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102-630: It was officially opened on 8 July 1940. However, the airport began operations on 6 July 1940, with the landing of the first aircraft, a DC-3 Dakota owned by the Royal Dutch East Indies Airways (KNILM), which had flown from Tjililitan Airfield . It was the first airport in Dutch East Indies to be opened for scheduled international flights. During World War II, Kemayoran was used by the Royal Air Force and became RAF Kemajoran. It

204-408: A Very pistol . The intention was to force any encroaching U-boat to dive; one aircraft would then remain in the vicinity while the other would search for a naval patrol vessel that could be led back to the spot. Because they were not radio equipped, each aircraft also carried a pair of homing pigeons in a wicker basket to call for help in case of a forced landing at sea. A 25-lb (11.5 kg) bomb

306-566: A Tiger Moth and intended to cut parachutists' canopies as they descended. Flight tests proved the idea, but it was not officially adopted. The Tiger Moth was also tested as a dispenser of Paris green rat poison for use against ground troops, with powder dispensers located under the wings. In the postwar climate, impressed Tiger Moths were restored to their former civilian operations and owners. Accordingly, large numbers of Tiger Moths were made available for sale to flying clubs and individuals. Relatively few new light aircraft being manufactured at

408-411: A day before the opening of Soekarno-Hatta International Airport . The aircraft that were based at this airport were also relocated, with most being transferred to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport and the rest to Halim Perdanakusuma Airport. After its operations were stopped, Kemayoran was used as a test flight location for aircraft made by Nusantara Aircraft Industry , CASA/IPTN CN-235 , and hosted

510-427: A heavy degree of designed-in differential operation (mostly deflecting up, hardly at all downwards) to avoid adverse yaw problems in normal flight. Most manoeuvres are started at about 90 to 110 knots, and it has a Velocity Never Exceeded (VNE) of 140 knots. It is important to lock the automatic slats (leading edge flaps) during aerobatic manoeuvres. There are two methods of landing. "Wheeler" landing involves pushing

612-408: A hopper to hold superphosphate for aerial topdressing. A large number were also used to deploy insecticide in the crop-sprayer role, for which several alternative arrangements, including perforated piping being installed underneath the mainplanes or the placement of rotary atomisers on the lower mainplane, were used. Royal Navy Tiger Moths used as target tugs and "air experience" machines became

714-684: A major KLM hub, replacing Schiphol, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany. On 9 February 1942, Kemayoran was targeted by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in an attempt to capture the island of Java. In this operation, the Japanese deployed sixteen Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter aircraft and two Mitsubishi C5M2 reconnaissance aircraft from the 22nd Cruiser Division ( Dai Nijūni Kōkū sentai ). The Japanese successfully shot down twelve Allied fighter aircraft and destroyed two DC-5 aircraft, two Brewster aircraft, and an F.VII aircraft on

816-453: A network in the eastern part of the East Indies archipelago, serving towns such as Ambon . For this purpose, amphibious aircraft were used, due to the lack of airstrip facilities in the region. As early as 1930, KNILM began its first international flight to Singapore . On 3 July 1938 KNILM began operations to Sydney , stopping at Darwin , Cloncurry and Charleville . KNILM did not fly to

918-601: A radio-control system in the rear cockpit to operate the controls using pneumatically driven servos . In total, 400 were built by de Havilland at Hatfield and a further 70 by Scottish Aviation . There were nearly 300 in service at the start of the Second World War. In December 1939, owing to a shortage of maritime patrol aircraft , six flights of Tiger Moths were operated by RAF Coastal Command for surveillance flights over coastal waters, known as "scarecrow patrols". The aircraft operated in pairs and were armed only with

1020-573: A replica of a Fokker D.VII , while two aircraft resembled the Rumpler C.V to depict these types for the film. Several Tiger Moths were used in the crash scenes in The Great Waldo Pepper , standing in for the Curtiss JN-1 . Due to the popularity of the design and the rising cost of flyable examples, a number of replicas (scale and full-sized) have been designed for the homebuilder; these include

1122-453: A result, the waiting rooms were always overcrowded and uncomfortable. To overcome this problem, the citizens demanded that the airport be moved to Curug. However, the Minister of Transportation Sutopo rejected this idea because Curug's location was not strategic. Its facilities and infrastructure were very limited, especially for passengers going to downtown Jakarta. The choice finally fell on

