97-706: George Geoffrey Hickson (born 26 September 1939) is an English former football goalkeeper who played in the Football League for Crewe Alexandra , Port Vale , Southport and Stoke City . He won promotion out of the Fourth Division with Crewe in 1962–63. He is one of six post- war players to have played for both the Potteries clubs and Crewe Alexandra. Hickson was born in Crewe and played as an amateur for Coventry City , Liverpool and Blackburn Rovers , before signing
194-404: A FIFA World Cup tournament at 517 minutes. Gianluigi Buffon, Fabien Barthez and Iker Casillas hold the record for fewest goals conceded by a winning goalkeeper in a World Cup tournament at two each. Buffon is the only World Cup–winning goalkeeper not to have conceded a goal in open play throughout the entire tournament, one goal having resulted from an own goal after a free kick, the other from
291-575: A baseball cap ) to minimize glare from bright sunlight, or a knit cap to insulate from cold weather, at any time if they elect to do so. After recovering from a near-fatal skull fracture that he had sustained in 2006, Petr Čech wore a rugby-style scrum cap during his matches for the rest of his playing career. Goalkeepers have a very physically demanding job. They are the only players allowed to use their hands, except for throw-ins. Because of this, goalkeepers are often injured during breakaways, corner kicks, and free kicks since they put their bodies on
388-455: A throw-in ). During the 1935–36 English football season, young Sunderland AFC goalkeeper of the team, Jimmy Thorpe , died as a result of a kick in the head and chest after he had picked up the ball following a backpass in a game against Chelsea at Roker Park . He continued to take part until the match finished, but collapsed at home afterwards and died in hospital four days later from diabetes mellitus and heart failure "accelerated by
485-404: A ball thrown directly by a teammate. This cannot be circumvented by the keeper using the feet first before handling the ball. If this infringement occurs within the goalkeeper's penalty area, an indirect free kick is awarded. If the infringement occurs outside the goalkeeper's penalty area, a direct free kick is awarded. A detailed description of an early predecessor of the throw-in is recorded in
582-497: A direction at right angles with the boundary line. The throw-in from the 1863 rules features several differences from the throw-in in modern association football: In 1867, the laws of the Sheffield Football Association awarded the throw-in against the team kicking the ball out of play. In 1868, these Sheffield rules were revised further to award a kick-in instead of a throw-in. It continued to be awarded against
679-437: A fixed goalkeeper position. The word "goal-keeper" is used in the novel Tom Brown's School Days (published in 1857, but set in the 1830s). The author is here referring to an early form of rugby football : You will see in the first place, that the sixth-form boy, who has the charge of goal, has spread his force (the goal-keepers) so as to occupy the whole space behind the goal-posts, at distances of about five yards apart;
776-434: A goalkeeper, with any player being allowed to catch or knock-on the ball. Handling the ball was completely forbidden (for all players) in 1870. The next year, 1871, the laws were amended to introduce the goalkeeper and specify that the keeper was allowed to handle the ball "for the protection of his goal". The restrictions on the ability of the goalkeeper to handle the ball were changed several times in subsequent revisions of
873-617: A gole at camp-ball " (an extremely violent variety of football, popular in East Anglia ). Similarly, in a 1613 poem, Michael Drayton refers to "when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe". It seems inevitable that wherever a game has evolved goals, some form of goalkeeping must also be developed. David Wedderburn refers to what has been translated from Latin as to "keep goal" in 1633, though this does not necessarily imply
970-402: A kick-in rather than a throw-in. These included the "Foot-Ball Club" of Edinburgh (1833), Harrow football (1858), Barnes FC (1862), Blackheath FC (1862), and the later Cambridge rules from November 1863. Some of these laws permitted the ball to be kicked in any direction, while others required that it be perpendicular to the touch-line. At Harrow, the ball could be kicked in by "any of
1067-451: A match, a goalkeeper must be able to move quick and have fast feet for little bursts. During a match, goalkeepers may get a lot of action, usually in brief intervals, until their teammates can clear the ball out of the zone. During practice, goalkeepers focus heavily on footwork and being able to get up quickly after a save is made. It is important that a goalkeeper is able to get set, meaning feet shoulder width apart and on their toes, before
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#17331142721111164-539: A pair of grey tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts. Although it was initially more common for goalkeepers to wear long-sleeved jerseys, recently several goalkeepers, such as Gianluigi Buffon , have also been known to wear short sleeves. Most goalkeepers also wear gloves to improve their grip on the ball, and to protect themselves from injury. Some gloves now include rigid plastic spines down each finger to help prevent injuries such as jammed, fractured, and sprained fingers. Though gloves are not mandatory attire, it
