123-655: Kenneth George Beamish (born 25 August 1947) is an English former football player, coach and manager . In his playing days, he was a forward , and he scored a total of 198 goals in 642 league and cup games throughout a sixteen-year career in the Football League . He started his career at Tranmere Rovers in 1965, and in six years at the club would make close to 200 appearances. From March 1972, he spent three years with Brighton & Hove Albion , making around 100 appearances. In May 1974 he signed with Blackburn Rovers for £25,000, and went on to play close to 100 games with
246-555: A free in May 1981, and played just two league games, as Swindon were relegated out of the Third Division in 1981–82 . Beamish was a forward noted for his courage and aggression, though lacking in technical skill . After retiring as a player, he became manager of Swindon Town. John Trollope had originally brought Beamish to the club as his assistant. After Trollope's unsuccessful venture into management came to an end, Beamish took over
369-601: A stele of c. 375–400 BCE in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship trophy. Athenaeus , writing in 228 CE, mentions the Roman ball game harpastum . Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football , wrestling , and volleyball more than what
492-403: A strike partnership with Barry Bridges , his nine Second Division goals made him the club's joint-top scorer. Manager Pat Saward was replaced by Brian Clough , but the 1973–74 campaign was also difficult, as Brighton avoided their second-successive relegation by eight points. Beamish finished as top-scorer with twelve goals but was not included on an end-of-season trip to Spain as Clough
615-474: A 12-year career in the Football League , before going on to greater success as a manager, as he would take charge of 777 matches in a 23-year managerial career. A right-back during his playing days, he moved from Hednesford Town to Aston Villa in 1955. He spent the next eleven years with the "Villans", winning a League Cup winners medal in 1961 , as well as a League Cup runners-up medal in 1963 . He then moved on to Shrewsbury Town in 1966, where he made
738-562: A 1–0 victory over Oxford United at Filbert Street enough to save the club at the expense of West Bromwich Albion . Gordon Francis Lee was born in the village of Pye Green – in Cannock Chase District – on 13 July 1934; he grew up in the village of Heath Hayes . After his managerial career came to an end, he settled down to retirement in Lytham St Annes and enjoyed playing golf and walking. Lee died on 8 March 2022, at
861-488: A French XI team in 1920, and also made up most of the England team against a Scottish Ladies XI in the same year, winning 22–0. Despite being more popular than some men's football events, with one match seeing a 53,000 strong crowd in 1920, women's football in England suffered a blow in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the playing of the game on association members' pitches, stating that "the game of football
984-442: A caution ( yellow card ) or dismissal ( red card ). A second yellow card in the same game leads to a red card, which results in a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in their official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place and the player may not participate in further play. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while
1107-564: A competitive game, and involved the kicking of a mari , a ball made of animal skin. In North America, pasuckuakohowog was a ball game played by the Algonquians ; it was described as "almost identical to the kind of folk football being played in Europe at the same time, in which the ball was kicked through goals". Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on
1230-497: A deadlock; some competitions may invoke replays . A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shoot-outs (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of
1353-400: A goal has been scored or not; this was brought in to prevent controversy. Video assistant referees (VAR) have also been increasingly introduced in high-level matches to assist officials through video replays to correct clear and obvious mistakes. There are four types of calls that can be reviewed: mistaken identity in awarding a red or yellow card, goals and whether there was a violation during
SECTION 10
#17331152151521476-628: A latex bladder for pressurisation, but modern balls at all levels of the game are now synthetic. As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB , the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units . The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with
1599-677: A legend". Safety was assured with a 15th-place finish, five points above relegated Mansfield Town. He did not retain the services of four players for the 1972–73 season: Mick Morris , Keith Ball, Stuart Sharratt, and John Flowers. Lee made some key signings however, bringing in Stafford Rangers goalscorer Ray Williams for £3,000, midfielder Freddie Goodwin ( Southport ), 'controversial' goalkeeper Alan Boswell ( Bolton Wanderers ), young midfielder Colin Tartt , and trialist goalkeeper Reg Edwards ( Nuneaton Borough ). Six wins were gained from
1722-519: A meeting attended by representatives from Eton , Harrow , Rugby , Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club , formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to
1845-434: A new contract and signed with Chester City . Despite this, the club's dire finances meant that he was only able to bring in three new attackers on free transfers : Ken Wookey ( Newport County ); Stuart Shaw ( Southport ); and Eric Magee ( Oldham Athletic ). Vale started the season with a club-record unbeaten 18 matches, and Lee began playing midfielder Tommy McLaren on a regular basis. Vale's financial situation
