdam (Speelman named this fortress after his birthplace in Netherlands ) in its place as

1700-509: The area. The Dutch promised armed help to create the kingdom on the condition that the treaty would be kept secret from the people of Konawe until the other Dutch wars in South Sulawesi ended. In 1905, following the end of the war against the Gowa Sultanate , the Dutch turned their attention to the eastern coast of Sulawesi. La Mangu had died by now, but the Dutch maintained the plans to establish Laiwoi, approaching nobles from Ranome Eto with

1768-590: The city as of 2020. The city is home to various institutions of higher education, most notably Haluoleo University , which is the older of the two public universities in the province. The university has over 40,000 active students and was the sixth most populous school in Indonesia based on undergraduate population. Kendari State Islamic Institution is the largest Islamic college in the province. It has over 6,000 active students, primarily undergraduates, mainly studying Islamic education and sharia economics. Construction of

1836-418: The city is served by Perum DAMRI with various routes to the city of Baubau , Kolaka Regency , and the towns of Raha , Ereke, and Tondasi inside the province as well as interprovince routes to Tana Toraja Regency and Makassar . The city also has an urban bus system run by the city government since 2015. Many online and print media companies are based in the city, largely serving southeastern Sulawesi. One

1904-415: The city of Makassar . There are smaller ports, such as Wawonii and Nusantara, used mostly for ferries to the smaller islands surrounding the city. Almost 4,800 ships visited the city in 2020. Usage of ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab is widespread in the city. Like most other Indonesian cities, angkots run on routes regulated by city government within Kendari. For long-distance land travel,

1972-410: The city's slopes are less than 25 percent except for those in the north, which in some places exceed 40 percent. Soil formations in the city are relatively young, dominated by cambisols , which make up around 30 percent of the city's soil. Other formations also exist with less frequency, such as alluvium and podzols , which account for less than eight percent overall. Rivers and coastal areas contain

2040-480: The city. Konawe Regency Konawe Regency is one of the regencies in the province of Southeast Sulawesi , Indonesia. The capital of the regency is Unaaha . The regency was once known as the district of Kendari. The regency had a population of 241,428 at the 2010 Census, but was subsequently reduced by the separation of the offshore island districts (comprising Wawonii Island ) as the new Konawe Islands Regency in 2013. It now covers 6,087.68 km and had

2108-484: The city. In 1964, the new province of Southeast Sulawesi was created with Kendari as its capital city. In 1978, Kendari gained city status as an administrative city and in 1995 as a kotamadya . Due to its status as provincial capital, Kendari has been experiencing significant urbanization , making it prone to flooding and other disasters. Kendari borders the Konawe Regency in the north, South Konawe Regency in

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2176-410: The community of that name. Offices did become the domain of the nobles with karaeng titles. The most important of these was Tumabicarabutta, whose task it was to assist the ruler of Gowa as regent and chief advisor. This pattern of the ruler of Talloq advising the ruler of Gowa became the norm in the first part of the 17th century. Another important office was Tumailalang (literally, "the person on

2244-447: The conflict with the Bugis was originally started due to the upholding of an old treaty that stated that the Gowa and the Bugis kingdoms were to share and convince the others if they were to discover "a spark of goodness" which in this case Gowa contended was the religion of Islam. Varying levels of resistance against Gowa from nearby states to consider Islam and its military forces determined

2312-562: The conquests as a justified religious act. However, Gowa also desired to expand the political and economic influence of Gowa as it experienced rapid political growth during the 17th century. It was a subsequent stage in a historical rivalry between the states of the region for political control. According to Indonesian historian Daeng Patunru, in the case of the Bugis kingdoms, the ruler of Gowa initially conquered them due to their growing political power which would undermine Gowa's authority and sphere of influence. Other scholars contend that

2380-416: The early twentieth century, Gowa's political leaders and Islamic functionaries were both recruited from the ranks of the nobility. Since 1607, sultans of Makassar established a policy of welcoming all foreign traders. In 1613, an English factory built in Makassar. This began the hostilities of English-Dutch against Makassar. In 1644, Bone rose up against Gowa. The Battle of Passempe saw Bone defeated and

2448-487: The headquarters of VOC activities in Sulawesi. In 1672 Arung Palakka was raised to the throne to become the sultan of Bone. Since 1673 the area around Fort Rotterdam grew into a city currently known as Makassar . Since 1904 the Dutch colonial government had engaged in the South Sulawesi expedition and started war against small kingdoms in South Sulawesi, including Gowa. In 1911 the Sultanate lost its independence after losing