1261-529: A penalty. Fabien Barthez and Peter Shilton hold the record for most clean sheets in World Cup matches, with ten each. Mohamed Al-Deayea holds the record for most international caps by a male goalkeeper , with 178 official appearances for Saudi Arabia . Hope Solo of the United States holds the record for most international caps by a female goalkeeper , with 202 appearances. Pascal Zuberbühler holds
1358-459: A professional contract at Stoke City in 1959. Long-time regular Bill Robertson sustained an injury in the 1959–60 season, and Hickson was drafted in to provide cover. He played ten Second Division matches in December through to March but was dropped after conceding five away at Liverpool and Tommy Younger took his place for the remainder of the season. He played just once more for Stoke, on
1455-482: A proposal by the Irish Football Association , this was changed to an award of the throw-in the opposing team (except for a violation of the double-touch rule, which remained punishable by an indirect free-kick). In 1966, it was specified that opponents who "dance about or gesticulate in a way calculated to distract or impede the thrower" should be cautioned for ungentlemanly conduct. In 1997, this wording
1552-606: A result of the conference, the Scottish version of the throw-in law was accepted. This new throw-in law, requiring the ball to be thrown from over the head with two hands, was formally adopted by the FA in 1883. The laws of the game have never permitted a goal to be scored directly from a throw-in by the attacking team. In 1882, a change in the laws, introduced by Nicholas Lane Jackson of Finchley FC and Morton Betts of Old Harrovians FC , made it possible to score an own goal directly from
1649-477: A result of this change in the FA laws, the Sheffield Association held a meeting one week later at which it agreed to abandon its own rules and accept the FA laws. As a result of these developments, the throw-in of 1877 looked quite similar to today's: it was awarded against the team who kicked the ball out of play, and it could be thrown in any direction. There was no restriction on the technique by which
1746-545: A safe and well-kept goal is the foundation of all good play. The word "goal-keeper" appeared in the Sheffield Rules of 1867, but the term did not refer to a designated player, but rather to "that player on the defending side who for the time being is nearest to his own goal". The goal-keeper, thus defined, did not enjoy any special handling privileges. The FA's first Laws of the Game of 1863 did not make any special provision for
1843-568: A shoot-out is held solely by Ugandan, Denis Onyango . He saved five penalty shootout kicks to help his club, Mamelodi Sundowns edge Cape Town City 3–2 on penalties at the MTN 8 tournament in South Africa in October 2021. Second spot is shared by Helmuth Duckadam of Steaua București in the 1986 European Cup Final against Barcelona , and Ciarán Kelly for Sligo Rovers against Shamrock Rovers in
1940-423: A shot by mistake. Some goalkeepers have scored goals . Other than by accident when a long kicked clearance reaches the other end of the field and evades the opposing goalkeeper with the aid of strong winds and/or unexpected bounces, this most commonly occurs where a goalkeeper has rushed up to the opposite end of the pitch to give his team a numerical advantage in attack, leaving his own goal undefended. As such, it
2037-454: A specialized role as the sole defender against a penalty kick . Goalkeepers are required to wear distinct colors from other players, and are permitted to wear caps and tracksuit bottoms. The Laws mandate that one player on the team must be designated as the goalkeeper at all times, meaning that if a goalkeeper is sent off or injured and unable to continue, another player must assume the goalkeeper position. The Laws allow for teams to change
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#17331142721112134-515: A team and generate goal-scoring chances from defensive situations, a tactic known as the long ball . Gyula Grosics from the Hungarian " Golden Team " of the 1950s was thought to be the first goalkeeper to play as the 'sweeper-keeper'. Tommy Lawrence has also been credited with revolutionising the role of the goalkeeper by effectively acting as an 11th outfield player. The rushing playing style used by Liverpool legend Bruce Grobbelaar seen during
2231-447: A team does not have a substitute goalkeeper, or they have already used all of their permitted substitutions for the match, an outfield player has to play as goalkeeper. Because the position requires different skills from the outfielders, goalkeepers train separately from their teammates and often work with a goalkeeping coach to develop their play. While outfielders typically must be in good cardiovascular shape to play up to 90 minutes in
2328-529: A throw-in of 59.817 m (65.417 yd) in Frisco, Texas in April 2019. British footballers Dave Challinor and Andy Legg are among the previous record holders. Iranian defender Milad Mohammadi made a failed attempt at a flip throw in the group-stage match against Spain at the 2018 FIFA World Cup ; two years later, compatriot Nader Mohammadi scored using the technique in a domestic match (the goalkeeper touched