1968-656: A nine-game unbeaten run, Lee signed Lacey permanently for £2,500 and also brought Sammy Morgan in on a free transfer from Gorleston . Speaking of their third-place finish, Lee said that "no team could have deserved reward as much for their hard work and strength of character". Preparing for life in the Third Division , Lee released Ken Wookey, Stuart Shaw, Eric Magee, Stuart Chapman , and Gordon Logan . In their place he signed centre-half Roy Cross from Walsall, inside-forward Brian Horton from Hednesford Town, and full-back Mick Hopkinson from Mansfield Town . He steadied
2091-426: A penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs , goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks. A standard adult football match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee
2214-416: A relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain. The length of the pitch, or field, for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) in length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided
2337-486: A salary of around £8,000 a year. They finished the 1973–74 campaign 13th in the Third Division. He signed Graham Hawkins from Preston North End for £18,000 and also brought in Ken Beamish , Pat Hilton , Don Hutchins , Jimmy Mullen and Graham Oates . He then led Rovers to the league title in 1974–75 , one point above runners-up Plymouth Argyle . Having proved himself in the lower leagues, he left Ewood Park for
2460-567: A similar ancient game ( cuju , or tsu chu ) was played by women during the Han dynasty (25–220 CE), as female figures are depicted in frescoes of the period playing tsu chu . There are also reports of annual football matches played by women in Midlothian , Scotland, during the 1790s. Association football, the modern game, has documented early involvement of women. In 1863, football governing bodies introduced standardised rules to prohibit violence on
2583-460: A successful start to his Brighton career, as he contributed six goals in twelve starts and two substitute appearances as the club won promotion as Third Division runners-up in 1971–72. Coach Ray Crawford stated that Beamish's goals helped the club to get over the line and clinch promotion. However, the club struggled in the Second Division , and finished in last place in 1972–73 . Playing in
SECTION 20
#17331152151522706-523: A total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries and territories, it is the world's most popular sport. The game of association football is played in accordance with the Laws of the Game , a set of rules that has been in effect since 1863 and maintained by the IFAB since 1886. The game is played with a football that is 68–70 cm (27–28 in) in circumference . The two teams compete to score goals by getting
2829-554: A truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké , an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras . The sport also exacerbated tensions at
2952-432: A variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws. The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards . An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. Headgear
3075-402: A £5,000 fee, as well as Keith Lindsey from Southend United for 'a small fee'. War in the boardroom continued, whilst only 2,809 turned up to see a 1–0 home win over Mansfield Town on 4 March. On 8 May, Sproson made his farewell competitive appearance for the club in front of only 2,743 supporters, and Lee angrily declared that "the attendance was nothing short of a disgrace to mark the end of
3198-451: A £5,000 fee. Seemingly taking the club as far as he could, he left Burslem in January 1974 for a club with a much bigger potential. Vale finished the campaign one place and seven points above the relegation zone under the management of Roy Sproson. In January 1974, Lee left Port Vale for the vacant management post at Blackburn Rovers, succeeding Ken Furphy. He signed a two-year contract on
3321-415: Is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who almost exclusively use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch . The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposing team by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular-framed goal defended by the opposing team. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45-minute halves, for
3444-463: Is governed by FIFA . Under FIFA, there are six continental confederations: AFC , CAF , CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , OFC , and UEFA . Of these confederations, CONMEBOL is the oldest one, being founded in 1916. National associations (e.g. The FA in England) are responsible for managing the game in their own countries both professionally and at an amateur level, and coordinating competitions in accordance with
3567-410: Is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by
3690-438: Is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials. A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during
3813-405: Is positioned on each goal line, midway between the two touchlines. The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 m (24 ft) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws. In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area
Ken Beamish - Misplaced Pages Continue
3936-800: Is quite unsuitable for females and should not be encouraged." Players and football writers have argued that this ban was, in fact, due to envy of the large crowds that women's matches attracted, and because the FA had no control over the money made from the women's game. The FA ban led to the formation of the short-lived English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds. Women's football also faced bans in several other countries , notably in Brazil from 1941 to 1979, in France from 1941 to 1970, and in Germany from 1955 to 1970. Restrictions began to be reduced in