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1224-426: A small pantry, toilets, storerooms, and break rooms. Uniquely, air traffic control officers was not only monitored aircraft traffic, but also human traffic. Around runway 26, there are traffic lights and sirens because the runway is used by local residents as a shortcut. If they want to go to Ancol or Gunung Sahari, the residents of Bendungan Jago prefer to cross runway 26 rather than take a detour. Additionally, close to

1326-467: A suitable ab initio training aircraft. One of the main changes from the preceding Moth series was improved access to the front cockpit , since the training requirement specified that the front-seat occupant had to be able to escape easily, especially when wearing a parachute . Access to the front cockpit of the Moth's predecessors was restricted by the proximity of the aircraft's fuel tank, directly above

1428-464: A top priority for the Dutch East Indies government. Previously, Batavia had an airfield located in Tjililitan . KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and KNILM used this airfield as the second operational base for the two airlines. However, Tjililitan Airfield was considered non-strategic because it was located on the city's outskirts and had to share ownership with the military. Therefore, to fulfill the ambition of

1530-407: Is 800 meters long, oriented north-south and east-west. The airport also included an air traffic control tower, an aviation affairs office, a meteorology office, and a communication center equipped for radio and telegraph communication. A large two-story terminal was designed for passenger comfort that featured cafes, restaurants, telephone booths, a post office, and a loudspeaker system. Not to mention

1632-604: Is a 1930s British biplane designed by Geoffrey de Havilland and built by the de Havilland Aircraft Company . It was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and other operators as a primary trainer aircraft. In addition to the type's principal use for ab initio training, the Second World War had RAF Tiger Moths operating in other capacities, including maritime surveillance and defensive anti-invasion preparations; some aircraft were even outfitted to function as armed light bombers . The Tiger Moth remained in service with

1734-493: Is now an owners' association offering a mutual club and technical support. Geoffrey de Havilland, the company's owner and founder, had sought to produce a light aircraft superior to two of his previous designs, the de Havilland Humming Bird and de Havilland DH.51 . From earlier experience, de Havilland knew the difficulty and importance of correctly sizing such an aircraft to appeal to the civilian market, such as touring, trainer , flying club , and private aviation customers;

1836-479: Is typically powered by a de Havilland Gipsy III 120 hp engine; later models are often fitted with more powerful models of this engine, while some have been re-engined by third-party companies. One characteristic of the Tiger Moth design is its differential aileron control setup. The ailerons (on the lower wing only) on a Tiger Moth are operated by an externally mounted circular bell crank, which lies flush with

1938-416: Is uneventful, and it has a reasonable rate of climb. However full power should not be maintained for more than a minute to avoid damaging the engine. The Tiger Moth's biplane design makes it strong, and it is fully aerobatic. However it has ailerons only on its bottom wing, which makes its rate of roll relatively slow for a biplane; and, as stated previously, the ailerons on a Tiger Moth normally operate with

2040-585: The Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara (Directorate General of Civil Aviation), took over. In the 1950s, the era of modern civil aviation began with the operation of jet-engined aircraft. At that time, turboprop aircraft also arrived at Kemayoran. Among them are the Saab 91 Safir , Grumman HU-16 Albatross , Ilyushin Il-14 , and Cessna , as well as aircraft made by Nurtanio Pringgoadisuryo, such as

2142-674: The Commonwealth were quickly impressed into their respective air forces to meet the wartime demand for trainer aircraft. The Tiger Moth became the primary trainer throughout the Commonwealth and elsewhere. It was the principal type used in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan , where thousands of military pilots got their first taste of flight in a Tiger Moth. The RAF found the Tiger Moth's handling ideal for training fighter pilots. Generally docile and forgiving in

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2244-473: The Douglas DC-2 Uiver , Douglas DC-3, Fokker F.VIIb 3m , Grumman G-21 Goose , de Havilland DH-89 Dragon Rapide , and Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra . After Kemayoran began operating, the management of this airport was held by KNILM, which was directly responsible to the Dutch East Indies government. Coinciding with Queen Wilhelmina 's birthday on August 31, 1940, the Dutch East Indies government held

2346-538: The Fisher R-80 Tiger Moth and the RagWing RW22 Tiger Moth . The Tiger Moth responds well to control inputs and is fairly easy to fly for a tail-dragger. Its big "parachute" wings are very forgiving, and it stalls at a speed as slow as 25 knots with power. Its stall and spin characteristics are benign. It has some adverse yaw and therefore requires rudder input during turns. The Tiger Moth exhibits