2425-413: A throw-in. This possibility was removed in 1898. In 2002, Aston Villa goalkeeper Peter Enckelman scored an own goal from a team-mate's throw back to him when he miss-controlled the ball but appeared to touch it slightly with his foot before it crossed the line though Enkelman denied this. The incident received widespread media attention due to it occurring in an important Birmingham derby match in
2522-470: Is a method of restarting play in a game of association football when the whole of ball passes over the touchline. It is governed by Law 15 of the Laws of the Game . In Scotland it is known as a shy . When the ball goes out of play past the touch-line to the side of the pitch, a throw-in is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched the ball, whether deliberately or accidentally. The throw-in
2619-603: Is all that the FIFA Laws of the Game require. Some goalkeepers have received recognition for their match attire, like Lev Yashin of the Soviet Union , who was nicknamed the "Black Spider" for his distinctive all-black outfit; Klaus Lindenberger of Austria , who designed his own variation of a clown 's costume; Jorge Campos of Mexico , who was popular for his colourful attire; Raul Plassmann of Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and his all-yellow outfit; and Gábor Király for wearing
2716-416: Is awarded. If the thrower fails to deliver the ball per the required procedure, or delivers it from a point other than where the ball left the field of play, the throw-in is awarded to the opposing team. This is commonly known as a "foul throw". It is an infringement for the thrower to touch the ball a second time before it has been touched by another player; this is punishable by an indirect free kick to
2813-535: Is certain to have existed since the codification of the sport. Even in the early days of organised football, when systems were limited or non-existent and the main idea was for all players to attack and defend, teams had a designated member to play as the goalkeeper. The earliest account of football teams with player positions comes from Richard Mulcaster in 1581 and does not specify goal pop . The earliest specific reference to keeping goal comes from Cornish Hurling in 1602. According to Carew: "they pitch two bushes in
2910-493: Is first found in the laws of 1891. Rory Delap was highlighted for his throw-in technique: a former schoolboy javelin champion, Delap was renowned for having one of the longest and most powerful throw-ins in football, sending the ball into the six-yard box from distances up to 50 yd (46 m). In the English Football League , some teams with a long-throw specialist provided towels at home matches to allow
3007-659: Is normally only done late in a game at set-pieces where the consequences of scoring far outweigh those of conceding a further goal, such as for a team trailing in a knock-out tournament. Some goalkeepers, such as René Higuita , Jorge Campos , Rogério Ceni , Hans-Jörg Butt and José Luis Chilavert , are also expert set-piece takers. These players may take their team's attacking free kicks or penalties . Rogério Ceni , São Paulo 's goalkeeper from 1992 to 2015, has scored 132 goals in his career, more than many outfield players. Goalkeepers must wear kit that distinguishes them clearly from other players and match officials, as this
Geoff Hickson - Misplaced Pages Continue
3104-400: Is taken from the point where the ball crossed the touch-line , either on the ground or in the air, though typically a referee will tolerate small discrepancies between the position where the ball crossed the touch-line and the position of the throw-in. Opposing players may not approach closer than 2 m (2.2 yd) to the point on the touch-line from which the throw-in is to be taken. At
3201-405: Is the flip throw (notably employed in recent years by, among others, Estonian player Risto Kallaste , and Icelander Steinþór Freyr Þorsteinsson ): in it the player, during the run-up, plants the ball on the ground, flips over it, and uses the momentum gained from the flip to increase the velocity of the ball. American flip thrower Michael Lewis set a new Guinness World Record when he recorded
3298-528: Is the ancestor of the line-out in rugby union : A ball in touch is dead; consequently, the first player on his side must in any case touch it down, bring it to the edge of touch, and throw it straight out. Similar "throw-in" laws are found in the Cambridge rules of 1856, the Sheffield rules of 1858, the laws of Melbourne FC (1859), and indeed the original FA laws of 1863 (see below). Other codes had
3395-441: Is the most specialised position in the sport. The goalkeeper's main role is to stop the opposing team from scoring (putting the ball over the goal-line of the goal ). This is accomplished by having the goalkeeper move into the trajectory of the ball to either catch it or direct it further from the vicinity of the goal line. Within the penalty area , goalkeepers are allowed to use their hands, giving them (outside throw-ins )
3492-473: Is uncommon for goalkeepers to opt against them due to the advantages they offer. At UEFA Euro 2004 , Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo famously took off his gloves during the quarter-final penalty shoot-out against England , knowing he was the next taker for his side. He then went on to save Darius Vassell 's penalty using his bare hands before scoring his own kick to win it for Portugal. Though rare, goalkeepers are permitted to wear visored headgear (such as