4059-506: Is recognisable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football , the antecedent of all modern football codes , these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking it. Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world, FIFA has described that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The history of football in England dates back to at least
4182-579: Is the dominant region in women's football, with the United States winning the most FIFA Women's World Cups and Olympic tournaments. Europe and Asia come second and third in terms of international success, and the women's game has been improving in South America. Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The game is played using a spherical ball of 68–70 cm (27–28 in) circumference, known as
4305-451: Is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called "additional time" in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time , while lost time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of
4428-435: Is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of Rugby School . Initially spelt assoccer (a shortening of "association"), it was later reduced to the modern spelling. This form of slang also gave rise to rugger for rugby football, fiver and tenner for five pound and ten pound notes , and the now-archaic footer that was also a name for association football. The word soccer arrived at its current form in 1895 and
4551-404: Is to score goals; defenders , who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders , who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which
4674-421: The football (or soccer ball ). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by
4797-526: The 1971–72 campaign he released Mick Hopkinson, John Green , and John King; and signed left-half John Flowers from Doncaster Rovers and full-back Tony Loska from Shrewsbury Town for 'a small fee'. Pre-season did not run smoothly, however, as Lee fell out with Sammy Morgan and had to contend with injuries to Roy Sproson, Stuart Sharratt, and top-scorer John James . Low attendances forced him to sell Clint Boulton to Torquay United for £10,000. In December, he brought Ray Harford from Mansfield Town for
4920-447: The 1976–77 campaign positively, but Lee switched clubs in January 1977. United went on to finish the season in fifth place under the stewardship of Richard Dinnis . During his time at St James' Park , Lee signed Burnley apprentice Kevin Carr and striker Alan Gowling from Huddersfield Town . Though he maintained a respectable record on Tyneside , his functional, workmanlike approach to
5043-525: The 1976–77 season with 18 goals in 44 games; three of these goals came against Grimsby Town at Blundell Park on 3 January. He was voted Player of the Year for his 16 goals in 49 games in the 1977–78 season; he scored ten goals more than his closest rival Jeff Hemmerman , as the club were relegated to the Fourth Division. He started the 1978–79 campaign with four goals in four consecutive games before he
Ken Beamish - Misplaced Pages Continue
5166-705: The 1983–84 season, new sponsors Lowndes Lambert demanded a big-name manager, and Beamish was replaced by Lou Macari . He worked at Blackburn Rovers as a commercial manager from 1986 until his retirement in August 2012. He later worked with AFC Fylde . He married Lesley, and in 1973 the couple were living with daughter Kirstie at Saltdean , Sussex . He later lived in Euxton and got involved with local charitable causes. Brighton & Hove Albion Blackburn Rovers Individual Association football Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer ,
5289-515: The Caribbean and Oceania regions (except Australia ) have yet to make a mark in international football. When it comes to men's national teams, Europeans and South Americans continue to dominate the FIFA World Cup, as no team from any other region has managed to even reach the final. These regional trends do not hold true for the women's game, as the United States women's national team has won
5412-497: The FA Cup semi-finals , losing out 3–0, in a replay to rivals Liverpool at Maine Road , the first game being a controversial 2–2 draw, with Everton being denied a late winner by referee Clive Thomas . In preparation for the 1977–78 campaign he bought goalkeeper George Wood from Blackpool for £150,000. He also later signed Arsenal midfielder Trevor Ross and gave centre-half Billy Wright his debut. Everton finished third in
5535-609: The League Cup final later in the year. After losing his job at Everton in May 1981, he was appointed manager of Preston North End , before he departed two years later. In 1985, he moved to Iceland to manage KR Reykjavik before he left the club in 1987. Returning to England behind the scenes at Leicester City , he spent a brief period in 1991 as the club's caretaker manager . Lee captained Littleworth School in both football and cricket , beginning his playing career at Girton Road Gasworks. He joined Hednesford Town in 1953, where he
5658-620: The 1960s and 1970s. The Italian women's football league was established in 1968. In December 1969, the Women's Football Association was formed in England, with the sport eventually becoming the most prominent team sport for women in the United Kingdom. Two unofficial women's World Cups were organised by the FIEFF in 1970 and in 1971 . Also in 1971, UEFA members voted to officially recognise women's football, while The Football Association rescinded