2448-598: The Java Government Gazette as " the land located near Weltevreden ". This land belonged to the Dutch East India Company Commander Isaac de l'Ostal de Saint-Martin (1629–1696), who was known to the locals as Mayor (Major). As a result, the locals called this area "Mayoran" , which then changed over time to become " Kemayoran ". Plans to establish an international airport in Batavia were

2550-660: The NU-200 Si Kumbang , Belalang , and Kunang . Various world leaders have also set foot in Kemayoran, where international events such as the Asian-African Conference in 1955 were held. The Indonesian Air Force also used Kemayoran as an airbase in addition to Halim Perdanakusuma Air Base . In the late 1950s to the early 1960s, MiG-17 , MiG-15 UTI , MiG-19 , MiG-21 fighter jets and Ilyushin Il-28 bombers arrived. In

2652-731: The Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA), which wanted to restore Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. At this time, Allied aircraft's turn was to come to Kemayoran, such as the Supermarine Spitfire , North American B-25 Mitchell , and North American P-51 Mustang . In addition, passenger aircraft such as the Douglas DC-4 , C-54 Skymaster , Douglas DC-6 , Boeing 377 Stratocruiser , and Lockheed Constellation also arrived. On 1 August 1947, Kemayoran witnessed

2754-508: The Showa/Nakajima L2D , Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa , Tachikawa Ki-9 , and Tachikawa Ki-36 . On August 14, 1945, Chairul Saleh , Joesoef Ronodipoero , and other youth leaders came to pick up Sukarno , Mohammad Hatta and Rajiman Wediodiningrat at Kemayoran after their visit to meet General Hisaichi Terauchi in Da Lat , Vietnam. Upon arriving at Kemayoran, Sukarno gave a brief speech to

2856-507: The Tiger Moth . Improvements made on the Tiger Moth monoplane were incorporated into a military trainer variant of the DH.60 Moth, the DH.60T Moth – the T coming to stand for 'Tiger' in addition to 'Trainer'. The DH.60T Moth had several shortcomings, thus was subject to several alterations, such as the adoption of shortened interplane struts to raise the wingtips after insufficient ground clearance

2958-482: The 1960s, the management of Kemayoran was transferred to a state-owned enterprise (BUMN) called Perusahaan Negara Angkasa Pura Kemayoran (Angkasa Pura State Company). The government initially invested Rp 15 million at that time. Subsequently, the government increased its investment by transferring terminal buildings, other supporting structures, runways, taxiways, aprons, hangars, and operational equipment. Perusahaan Umum Angkasa Pura (Angkasa Pura Public Company) managed

3060-601: The Belgian-designed Stampe SV.4 aerobatic aircraft, which had a very similar design layout; both aircraft made use of a similar main landing gear configuration, a slightly sweepback wing, and an alike engine/cowling design. Several Tiger Moths were converted during the 1950s to a Coupe standard, which involved the installation of a sliding canopy over both crew positions, not unlike the Canadian-built Fleet Finch biplane trainers that had worked beside

3162-552: The DKI Jakarta Gubernatorial Decree No. 475 of 1993, the former main air traffic control tower was designated as a Cultural Heritage Building that must be preserved. The Decree was signed by the Governor of Jakarta, Soerjadi Soedirdja . When it operated in the 1940s, Kemayoran had two intersecting asphalt runways: runway 17-35, which is the main runway, and runway 08-26, which intersects the main runway. Each runway

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3264-451: The Dutch East Indies government, in 1934, a new airport was built in the Kemayoran area, which was still a swamp, rice fields, and settlements. On July 6, 1940, two days before its inauguration, the first aircraft to land was a KNILM Douglas DC-3 flown from Tjililitan Airfield. The following day, a similar aircraft, a DC-3 registered PK-AJW, was also the first to depart from Kemayoran for Australia. On Monday morning, 8 July 1940, Kemayoran

3366-640: The KNILM could no longer operate due to the fighting between Indonesian nationalists and the Dutch military. All flights in the period were flown using military aircraft, coordinated through the Netherlands Indies Government Air Transport (NIGAT). On paper, KNILM was reinstated to operate charter flights to eastern Indonesian locations. Starting on 16 November 1946 it operated a weekly trans-Pacific flight between Batavia and Los Angeles . The service