3589-570: The 1966–67 campaign and was completely absent in the 1965–66 and 1967–68 campaigns. He was loaned to Fourth Division side Port Vale in August 1968, as manager Gordon Lee needed cover for the injured Stuart Sharratt . Described as a "part-time, pipe-smoking civil servant", he featured for the "Valiants" in the next twenty matches, but was recalled by Crewe in November that year. He later played for Southport and played three Third Division games for
3686-531: The 2010 FAI Cup Final , both of whom who saved all four penalties faced. Ray Clemence holds the record for the most clean sheets in the history of football, with 460 in more than 1000 official matches. Stefano Tacconi is the only goalkeeper to have won all official club competitions for which he was eligible. Goalkeeper Ned Doig , who spent most of his career with Sunderland , set a 19th-century world record by not conceding any goals in 87 of his 290 top division appearances (30%). Rogério Ceni has scored
3783-553: The International Football Association Board made changes in the laws of the game that affected goalkeepers – notably the back-pass rule , which prohibits goalkeepers from handling the ball when receiving a deliberate pass from a teammate that is made with their feet. This rule change was made to discourage time-wasting and overly defensive play after the 1990 FIFA World Cup which was described as exceedingly dull, rife with back-passing and goalkeepers holding
3880-458: The Premier League . Under the original laws of 1863, it was not possible to be offside from a throw-in; however, since the ball was required to be thrown in at right-angles to the touch-line, it would have been unusual for a player to gain significant advantage from being ahead of the ball. After the ball was permitted to be thrown in any direction in 1877, the very next year (1878) a new law
3977-522: The most goals for a goalkeeper , having recorded 131 goals through free kicks and penalties across his 23-year career. Tony Read and José Luis Chilavert are the only goalkeepers to score a hat-trick (three goals in a game), with all three goals coming from penalty kicks . Gianluigi Buffon is the only goalkeeper to have won the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year Award . Oliver Kahn holds
Geoff Hickson - Misplaced Pages Continue
4074-500: The offside trap . With his excellent ball control and distribution, which enables him to start plays from the back, he has said he could play in the German third division as a centre-back if he wanted to. Hugo Lloris of LAFC and France and former goalkeepers Fabien Barthez and Edwin van der Sar , have also been described as sweeper-keepers, while Claudio Bravo and Ederson Moraes have even been described as playmakers in
4171-409: The "Sandgrounders". He also had a loan spell with Shrewsbury Town but did not take to the field at Gay Meadow . He later emigrated to South Africa to play for Cape Town City . Source: Crewe Alexandra Goalkeeper (association football) The goalkeeper (sometimes written as goal-keeper , abbreviated as GK , keeper , keeps , or goalie ) is a position in association football . It
4268-423: The 1980s–90s makes him one of the original sweeper-keepers of the modern era. René Higuita was another who became known for his unorthodox, skillful but sometimes reckless techniques. Manuel Neuer has been described as a sweeper-keeper due to his speed and unique style of play which occasionally includes him acting as a sweeper for his team by rushing off his line to anticipate opposing forwards who have beaten
4365-456: The Laws of the game were revised further, and the goalkeeper was given a maximum of four steps to travel while holding, bouncing or throwing the ball in the air and catching it again, without having to release it into play. The FIFA Board later also devised an anti-parrying rule, saying that such deliberate parrying for the purpose of evading the Law was to be regarded also as holding the ball. In 1992,
4462-507: The United States and Canada. With Canada in front 3–2 late in the game, their goalkeeper Erin McLeod grabbed the ball from a corner kick then held onto it for 10 seconds despite being warned by the referee not to waste time. The indirect free kick resulted in a penalty being called for a handball offence, which was scored to make it 3–3 and take the game to extra time, where the United States won
4559-437: The age of 47. In general, goalkeepers can sustain any injury to which their outfield counterparts are vulnerable. Common lower and upper extremity injuries include cartilage tears , anterior cruciate ligament tears , and knee sprains . On the other hand, goalkeepers rarely fall victim to fatigue-related injuries, such as leg cramps , pulled hamstrings , and dehydration . Shoulder injuries can be caused by heavy contact with
4656-507: The ball at their feet, their ability to pick out passes and contribute to the build-up play of their team, and their speed when rushing out of the penalty area to anticipate opponents, which enables their team to maintain a high defensive line. It is not without risk, as a goalkeeper being so far from the penalty area can lead to spectacular long range lob goals if they or their team lose possession, as well as risking being red carded if they run out to challenge an opponent but foul them or handball