5781-486: The 1983–84 campaign. Beamish started his career with Fourth Division Tranmere Rovers in 1966, under the management of Dave Russell . Rovers missed out on promotion at the end of 1965–66 after finishing behind fourth-place Colchester United on goal average. Promotion was achieved in 1966–67 , after the club finished fourth, four points ahead of Crewe Alexandra . Tranmere retained their Third Division status in 1967–68 , 1968–69 , 1969–70 , and 1970–71 . Beamish
5904-570: The FIFA Women's World Cup four times, more than any other women's team. Football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite teams, while billions more watch the game on television or on the internet. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football. Football has
6027-861: The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association , the Football Association of Wales , and the Irish Football Association . FIFA , the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to the Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of
6150-464: The Game while the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick . The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by
6273-470: The IFAB Laws. Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes ), one of whom must be the goalkeeper . Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are
SECTION 50
#17331152151526396-430: The Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees . In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise. Goal line technology is used to measure if the whole ball has crossed the goal-line thereby determining whether
6519-713: The Laws of the Game. The most prestigious senior international competitions are the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup . The men's World Cup is the most-viewed sporting event in the world, surpassing the Olympic Games . The two most prestigious competitions in club football are the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Women's Champions League , which attract an extensive television audience worldwide. The final of
6642-475: The Laws of the Game: to represent their team in the coin toss before kick-off or penalty kicks . The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they must use both their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with
6765-479: The League Cup final in 1963 . Lee played in both legs of the 3–1 aggregate defeat to rival 's Birmingham City . They dropped to 19th in 1963–64 , though still managed to finish ahead of Birmingham and to avoid relegation by a six points margin. They then finished 16th in both the 1964–65 and 1965–66 campaigns under new manager Dick Taylor . Lee made 142 appearances in all competitions, playing his final game for
6888-529: The Second Division as champions of the Third Division, with Beamish claiming 11 of he and Martin's 26 goal haul. Rovers finished mid-table in 1975–76 under the stewardship of Jim Smith . A popular player, fans would chant "Beamo, Beamo" years after he left Ewood Park . He joined Third Division Port Vale for £12,000 in September 1976 and went straight into the first team. He became the club's top scorer in
7011-530: The United States. A notable exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the 21st century, under the influence of international television, "football" has been gaining prevalence, despite the dominance of other codes of football, namely rugby union and rugby league . The term soccer comes from Oxford "-er" slang, which was prevalent at the University of Oxford in England from about 1875, and
7134-685: The Vale's performances. He solved his goalkeeping problems by signing Keith Ball from Walsall for 'a small fee', and his side put together a five-game unbeaten run in November. He adopted a more 'hit and run' style in March, and his side ended the campaign in 13th-place with 46 points from their 46 games, scoring 46 and conceding 46 goals. In preparation for the 1969–70 campaign he released Mick Cullerton , Mick Mahon , Jimmy Goodfellow , Graham Williams , and Milija Aleksic ; whilst top-scorer Roy Chapman rejected
7257-452: The ball into the other team's goal (between the posts, under the bar, and fully across the goal line). When the ball is in play, the players mainly use their feet, but may also use any other part of their body, such as their head, chest and thighs, except for their hands or arms, to control, strike, or pass the ball. Only the goalkeepers may use their hands and arms, and that only within the penalty area . The team that has scored more goals at
7380-456: The ban that prohibited women from playing on association members' pitches in England. Women's football still faces many struggles, but its worldwide growth has seen major competitions being launched at both the national and international levels, mirroring the men's competitions. The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991: the first tournament was held in China, featuring 12 teams from
7503-410: The beginning of each playing period with a kick-off until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play: A foul occurs when a player commits an offence listed in the Laws of
SECTION 60
#17331152151527626-479: The beginning of the Croatian War of Independence of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990. Women's association football has historically seen opposition, with national associations severely curbing its development and several outlawing it completely. Women may have been playing football for as long as the game has existed. Evidence shows that
7749-404: The buildup, direct red card decisions, and penalty decisions. The ball is spherical with a circumference of between 68 and 70 cm (27 and 28 in), a weight in the range of 410 to 450 g (14 to 16 oz), and a pressure between 0.6 and 1.1 standard atmospheres (8.5 and 15.6 pounds per square inch ) at sea level. In the past the ball was made up of leather panels sewn together, with