3468-610: The NILM by a group of 32 Netherlands Indian investors with a capitalization of NLG 5 million. To prevent confusion with an existing insurance company Nillmij , it was appended with the Koninklijk (Royal) title on 15 October 1928. The airline operated in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia ), and later, parts of Southeast Asia and Australia. Its first regular operations were between Batavia (now Jakarta ) - Bandung , and Batavia - Semarang , starting on 1 November 1928. The ceremony

3570-733: The Netherlands , forcing the Dutch government to flee to London , England. The Dutch East Indies became the most important Dutch colony in the face of Axis attacks. This event led to Kemayoran being used as a base for Allied and Dutch military aircraft, with the Royal Air Force also using it as their station. Military aircraft that stopped over at Kemayoran included the Martin B-10 , Martin B-12 , Koolhoven F.K.51 , Brewster F2A Buffalo , Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar , Curtiss P-36 Hawk , Fokker C.X , and Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress . Kemayoran also operated as

3672-512: The Netherlands during the postwar era and used to equip the Dutch National Flying School at Ypenburg . These aircraft were required by the Dutch civil aviation authorities to be fitted with a larger dorsal fin, incorporating an extended forward fillet to the fin, to provide for additional area; this requirement was also extended to privately owned Tiger Moths in the Netherlands. The Tiger Moth might be confused at first glance with

3774-637: The Netherlands, as the Amsterdam -Batavia weekly service was operated by KLM. During the Japanese attack of the Dutch East Indies , KNILM was utilized for evacuation flights and transport of troops. On December 28, 1941, a KNILM Douglas DC-3 "Nandoe" (PK-ALN) was destroyed on the ground by Japanese fighters at Medan, killing all crew members and passengers. Immediately before and after the Japanese invasion on 1 March 1942, all KNILM aircraft with sufficient range were evacuated to Australia. On 7 March 1942, one day before

3876-633: The PT-24, before being delivered onwards to the RCAF. Additional overseas manufacturing activity also occurred, most of which took place during wartime. de Havilland Australia assembled an initial batch of 20 aircraft from parts sent from the United Kingdom prior to embarking on their own major production campaign of the DH.82A, which resulted in a total of 1,070 Tiger Moths being constructed in Australia. In late 1940,

3978-649: The RAF until it was replaced by the de Havilland Chipmunk during the early 1950s. Many of the military surplus aircraft subsequently entered into civilian operation. Many nations have used the Tiger Moth in both military and civilian applications, and it remains in widespread use as a recreational aircraft. It is still occasionally used as a primary training aircraft, particularly for those pilots wanting to gain experience before moving on to other tailwheel aircraft. Many Tiger Moths are now employed by companies offering trial lesson experiences. The de Havilland Moth club, founded in 1975,

4080-619: The Sk.11' by AB Svenska Järnvägsverkstädernas Aeroplanavdelning , 91 were built in Portugal by OGMA , and another 38 in Norway by Kjeller Flyfabrikk (some sources say 37 so the first may have been assembled from a kit) in addition to a large number of aircraft that were assembled from kits shipped from the UK. The RAF ordered 35 dual-control Tiger Moth Is, which had the company designation DH.82. A subsequent order

4182-740: The Tiger Moth II, were delivered to the RAF; these aircraft adopted the de Havilland Gipsy Major engine, capable of generating 130 HP, and the use of plywood decking on the rear fuselage in place of fabric . Throughout the period 1934–1936, production activity was centred upon meeting the demand for military trainers, including several contracts having been placed by the RAF to Specification T.7/35, along with export orders by seven overseas operators. Civil examples were also being produced at this time, both for British private customers and to export customers in countries such as Ceylon , Greece , Lithuania , Rhodesia , Peru , and Switzerland . After 1936,

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4284-518: The Tiger Moth in RCAF service as trainers in Canada during the type's wartime years. After the development of aerial topdressing in New Zealand, large numbers of ex- Royal New Zealand Air Force Tiger Moths built in that country and in the United Kingdom were converted into agricultural aircraft ; at the time, this was a pioneering use for aircraft. In this role, the front seat was commonly replaced with

4386-414: The Tiger Moth was made available to general flying clubs, production having been previously occupied by military customers. The type was used to replace older aircraft in the civilian trainer capacity, such as the older de Havilland Cirrus Moth and Gipsy Moth. By the start of the Second World War, the RAF had around 500 Tiger Moths in service. In addition, nearly all civilian-operated Tiger Moths throughout