4753-519: The ball could be thrown; players would throw the ball great distances using only one arm. It is reported that the England international Norman Bailey was capable of propelling the ball "from the centre of the ground into the goal mouth". The International Football Conference of December 1882 addressed discrepancies between the laws used by the English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish football associations. One of
4850-449: The ball in the penalty area, they are otherwise subject to the same rules as any other player. Goalkeepers are not required to stay in the penalty area; they may get involved in play anywhere on the pitch, and it is common for them to act as an additional defender (or 'sweeper') during certain passages of the game. Goalkeepers with a long throwing range or accurate long-distance kicks may be able to quickly create attacking positions for
4947-468: The ball to be dried to improve accuracy; the EFL banned this with effect from the 2023–24 season to cut timewasting and improve ball-in-play statistics; the concurrent adoption of the multiball system should ensure a dry ball is available regardless. Wrexham A.F.C. 's Ben Tozer was also noted for his Delap-inspired long throws. An uncommon but effective technique for delivering a faster than usual throw
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#17331142721115044-417: The ball were thrown from ground level instead of above the head, and if there was not air drag. Opposing players failing to respect the required distance (2 m) before the ball is in play, or otherwise unfairly distracts or impedes the thrower may receive a caution (yellow card) for unsporting behaviour. If the throw-in has already been taken when the referee stops play for this offence, an indirect free kick
5141-406: The ball, launching themselves into a horizontal position. At this point, the ball may be caught or parried away from the goal. In the latter case, a good goalkeeper will attempt to ensure that the rebound cannot be taken by a player of the opposing team, although this is not always possible. Because goalkeepers can spend the majority of a match without much action they need very good concentration in
5238-415: The ball. Also, goalkeepers would frequently drop the ball and dribble it around, only to pick it up again once opponents came closer to put them under pressure, a typical time-wasting technique. Therefore, another rule was introduced at the same time as the back-pass rule. This rule prohibits goalkeepers from handling the ball again once the ball released for play; an offence results in an indirect free kick to
5335-515: The bystanders", as well as any player. The Eton field game 's rules, as recorded in 1847, specified that a throw-in and a "bully" (scrummage) should be used alternately, while its 1857 rules used the bully exclusively. At its second meeting, on 10 November 1863, the Football Association agreed that "when the ball is out of bounds it should be kicked or thrown in straight by the person who should first touch it down". The first draft of
5432-412: The entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development. The goalkeeper is the only mandatory position of a team. If they are injured or sent off , another player must take their place. In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off, a team usually (but is not required to) brings on a substitute keeper in place of an outfield player to ensure they still play an outfield player down. If
5529-414: The event of the opposition going on the attack at any one time. Goalkeepers also need good 'anticipation' meaning they can 'read' where the ball is going to go and react by moving before the ball is kicked or headed and quickly decide whenever to catch, punch or palm the ball. The tactical responsibilities of goalkeepers include: Although goalkeepers have special privileges, including the ability to handle
5626-420: The field of play. In 1965, the ball was required to be thrown from "behind and over" the head of the thrower. Since 2005, opponents have been forbidden from approaching closer than 2 metres to the player taking the throw-in. This change was made because FIFA perceived "an increasing trend for an opponent to stand immediately in front of the thrower at a throw-in, with his feet virtually on the touch-line", with
5723-598: The final day of the 1960–61 season in a 3–1 win over Liverpool at the Victoria Ground . He joined his hometown club Crewe Alexandra in 1962, and played 43 of the club's 46 Fourth Division games as promotion was achieved in 1962–63 . He then featured 30 times in the 1963–64 season, as Jimmy McGuigan 's "Railwaymen" were relegated straight back out of the Third Division . He lost his place at Gresty Road under new boss Ernie Tagg , and featured just nine times in
5820-410: The first goalkeeper ever to stop a penalty in a World Cup Final shoot-out. Iker Casillas holds both the record for fewest goals conceded in a UEFA European Championship (only one in 2012 ), and the record for longest unbeaten run at a European Championship, beating the previous record held by Dino Zoff. He also holds the records for most international clean sheets (102) by a male goalkeeper, beating