7872-414: The campaign. They posted a ninth-place finish in the 1960–61 season and won the League Cup , by which time Lee had re-established himself in the first-team. Lee played in both legs of the 1961 final , which saw Villa defeat Rotherham United 3–2 on aggregate to become the inaugural winners of the competition. Villa finished seventh in 1961–62 , before dropping to 15th in 1962–63 . They again reached
7995-732: The champions of these two club competitions would contest the Intercontinental Cup to prove which team was the best in the world. In the 21st century, South America has continued to produce some of the best footballers in the world, but its clubs have fallen behind the still dominant European clubs, which often sign the best players from Latin America and elsewhere. Meanwhile, football has improved in Africa , Asia and North America , and nowadays, these regions are at least on equal grounds with South America in club football, although countries in
8118-502: The chance to prove himself in the top-flight in June 1975. In June 1975, Lee was appointed Joe Harvey 's replacement at Newcastle United . He led the "Magpies" to a 15th-place finish in the First Division in 1975–76 . He also led Newcastle to the final of the League Cup in 1976 , where they were defeated 2–1 by Manchester City . He sold striker Malcolm Macdonald to Arsenal for the unusual fee of £333,333.33. His team started
8241-576: The club against West Ham United in March 1965, before he left Villa Park . Lee joined Shrewsbury Town in July 1966 and featured in two Third Division games for the "Shrews" in the 1966–67 season. He later became a trainer- coach at the Gay Meadow , later serving as Arthur Rowley 's assistant manager . He also did some scouting for former club Aston Villa. Lee started his managerial career with Port Vale in May 1968. Succeeding Stanley Matthews , he
8364-453: The club in two years. Bought by Port Vale for £12,000 in September 1976, he was voted the club's Player of the Year in 1977–78 , and was the club's top scorer for two consecutive seasons. Sold to Bury for £35,000 in September 1978, he played around 50 games before he moved back to Tranmere Rovers in 1979. In 1981, he transferred to Swindon Town before he announced his retirement the following year. He later served as Swindon's manager in
8487-561: The club to the FA Cup semi-finals, where they were beaten at Elland Road 2–1 by West Ham United in a replay, Frank Lampard scoring the winning goal in extra time . Lee handed débuts to midfielders Steve McMahon and Kevin Richardson , and defender Kevin Ratcliffe . He also signed striker Graeme Sharp from Dumbarton and winger Alan Irvine from Queen's Park ; Sharp would go on to become
8610-463: The club's post-war leading goalscorer. Well respected by the players, Lee was sacked by chairman Philip Carter on 6 May 1981, having led the team to a 15th-place finish in 1980–81 , five places but only three points above relegated Norwich City . People keep on about stars and flair. As far as I'm concerned you find stars in the sky and flair at the bottom of your trousers. Lee was appointed manager at Preston North End on 9 December 1981, taking
8733-425: The course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is five in 90 minutes, with each team being allowed one more if the game should go into extra-time; the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches . Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at
8856-453: The eighth century. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The Cambridge rules , first drawn up at the University of Cambridge in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge , at
8979-420: The end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team". Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations. A game is officiated by a referee , who has "full authority to enforce
9102-405: The end of the game is the winner. There are situations where a goal can be disallowed, such as an offside call or a foul in the build-up to the goal. Depending on the format of the competition, an equal number of goals scored may result in a draw being declared with 1 point awarded to each team, or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shoot-out . Internationally, association football
9225-436: The final . He instead had to wait until September 1958 before making his First Division debut in a 3–2 defeat to Nottingham Forest . The club were bottom of the league by December of the 1958–59 season. The new boss Joe Mercer could not steer them away from relegation . In 1959–60 , the "Villans" were crowned Second Division champions, finishing one point above runners-up Cardiff City – However, Lee did not feature in
9348-420: The forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though players may not pass to teammates who are in an offside position. During gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling , passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at
9471-514: The formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules. These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street , London. The only school to be represented on this occasion
9594-517: The four British associations. For most of the 20th century, Europe and South America were the dominant regions in association football. The FIFA World Cup , inaugurated in 1930 , became the main stage for players of both continents to show their worth and the strength of their national teams. In the second half of the century, the European Cup and the Copa Libertadores were created, and