4488-539: The Tiger Moth, using many of the main components of the former with a new plywood fuselage seating four people in an enclosed cabin; it was marketed as the de Havilland Fox Moth . Following the end of all manufacturing, third parties occasionally rebuilt Tiger Moths to a similar configuration to the Fox Moth, such as the Thruxton Jackaroo . In late 1934, 50 Tiger Moths of a more refined design, sometimes referred to as

4590-519: The UK for completion. Canadian-built Tiger Moths featured modifications to better suit the local climate, along with a reinforced tail wheel, hand-operated brakes (built by Bendix Corporation ), shorter undercarriage radius rods, and the legs of the main landing gear legs being raked forwards as a safeguard against tipping forwards during braking. In addition, the cockpit had a large sliding canopy fitted along with exhaust -based heating; various alternative undercarriage arrangements were also offered. By

4692-660: The azimuth of runway 35. Therefore, Salemba prison is also used as a visual checkpoint for the final approach to runway 35. Kemayoran Airport is the setting for the beginning of The Adventures of Tintin comic, Flight 714 to Sydney , by Hergé . Tintin and his friends, Captain Haddock , Professor Calculus , and Snowy , transit there for refueling stop on the way to Sydney , Australia. KNILM Koninklijke Nederlandsch-Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappij (in English: Royal Dutch Indies Airways )

4794-601: The birth of the KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf airline, which was later nationalized to become the first national airline in Indonesia, namely Garuda Indonesian Airways . After Jakarta returned to being the capital of Indonesia, the Indonesian government directly managed civil aviation and airports. It was only in 1958 that the Djawatan Penerbangan Sipil (Civil Aviation Service), which is now better known as

4896-417: The capital city of Indonesia. Due to increasing air traffic in Indonesia and Jakarta's increasingly crowded spatial layout, flights in the middle of the city started to be considered unsafe. The airport's capacity could no longer be expanded, forcing the government under President Suharto to consider constructing a new international airport with greater facilities and capacity as soon as possible. The airport

4998-645: The capitulation of Java, the last KNILM aircraft took off from the Boeabatoeweg in Bandung. A number of KNILM aircraft in Darwin were destroyed by the Japanese during the bombing of Darwin . In all, 11 KNILM aircraft managed to escape to Australia: 3 Douglas DC-5s , 2 DC-3s , 2 DC-2s and 3 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electras . In mid-May 1942 the remaining aircraft were sold to the American military. After Indonesian independence

5100-427: The early 1970s. The Tiger Moth (and to a lesser extent, the similar Belgian Stampe-Vertongen SV.4 ) had been often used as a stand-in for rarer aircraft in films, sometimes having been extensively modified to outwardly resemble the aircraft it was depicting. Three aircraft were converted by Croydon -based Film Aviation Services Ltd for use in the filming of the 1962 movie Lawrence of Arabia ; one Tiger Moth became

5202-424: The eastern part of Jakarta. On 10 January 1974, President Soeharto inaugurated the operation of Halim Perdanakusuma Airport as a replacement for Kemayoran Airport's International Flights. However, all domestic flights still remain at Kemayoran. In the mid-1970s, Kemayoran was deemed too close to the Indonesian military base, Halim Perdanakusuma. Civilian flights in the area were becoming congested, and air traffic

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5304-530: The effect of "weeding out" the inept student pilot. The Tiger Moth quickly became a commercial success, and examples were sold to more than 25 air forces. In addition to the military demand, aircraft were also produced for the civilian market. At one point, the flow of orders for the Tiger Moth effectively occupied almost the entirety of de Havilland's capacity to manufacture aircraft, and little capacity could be spared to accommodate domestic customers. In 1932, de Havilland also developed an affordable air taxi from

5406-531: The end of Canadian production, de Havilland Canada had manufactured a total of 1,548 of all versions, including the DH.82C and American Menasco Pirate -engined variants (with opposing "right-hand"/"counter-clockwise" rotation to the left-hand/clockwise-running Gipsy Major) known as the Menasco Moth; this also included 200 Tiger Moths that were built under wartime United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Lend-Lease orders, which were designated for paperwork purposes as

5508-618: The ends of the runway. OB locator is located at the end of runway 35, and its station is located in the Directorate General of Civil Aviation housing complex, not far from Salemba prison. At the end of runway 17, there is a TG locator, whose station is in Ancol on top of a building near the PLN substation owned by Kereta Api Indonesia . The location of Salemba prison and the OB locator is exactly in line with