5917-444: The first goalkeeper to win the player of the tournament award at UEFA Euro 2020 . Gianluca Pagliuca of Italy became the first goalkeeper to be sent off in a World Cup finals match, dismissed for handling outside his area against Norway in 1994 . His team went on to win 1–0 and reached the final before losing to Brazil in a penalty shoot-out (the first time a World Cup final was decided by penalties), in which Pagliuca became
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#17331142721116014-591: The first player to make 1,000 senior appearances in English football. In the 1986 World Cup , held in Mexico, he was turning 41, making him the World Cup's oldest-ever participant at the time. In 1976, PFA awarded him the Players' Player of the Year award making him the first goalkeeper to ever receive this accolade. Prior to the 21st century, goalkeepers generally commanded far lower transfer fees than outfield players; as of 1992
6111-486: The game 4–3. The position of goalkeeper is the only position in the game which is technically distinct from the others in the course of normal play. The Laws of the Game distinguish the goalkeeper from the other players in several ways, most significantly exempting them from the prohibition on handling the ball, though only within their own penalty area. Once a goalkeeper has control of the ball in their hands, opponents are not permitted to challenge them. Goalkeepers have
6208-526: The ground and can cause significant long term injuries as loss of the range of motion can cause a complete inability to do their job. Vedran Janjetovic suffered such a contact injury playing in an A-League match on 25 January 2019 after diving to make a save. After playing nine games on painkilling injections he underwent experimental surgery that required a two and a half year recovery and caused him to miss two entire seasons. Goalkeepers are crucial in penalty shoot-outs . The record for most penalties saved in
6305-592: The ground, some eight or ten foot asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelve score off, other twayne in like distance, which they term their Goals. One of these is appointed by lots, to the one side, and the other to his adverse party. There is assigned for their guard, a couple of their best stopping Hurlers." Other references to scoring goals begin in English literature in the early 17th century; for example, in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed c. 1600 ; published 1659): "I'll play
6402-463: The ground. This requirement was removed when the Clydesdale throw-in law was adopted in 1877. In 1871 a law-change introduced by Wanderers FC forbade players from playing the ball until it had travelled at least six yards. This requirement was dropped when the Scottish throw-in law was adopted in 1883. In 1882, an indirect free-kick was awarded for any violation of the throw-in law. In 1931, on
6499-412: The highest transfer fee paid by a British club for an outfield player was £2.9 million but the record for a goalkeeper was less than half that figure at £1.3 million. As of August 2023 , the most expensive goalkeeper of all time is Kepa Arrizabalaga , following his 2018 € 80 million (£71 million) transfer to Chelsea from Athletic Bilbao . Awards Other Throw-in A throw-in
6596-405: The laws of the game reflected this decision, but the option of a kick-in was removed before the final version of the laws was adopted on 8 December 1863. This left the 1863 throw-in law very similar to those of Rugby School and Sheffield described earlier: When the ball is in touch the first player who touches it shall throw it from the point on the boundary line where it left the ground, in
6693-411: The laws: Initially, goalkeepers typically played between the goalposts and had limited mobility, except when trying to save opposition shots. Throughout the years, the role of the goalkeeper has evolved, due to the changes in systems of play, to become more active. The goalkeeper is the only player in association football allowed to use their hands to control the ball (other than when restarting play with
6790-564: The line. Several famous goalkeepers have been injured in ways their counterparts could not possibly sustain. For example, Petr Čech received a head injury after colliding with another player during a 2006 game; a couple of months later he debuted wearing a rugby-style headpiece, a practice that he would continue to follow for the rest of his career. However, some goalkeepers manage to avoid injury and continue to play, many not retiring until their late 30s or early 40s. Notably, Peter Shilton played for 31 years between 1966 and 1997 before retiring at
6887-591: The media. Other players who have been labelled "sweeper-keepers" in the media include Marc-André ter Stegen of FC Barcelona and Germany , Spaniard Víctor Valdés , and the late Lev Yashin , the latter of whom is often cited by pundits as one of the goalkeepers who pioneered the role of the sweeper-keeper. Sweeper-keepers have been popularised by managers who usually employ tactics inspired by total football , such as Johan Cruyff and Pep Guardiola , for example, and are chosen not only for their shot-stopping and goalkeeping abilities, but also due to their skill with