9717-475: The game and his "no stars" policy, particularly his decision to sell "Supermac" Macdonald, made him unpopular with many supporters. Lee switched to Everton in January 1977 to replace sacked manager Billy Bingham . He led the "Toffees" to a ninth-place finish in the First Division in 1976–77 , and took them to the League Cup final . It took two replays for the final to be resolved, with Aston Villa eventually winning 3–2 at Old Trafford . Everton also reached
9840-695: The game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a formation . Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager . There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulations and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football for both sexes, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on
9963-425: The goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of
10086-404: The highest global television audience in sport. In many parts of the world, football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans , local communities, and even nations. Ryszard Kapuściński says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games. The Ivory Coast national football team helped secure
10209-654: The instigation of Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league , which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor . The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England . Laws of the Game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of
10332-697: The lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s, with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup , which was founded by the footballer and cricketer Charles W. Alcock , and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow , again at
10455-607: The men's tournament is the most-watched annual sporting event in the world. Association football is one of a family of football codes that emerged from various ball games played worldwide since antiquity. Within the English-speaking world, the sport is now usually called "football" in Great Britain and most of Ulster in the north of Ireland, whereas people usually call it "soccer" in regions and countries where other codes of football are prevalent, such as Australia, Canada, South Africa, most of Ireland (excluding Ulster), and
10578-525: The nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the IFAB. In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of association football. Within the United States, Major League Soccer used a distinct ruleset during the 1990s and the National Federation of State High School Associations and NCAA still use rulesets that are comparable to, but different from,
10701-427: The next stoppage of play. The referee's decision in all on-pitch matters is considered final. The score of a match cannot be altered after the game, even if later evidence shows that decisions (including awards/non-awards of goals) were incorrect. Gordon Lee (footballer) Gordon Francis Lee (13 July 1934 – 8 March 2022) was an English football player and manager . He played 144 league and cup matches in
10824-426: The offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute, substituted player, and to non-players such as managers and support staff. Rather than stopping play,
10947-575: The opening eight league games, though low attendances caused Lee to remark that "the people here are not genuinely interested in league football". Offered the management position at Shrewsbury Town, he rejected the offer as he believed the club "lacked potential" and that he had a "feeling of loyalty towards the [Vale] players". In mid-season he sold John James to Chester for £5,000, Ray Harford to Colchester United for £1,750, and Keith Lindsey to Gillingham for £750, whilst spending £2,250 to bring 'pacey' striker John Woodward in from Walsall. Lee's team
11070-461: The original thirteen laws of the game. The sticking point was hacking, which a twelfth club at the meeting, Blackheath FC , had wanted to keep, resulting in them withdrawing from the FA. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, and instead in 1871, along with Blackheath, formed the Rugby Football Union . The FA rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and
11193-432: The pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (115 yd) long and 68 m (74 yd) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented. The longer boundary lines are touchlines , while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines . A rectangular goal
11316-437: The pitch, making it more socially acceptable for women to play. The first match recorded by the Scottish Football Association took place in 1892 in Glasgow . In England, the first recorded game of football between women took place in 1895. Women's football has traditionally been associated with charity games and physical exercise, particularly in the United Kingdom. Association football continued to be played by women since
11439-437: The player spends the most time. For example, there are central defenders and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of
11562-400: The players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa . Trailing 1–0 with two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty kick. Villa's goalkeeper deliberately kicked the ball out of play; by
11685-483: The post vacated by Tommy Docherty . He led the "Lilywhites" to a 14th-place finish in the Third Division in 1981–82 , with the club losing only once in their last 13 games. They dropped to 16th in 1982–83 , before he left Deepdale on 20 December 1983. His replacement, Alan Kelly , led the club to a 16th-place finish in 1983–84 . Lee was interviewed for the Aston Villa management job in summer 1984, which instead
11808-416: The referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as "playing an advantage". The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within "a few seconds". Even if an offence is not penalised due to advantage being played, the offender may still be sanctioned for misconduct at