2516-497: The inside"), the trio of ministers. From the title it appears that the Tumailalang were inchange of managing everyday affairs within Gowa, there was a join tumailalang-sabannaraq office during the reign of Tumapaqsiriq Kallonna. During the subsequent reign, Tunipalannga separated these offices and by the reign of Tunijalloq, there were 2 Tumailalang, later known as the elder tumailalang toa and the younger tumailalang lolo. All holders of

2584-421: The kingdom since the early 15th century, especially after the foundation of the neighbouring Sultanate of Buton , just south of Konawe, brought by Buginese merchants from Makassar who mostly settled in coastal regions, and through trade. The kingdom officially embraced Islam during the reign of King Lakidende (1724–1786), who had embraced Islam after traveling around Western parts of Sulawesi and studying Islam in

2652-564: The kingdom to Islam is dated as September 22, 1605 when the 14th king of Tallo-Gowa kingdom, Karaeng Matowaya Tumamenaga Ri Agamanna , converted to Islam, later changing his name to Sultan Alauddin . He ruled the kingdom from 1591 to 1629. His conversion to Islam is associated with the arrival of three ulama from Minangkabau : Datuk Ri Bandang , Datuk Ri Tiro and Datuk Ri Pattimang . The Sultanate of Gowa's patronage of Islam caused it to try and encourage neighboring kingdoms to accept Islam, an offer which they refused. In response in 1611,

2720-454: The kingdom. In 1908, Dutch troops besieged Puundombi Fort, and Konawe fell. Laiwoi moved the capital to Kendari; armed resistance to it and the Dutch continued through 1937. Japanese troops occupied the city after the Battle of Kendari in 1942. The Dutch garrison initially opted for guerilla warfare, but following increased Indonesian nationalist sentiment, and the lack of resistance that followed,

2788-605: The large cities in the region; guerilla resistance by the Republicans continued until 1948. The city and the surrounding region became part of the State of East Indonesia , which was incorporated into the newly recognised Indonesian Republic a year later. The city was heavily affected by the Darul Islam rebellion , which started in South Sulawesi but spread to the eastern coast. Because of the conflict, there were several refugee camps around

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2856-622: The militia and spread its influence to cities and towns in Southeast Sulawesi, including Kendari. Lasandara, a local administrator for the Dutch, officially supported independence. However, in October, Australian troops entered the region with the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration . On 19 November, a Republican militia clashed with Dutch troops in an event known as the Kolaka incident . In February 1946, Dutch troops occupied

2924-473: The most abundant alluvium sediments. Kendari has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen Af ) with heavy rainfall from December to July and moderate rainfall from August to November. The city's average temperature is 31 °C (88 °F). The lowest average temperature is usually recorded in August and can be 21 °C (70 °F), while the highest average temperature is observed during November reaching 32 °C (90 °F). The average humidity level

2992-602: The name of Kendari Regency, with the capital being the city of Kendari . When the Municipality of Kendari was first established under Law No 6 of 1995 (which separated Kendari City from Kendari Regency on 3 August 1995), the residual Kendari Regency consisted of 19 districts ( kecamatan ) with 334 villages. Over time, administrative changes led to the changes in the numbers of districts and villages. In 2002 Kendari Regency consisted of 23 districts with 631 villages. Based on Government Regulation No. 26 of 2004, on 28 September 2004,

3060-401: The official estimates as at mid 2023. The table includes the location of the district administrative centre, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 297 rural desa and 57 urban kelurahan ), and its post code. Notes: The districts grouped as "East Konawe" are those surrounding Kendari City. The 2010 totals exclude the districts subsequently split off in 2013 to form

3128-516: The other son, Karaeng Loe ri Sero , led a new kingdom called Tallo which included areas of Saumata, Pannampu, Moncong Loe, and Parang Loe. For years both kingdoms were involved in wars until the kingdom of Tallo was defeated. During the reign of King of Gowa X, Tunipalangga (1512-1546), the two kingdoms were reunified to become twin kingdoms under a deal called Rua Kareng se're ata ( dual kings, single people in Makassarese ) and enforced with

3196-453: The region such as Tolaki, Muna , Buton , and Moronene; the rest are mostly migrants from other parts of Indonesia . There were 176,279 males and 174,806 females in the city in mid 2023. The population grew by 1.7 percent in 2020, with Baruga district growing the most (5.38 percent) while the Kambu district decreased the most, losing 0.9 percent of its population. The most densely populated district