6984-461: The moment of delivering the ball, the thrower must face the field of play. The thrower must have part of each foot on the touch-line or on the ground outside the touch-line, and use both hands to deliver the ball from behind and over the head. The ball becomes in play as soon as it enters the field of play. A goal cannot be scored directly from a throw-in; if a player throws the ball directly into their own goal without any other player touching it,
7081-409: The next shot comes their way, so they are able to react and make the save. As with all players, goalkeepers may wear any squad number , but the number 1 is almost always reserved for a team's first-choice goalkeeper. Association football, like many sports, has experienced many changes in tactics resulting in the generation and elimination of different positions. Goalkeeper is the only position that
7178-426: The novel Tom Brown's School Days , published in 1857 but based on the author's experiences at Rugby School from 1834 to 1842: You see this gravel walk running down all along this side of the playing-ground, and the line of elms opposite on the other? Well, they're the bounds. As soon as the ball gets past them, it's in touch, and out of play. And then whoever first touches it, has to knock it straight out amongst
7275-447: The opposing team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case it is punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick . If a player appears to take a throw-in but suddenly leaves it to a teammate to take, the player may be cautioned for delaying the restart of play. Any player who excessively delays the restart of play may also be cautioned. A goalkeeper cannot handle
7372-433: The opposition. Furthermore, any player negating the spirit of the new rule would be likely to be cautioned for unsporting behaviour and punished by an indirect free-kick. On 1 July 1997, FIFA decided to extend the back-pass rule by applying it also to throw-ins from defenders to their own goalkeeper. In order to prevent further time-wasting, FIFA also established that if a goalkeeper holds the ball for more than six seconds
7469-401: The player designated as goalkeeper at stoppages in play, but in practice this is rarely exercised. The Laws place no restrictions on a goalkeeper leaving their penalty area and acting as an ordinary player, though generally goalkeepers stay close to their goals throughout matches. Goalkeepers routinely perform extension dives. To execute this, they push off the ground with the foot nearest to
7566-422: The players-up, who make two lines with a space between them, every fellow going on his own side ... He stands with the ball in his hand, while the two sides form in deep lines opposite one another: he must strike it straight out between them. Several features of this passages are notable: The 1851 rules of Rugby School describe a similar procedure, except that the ball is thrown in rather than struck or hit; this
7663-505: The previous record held by Edwin van der Sar (72), and became the first goalkeeper in history, male or female, to keep 100 clean sheets at international level in 2015; he also shares with Hope Solo the overall men's and women's record for most international clean sheets. Buffon holds the record for most minutes without conceding a goal in European Championship qualifying matches at 644. On 26 February 1983, Pat Jennings became
7760-578: The publication of a pseudonymous letter in The Sportsman decrying the "hasty, ill-judged decision ... bringing the Football Association into disrepute", and denying that it represented "the general body of [Football] Association players – even of those in London". A subsequent extraordinary general meeting of the FA was held on 17 April, at which the Clydesdale amendment was reconsidered and passed. As
7857-406: The record for fewest goals conceded by a goalkeeper in a World Cup tournament, and also went a record five successive matches at an international tournament without conceding a goal. He did not concede a goal in 463 minutes of World Cup play against France , Korea , and Togo —making Switzerland the only team in the history of the tournament not to concede a goal in normal time. Tim Howard holds
7954-510: The record for most UEFA Best Club Goalkeeper and Best European Goalkeeper Awards, with four. Iker Casillas holds the record for most appearances by a goalkeeper in the FIFPro World11 and in the UEFA Team of the Year , as well as most IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper Awards, alongside Buffon and Manuel Neuer , winning the award for five consecutive years between 2008 and 2012. Casillas held
8051-546: The record for most saves made in a sing FIFA World Cup match, with sixteen against Belgium in the round of 16 of the 2014 tournament . Oliver Kahn is the only goalkeeper to have won the Adidas Golden Ball for the best player of the tournament in a World Cup doing so in 2002 . Lev Yashin is the only goalkeeper to have won the Ballon d'Or , given to the best player of the year. In 2021, Gianluigi Donnarumma became
8148-471: The record for the most clean sheets in UEFA Champions League history until being overtaken by Neuer on April 17 2024. He also held the most number of appearances in the competition until Cristiano Ronaldo overtook him on September 30 2021. At the international level, Dino Zoff has remained unbeaten for the longest period of time, whilst Walter Zenga holds the record for longest unbeaten run in