11931-419: The referee. Stoppage time does not fully compensate for the time in which the ball is out of play , and a 90-minute game typically involves about an hour of "effective playing time". The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half, the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time they intend to add. The fourth official then informs
12054-560: The reins from him towards the end of the 1982–83 season. Working on a tight budget, Beamish was given only one full season in charge, in which he led the Town to their lowest ever league finish – seventeenth in Fourth Division . However, he did lead the club to the Fourth Round of the FA Cup , where former club Blackburn Rovers eliminated Swindon. When his contract expired at the end of
12177-440: The respective six confederations. The World Cup has been held every four years since; by 2019 , it had expanded to 24 national teams, and 1.12 billion viewers watched the competition. Four years later , FIFA targeted the 32-team 2023 Women's World Cup at an audience of 2 billion, while about 1.4 million tickets were sold, setting a Women's World Cup record. Women's football has been an Olympic event since 1996 . North America
12300-534: The rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart. At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2022–23 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.85 goals per match. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers , or forwards, whose main task
12423-543: The sexes are so widely divided are all on the side of emancipation , and I look forward to the time when ladies may sit in Parliament and have a voice in the direction of affairs, especially those which concern them most." Honeyball and those like her paved the way for women's football. However, the women's game was frowned upon by the British football associations and continued without their support. It has been suggested that this
12546-447: The shift from player to coach . Lee began his management career with Port Vale in 1968, leading them to promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1969–70 . Switching to Blackburn Rovers in January 1974, he took them to the Third Division title in 1974–75 . This won him the top job at Newcastle United , and in 1976, he led Newcastle to the League Cup final . He took up the reins at Everton in January 1977 and also took them to
12669-506: The ship in the midst of infighting in the boardroom, and the team went on a four-game winning streak in October that included a 2–0 win over fallen-giants Aston Villa. In January, he signed John Brodie from Northern Premier League side Bradford Park Avenue for £250, and noted that his team's performances were not helped by the 'boo boys' at Vale Park . Safety was assured with a 17th-place finish, three points above relegated Reading . For
12792-578: The table, two points behind Liverpool, and nine points behind champions Nottingham Forest. He led the club to a fourth-place finish in 1978–79 , and though they ended up some 17 points behind Liverpool, they did record a 1–0 victory over their rivals, their first Merseyside derby win in close to seven years. Lee swapped Mickey Walsh to Queens Park Rangers for Peter Eastoe , and also bought midfielder Asa Hartford for £400,000. However, Everton dropped down to 19th in 1979–80 , just one place and four points above relegated Bristol City . He did, though lead
12915-447: The time it was recovered, the clock had run out and the game was over, leaving Stoke unable to attempt the penalty. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until a penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed; thus, no game can end with an uncompleted penalty. In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required, various methods may be employed to break such
13038-531: The time of the first recorded women's games in the late 19th century. The best-documented early European team was founded by activist Nettie Honeyball in England in 1894. It was named the British Ladies' Football Club . Honeyball is quoted as, "I founded the association late last year [1894], with the fixed resolve of proving to the world that women are not the 'ornamental and useless' creatures men have pictured. I must confess, my convictions on all matters where
13161-422: The tournament or be the champion. Goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament, with goals scored in a penalty shoot-out not making up part of the final score. In competitions using two-legged matches , each team competes at home once, with an aggregate score from
13284-597: The transmission of cuju outside of China, especially the form of the game popular in the Tang dynasty , the period when the inflatable ball was invented and replaced the stuffed ball. Other East Asian games include kemari in Japan and chuk-guk in Korea, both influenced by cuju . Kemari originated after the year 600 during the Asuka period . It was a ceremonial rather than
13407-439: The two matches deciding which team progresses. Where aggregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the most goals in the leg they played away from home. If the result is still equal, extra time and potentially a penalty shoot-out are required. Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play . From
13530-510: Was Charterhouse . The Freemasons' Tavern was the setting for five more meetings of The FA between October and December 1863; the English FA eventually issued the first comprehensive set of rules named Laws of the Game , forming modern football. The laws included bans on running with the ball in hand and hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Eleven clubs, under the charge of FA secretary Ebenezer Cobb Morley , ratified