3264-485: The region. There was a huge unknown disaster, which is thought to have almost eliminated all the people in the region. According to local legend, Onggodo , a holy man, is thought to have arrived in the kingdom from the Maluku Islands . He is believed to have saved the kingdom from the unknown disaster, and later married one of the kingdom's princesses. Konawe society was divided into three classes. Anakia were nobles and

3332-456: The relationship the defeated state would have with Gowa, which were based on socially hierarchical kinship positions. This included strict vassalage and defeated rulers and populations having subordinate or enslaved positions within the empire. This scheme of hierarchical relations and subordinate positions in relation to a more powerful state has ancient roots in the region which predate Islam. The one difference added to this ancient tradition

3400-459: The residual regency changed its name to Konawe Regency. On 25 February 2003, the south part of the regency was split off to create a separate South Konawe Regency ( Konawe Selatan ) covering eleven districts, and subsequently on 2 January 2007 seven of the northern districts were likewise split off to form a new North Konawe Regency ( Konawe Utara ). Finally, on 15 May 2013, the seven districts comprising Wawonii Island were split off to form

3468-490: The rest are state-owned national roads or provincial roads. As of 2021, both inner and outer ring roads are under construction. The Kendari Bay Bridge, with a length of 1.34 km (0.83 mi), opened in 2020 and shortened travel times crossing the bay between Kota Lama and Poasia from a half hour to 5 minutes. The city is served by Haluoleo Airport , formerly Wolter Monginsidi Airport. It has regular flights to Jakarta and Makassar and smaller regions around it. Haluoleo

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3536-413: The rise of Gowa. Gowa's expansion brought some systematic order to this variety. Granting titles was an important method of establishing and recognizing a given person/s and a given community's place within society. Ideally, but not always in fact, this hierarchy of titles corresponded to the natural hierarchy of the white blood that the nobles possessed. Distinguishing nobles from commoners, for example,

3604-482: The south and west, and Kendari Bay in the east. The city is on the southeastern part of mainland Sulawesi island; several smaller islands around the bay are within its boundaries. The city's topography varies from flat to hilly. Coastal areas tend to be flatter, while the northern part of the city is part of the Nipa-Nipa mountain formation, which reaches elevations of approximately 450 metres (1,480 ft). In general,

3672-513: The south end and the west coast of southern Sulawesi. Before the establishment of the kingdom, the region had been known as Makassar and its people as Makassarese . The history of the kingdom can be divided into two eras: pre-Islamic kingdom and post-Islamic sultanate . The epic poem the Nagarakretagama , in praise of King Rajasanagara of Majapahit , lists Makassar as one of the kingdom's tributaries in 1365. The first queen of Gowa

3740-399: The sultanate launched a series of campaigns, called locally the "Islamic wars", which resulted in all of southwest Sulawesi, including their rival Bone, being subjugated and subsequently Islamized. The war later extended to Sumbawa , which was invaded in 1618 and the rulers were forced to convert to Islam. Religious zeal from the rulers was an important factor behind the campaigns, as they saw

3808-591: The sultanate of Gowa and continued until 1669, after the VOC had landed its strengthened troops in a desperate and ultimately weakening Gowa. On 18 November 1667 the Treaty of Bungaya was signed by the major belligerents in a premature attempt to end the war. Feeling aggrieved, Hasanuddin started the war again. Finally, the VOC requested assistance for additional troops from Batavia . Battles broke out again in various places with Sultan Hasanuddin giving fierce resistance. Military reinforcements sent from Batavia strengthened

3876-788: The throne as the 16th sultan of Gowa, he tried to combine the power of the small kingdoms in eastern Indonesia to fight the VOC, which was assisted by the prince of Bone kingdom of Bugis dynasty, Arung Palakka . On the morning of 24 November 1666, the VOC expedition and the Eastern Quarters set sail under the command of Speelman. The fleet consisted of the admiralship Tertholen , and twenty other vessels carrying some 1,860 people, among them 818 Dutch sailors, 578 Dutch soldiers, and 395 native troops from Ambon under Captain Joncker and from Bugis under Arung Palakka and Arung Belo Tosa'deng. Speelman also accepted Sultan Ternate 's offer to contribute