8245-435: The referee must adjudge this as time-wasting and award an indirect free-kick to the opposing team. In practice, this rule is rarely enforced: a 2019 study of 45 Bundesliga matches found the goalkeepers violating it in 38.4% of instances of ball handling, none of which were penalised. An example of this rule being enforced in a high-profile match was at the London 2012 Summer Olympics Women's Football semi-final game between
8342-521: The regular meeting of the FA, in February, the Sheffield Association again proposed its kick-in rule, while Clydesdale FC proposed a compromise rule which retained the throw-in but allowed it to go in any direction. The Sheffield Association agreed to withdraw its own proposal in favour of Clydesdale FC's compromise. However, even this compromise proposal was rejected, "to the intense regret of those who desired one common code of rules". This rejection prompted
8439-404: The result is a corner kick to the opposing side. Likewise an offensive goal cannot be scored directly from a throw in; the result, in this case, is a goal kick for the defending team. A player may not be penalised for an offside offence when receiving the ball directly from a throw-in. Skillful attackers can sometimes take advantage of this rule by getting behind the last defender(s) to receive
8536-404: The result that "the thrower is being impeded from completing the throw-in". There was also a concern about the possibility of "a confrontational situation developing between both players." Since 1866, the player taking the throw-in has been forbidden to touch the ball again until it has been touched by another player. In 1866, players were forbidden from playing the ball before it had touched
8633-402: The rough usage of the opposing team". The tragic end to Thorpe's career led to a change in the rules, where players were no longer allowed to raise their foot to a goalkeeper when he had control of the ball in his arms. Due to several time-wasting techniques that were used by goalkeepers, such as bouncing the ball on the ground or throwing it in the air and then catching it again, in the 1960s,
8730-522: The sole rights on the field to handle the ball. The goalkeeper is indicated by wearing a different coloured kit from their teammates and opposition. The back-pass rule is a rule that disallows handling passes back to keepers from teammates in most cases. Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of
8827-453: The team who kicked the ball into touch, and could now be played in any direction. In 1873, Nottingham Forest F.C. proposed a change in the FA's throw-in law to make it more similar to the Sheffield rule: the throw-in would be awarded against the team who kicked out of play, and it could optionally be replaced by a kick-in. Only part of the suggested change was approved by the FA's meeting:
8924-408: The throw-in and having a clear path to goal. The optimal release angle for attaining maximum distance is about 30 degrees above the horizontal, according to researchers at Brunel University . According to the study, players are able to throw the ball with greater release velocity for lower angles. The optimal angle would be 45 degrees if the release velocity did not depend on the angle of throw, if
9021-414: The throw-in would be awarded against the team who kicked the ball out of play, but it could not be replaced by a kick-in. It was still required to be thrown in perpendicular to the touch-line. At the FA meetings of 1875 and 1876, the Sheffield clubs attempted to introduce their kick-in into the FA's laws. Both times the change was narrowly rejected after heated debate. Matters came to a head in 1877. At
9118-531: The topics settled at this conference was the throw-in: in April 1882, at the proposal of the Third Lanark club , the Scottish FA changed its rugby-style throw-in law (i.e. one-handed, perpendicular to the touchline) to the version in use today, i.e. thrown in any direction, but with two hands over the head; while the English laws, as described above, allowed the ball to be thrown with one hand in any direction. As
9215-409: The touch-line", but in 1932 it reverted to "both feet on or outside the touch-line". In 1937, the requirement was once again changed to "part of each foot shall be either on or outside the touchline". In 1960, the wording was further refined to "part of each foot shall be either on the touch-line or on the ground outside the touch-line". In 1895, the player taking the throw-in was required to face
9312-406: Was introduced to allow a player to be offside from a throw-in. This situation lasted until 1920, when the law was altered to prevent a player being offside from a throw-in. In 1895, the thrower was required to "stand on the touch line". In 1896, it was clarified that the thrower could have "any part of both feet on the [touch] line". In 1925, this was changed to "both feet on the ground outside
9409-426: Was updated to punish with a yellow card an opponent who "unfairly distracts or impedes the thrower" for "unsporting behaviour". In 2016, the same punishment was applied to an opponent who approaches closer than the minimum 2 metre distance; it was further specified than an indirect free-kick must be awarded if the ball has already been thrown in when the referee stops play to deal with the offence. The name "throw-in"
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