13653-500: Was an archetypal modern manager; track-suited and with a focus on coaching. Devising an individual coaching plan for each player, he built a side around fitness and teamwork. Veteran defender Roy Sproson later said that "Lee was a great person to work for. He was as straight as a die but, if anything, rather cautious and predictable. If he took over a team in North Vietnam , I would know the way they play." His first task as manager
13776-437: Was criticized for foul play, particularly on 10 March, when Blackburn Rovers manager Ken Furphy branded them "a brutal and physical side". In the FA Cup, West Ham United manager Ron Greenwood claimed that the Vale players attempted "the most blatant calculated intimidation I have ever seen anywhere in the world". Vale finished in sixth spot with 53 points, four short of promoted Notts County. The tally of 69 goals conceded
13899-527: Was first recorded as in exercise in the Zhan Guo Ce , a military history from the Han dynasty . Cuju players would pass the ball around, having to avoid it touching the ground at any point. It was then passed to a designated player, who attempted to kick it through the fengliu yan , a circular goal atop 10–11 meter poles. During the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), cuju games were standardised and rules were established. The Silk Road facilitated
14022-419: Was first recorded in 1889 in the earlier form of socca . Kicking ball games arose independently multiple times across multiple cultures. The Chinese competitive game cuju ( 蹴鞠 , literally "kickball"; also known as tsu chu ) resembles modern association football as well as a mix of basketball, and volleyball. This is the earliest form of a kicking game for which there is historical evidence. The game
14145-399: Was given to Graham Turner. He took up a coaching position at Icelandic club Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur in March 1985, before returning to England with Leicester City as a coach and then assistant manager. Lee was appointed caretaker manager after the "Foxes" sacked manager David Pleat in January 1991. He steered them away from relegation on the last day of the 1990–91 season, with
14268-448: Was higher than all but the bottom two clubs. Lee released Freddie Goodwin and sold Sammy Morgan to Aston Villa for £22,222. He built for the 1973–74 campaign by drafting in tall young players David Harris and John Ridley from the youth set-up, as well as versatile Keith Chadwick from Crewe Alexandra. After a spate of injuries, he signed Keith Leonard on loan from Aston Villa, and bought left-back Neil Griffiths from Chester for
14391-408: Was highlighted by the fact that they could not afford the £500 registration fee for Ian Buxton following the player's departure from Notts County . The "Valiants" were knocked off the top of the table following a bout of injuries, and Lee was forced to sign wing-half Tony Lacey on loan from Stoke City , and also bought Bill Summerscales from Leek Town for £400. As promotion was secured with
14514-497: Was motivated by a perceived threat to the "masculinity" of the game. Women's football became popular on a large scale at the time of the First World War , when female employment in heavy industry spurred the growth of the game, much as it had done for men 50 years earlier. The most successful team of the era was Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. of Preston, England . The team played in one of the first women's international matches against
14637-493: Was nicknamed "Onka". He made his first-team debut on 10 January 1953, in a 1–0 win over Sutton. Lee turned professional at Aston Villa upon his demobilization from National service in the Royal Air Force in October 1955, having been recommended to the club by former player Jackie Martin ; Villa would pay a total of £ 250 to Hednesford after targets were met. Villa won the FA Cup in 1957, though Lee did not feature in
14760-400: Was reportedly dissatisfied with his lack of balance and poise. He said that he discovered he had been transfer-listed from his neighbour, who had heard the news on the radio. Beamish was signed by Gordon Lee 's Blackburn Rovers for a £25,000 fee in May 1974. He soon built a good understanding with strike partner Don Martin . The 1974–75 season was successful, as Blackburn were promoted to
14883-497: Was sold on to Third Division Bury for £35,000 in September 1978. He helped the "Shakers" to avoid relegation in 1978–79 , as he scored 20 goals in 49 league games for the club before he returned to Tranmere Rovers in November 1979 for a fee of £10,000; Rovers were now back in the Fourth Division and managed by John King . Rovers suffered in 1979–80 and 1980–81 , and had to apply (successfully) for re-election under Bryan Hamilton in 1981. He then transferred to Swindon Town on
15006-479: Was the club's top scorer in two out of his six seasons. Now managed by Jackie Wright , Rovers struggled in 1971–72 . On 9 March 1972 – transfer deadline day, Beamish switched to league rivals Brighton & Hove Albion for a fee of £25,000 plus Alan Duffy , and saw his wages doubled. The club were already performing well with the strike duo of Willie Irvine and Kit Napier . However, the management felt that Beamish would offer more "bite" up front. Beamish enjoyed
15129-580: Was to persuade Sproson to continue playing. The club were a poor outfit Fourth Division when he took charge, and to boost the squad he signed 'tenacious' wing-half John King and Wales international winger Graham Williams from Tranmere Rovers , as well as Walsall 's teenage Bobby Gough . With goalkeeper Stuart Sharratt out injured, he brought in Geoff Hickson on loan from Crewe Alexandra . Despite inconsistent results, fans threw their support behind Lee after witnessing consistent improvements in
#151848