3944-456: The treaty and finally, naming Saosao as king, increasing tensions with the Konawe nobility. To avoid armed conflict, the Dutch government mediated an agreement. However, Konawe secretly mobilised its troops and established an arms store in Puwilalo. In response, the Dutch attempted, and failed, to negotiate with their leader, Watukila. Finally, the Dutch decided to attack Watukila's troops and invaded

4012-613: The upper classes; Tononggapa were the commoners and peasants, and Oata were slaves. People in the region were united by the Kalo Sara , meaning "circle of tribal laws", a religious symbol of harmony, peace, and kinship, a large bracelet made of three rattan pieces tied together on a white napkin. The rattan bracelet symbolized unity and the white napkin symbolized good deeds. The three pieces of rattan have various meanings and interpretations, such as father, mother, and children, or government, religion, and tradition. Islam has been present in

4080-644: The war and became one of the Dutch Indies' regencies . Following the Indonesian Independence from Netherlands in 1945, the sultanate dissolved and has since become part of the Republic of Indonesia and the former region becomes part of Gowa Regency . The variety of titles used by leaders of small polities is bewildering: anrongguru, dampang, gallarrang, jannang, kare, kasuiang, lao, loqmoq, todo, and more besides. All were local titles Makassarese used before

4148-451: Was Tomanurung Baine . Not much is known about the exact time when the kingdom was established nor about the first queen, and only during the reign of the 6th king, Tonatangka Kopi , have local sources noted about the division of the kingdom into two new kingdoms led by two Kopi's sons: Kingdom of Gowa led by Batara Gowa as its 7th king covering areas of Paccelekang, Pattalasang, Bontomanai Ilau, Bontomanai 'Iraya, Tombolo and Mangasa while

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4216-471: Was cut out. (g) no figure available for Anggotoa District for mid 2023. (h) except for the kelurahan of Unaaha, which has a post code of 93418. (i) included in figures for Abuki District, from which it was cut out. (j) included in figures for Tongauna District, from which it was cut out. Konawe Regency has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from August to November and heavy rainfall from December to July. The following climate data

4284-543: Was interpreted in accordance with Islamic beliefs instead of being abandoned altogether. During this period, Konawe became a multicultural society, with merchants from Java , Makassar, and Maluku settling on the island. In 1828, the governor of the Dutch East Indies tasked a sailor named Jacques Nicholas Vosmaer with mapping the eastern coast of Sulawesi to find a suitable location for a trading post. The first detailed map of Kendari Bay, renamed Vosmaer Bay in his honor,

4352-498: Was published in May 1831. According to reports from Vosmaer in 1839 and another Dutch official named van der Hart in 1853, villages around Kendari Bay where current city is located are settled by Bugis and Bajo traders and fisherman between 10 and 15 years prior to his journey. The bay was an attractive location for migrants that time, due to Konawe's political condition that were relatively stable and peaceful compared to neighbouring kingdoms at that time. Many traders, especially those of

4420-507: Was still small and did not yet rule all of today's Konawe region or Kendari city. The kingdom's capital was in Rahambuu, a town known today as Unaaha, around 60 kilometers (37 mi) from Kendari. The kingdom included three smaller kingdoms loyal to Unaaha. The Old Konawe period followed the Ancient Konawe period. It was marked by the unification and consolidation of the kingdom's power over

4488-433: Was that the defeated ruler had to profess the shahadah which also served as an acceptance of submission to Gowa. The defeated populations of the states were not commonly forced to convert. After the conquests, Gowa pursued a policy of religious proselytization within the defeated kingdoms, which included sending Javanese preachers to teach the religion among the masses and establish Islamic institutions. From 1630 until

4556-687: Was the Kadia district with 5,488 people per square kilometer in 2023, while the least was Nambo. The most populated districts in 2023 were Poasia with 42,409 people and West Kendari with 42,374 people, while the least populated was Nambo, which has a population of 12,315 people. According to Statistics Indonesia , 189,534 people are considered part of the workforce as of 2020. Most of the city's population are Muslim , with considerable Christian , Buddhist , and Hindu minorities. There are 133 kindergartens, 141 elementary schools, 58 junior high schools, and 32 senior high schools. There are 20 vocational high schools in

4624-399: Was the right to have a royal or daeng name as well as a personal name. Distinguishing lower ranking nobles such as anaq ceraq from higher-ranking nobles like anaq tiqno was the latter's right to a karaeng title. Granted by the ruler of Gowa, karaeng titles not only signified the bearer's accepted high status, but were often toponyms that gace the bearer the right to demand tribute and labor from

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