5610-420: The facilities until the end of its operation in 1985, after which it changed its name to reflect developments. Entering the 1970s, the era of wide-body jets with advanced technology emerged: Boeing 747 , Lockheed L-1011 TriStar , McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , and Airbus A300 . On 29 October 1973, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft belonging to KLM, chartered by Garuda Indonesian Airways for Hajj transportation,

5712-399: The firm had great success with a scaled-down version of the DH.51, the de Havilland DH.60 Moth . The starting point for the DH.82 Tiger Moth was the de Havilland DH.71 Tiger Moth . de Havilland had developed successively more capable Gipsy engines, and the company had produced a new low-winged monoplane aircraft to test them. This aircraft became the first aircraft to be referred to as

5814-525: The first 35 production aircraft for the RAF, designated K2567-K2601 , began following the issuing of Specification T.23/31; in addition two float -equipped seaplanes , S1675 and S1676 , were built according to Specification T.6/33. The de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth is a single-engined , biplane , taildragger aircraft with two seats in tandem configuration. It was developed principally to be used by private touring customers as well as for pilot instruction for both military and civilian operators. It

5916-558: The first Aerospace Exhibition held in Kemayoran. In addition to KNILM aircraft, a number of private aircraft under the auspices of the Aeroclub in Batavia also participated in enlivening the event. The aircraft were the Buckmeister Bu-131 Jungmann , de Haviland DH-82 Tigermoth , Piper J-3 Cub , and Walraven 2 which had flown from Batavia to Amsterdam on September 27, 1935. On 17 May 1940, Nazi Germany successfully invaded

6018-632: The first Australian-assembled Tiger Moth conducted its first flight at Bankstown , Sydney . Most Australian aircraft were delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), but several batches were exported, including 18 for the USAAF and 41 for the Royal Indian Air Force . In New Zealand, 132 Tiger Moths were completed by de Havilland Aircraft of New Zealand ; 23 were built in Sweden as

6120-547: The front cockpit, and the rear cabane struts for the upper wing. The solution adopted was to shift the upper wing forward but sweep the wings back to maintain the same centre of lift. Other changes included a strengthened structure, fold-down doors on both sides of the cockpit, and a revised exhaust system. On 26 October 1931 the first 'true' Tiger Moth, the prototype E6 , made its maiden flight at Stag Lane Aerodrome , Edgware , London, flown by de Havilland Chief Test Pilot Hubert Broad . Shortly thereafter construction of

6222-482: The fundamental requirements of a training aircraft, in being "easy to fly, but difficult to fly well"; the aircraft's benign handling when within its limits make it easy for the novice to learn the basic skills of flight. At the same time techniques such as coordinated flight must be learnt and used effectively, and the aircraft will show up mishandling to an observant instructor or attentive pupil. As training progresses towards more advanced areas, especially aerobatics ,

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6324-595: The gradual rate of acceleration of Tiger Moth manufacturing had reached the point where production capacity finally became able to exceed the demands from military customers alone. By the outbreak of the Second World War a total of 1,424 Tiger Moths had been completed by both domestic and overseas manufacturing efforts. In 1941 de Havilland transferred principal manufacturing activity for the Tiger Moth from its Hatfield factory to Morris Motors Limited at their facility in Cowley, Oxford . In 1945, British Tiger Moth production

6426-469: The ground. This attack also caused nine casualties with minor injuries and three fatalities. Within just one hour, Kemayoran was successfully occupied by the Japanese. This event forced KNILM to evacuate its aircraft to Australia. The first aircraft to land was a Mitsubishi A6M2b Type 0 Model 21 fighter , better known to the Allies as the "Zeke". Other Japanese aircraft that once stopped over at Kemayoran included

6528-424: The hangar, which was not only for storing aircraft but also capable of carrying out aircraft and engine maintenance independently. Around the late 1950s, renovations were carried out on the tower and the terminal building, including the runway and taxiway. The main runway 17-35 was extended to 2,475 meters with a width of 45 meters. while runway 08-26 was extended to 1,850 meters with a width of 30 meters. The runaway

6630-499: The last military examples when that service purchased a batch of refurbished ex-civilian examples in 1956. One became the last biplane to land on an aircraft carrier ( HMS  Eagle ) in the English Channel during the summer of 1967. On takeoff, the wind over the deck allowed the aircraft to fly, but it was slower than the carrier, which turned hard to starboard to avoid a possible collision. These planes remained in service until

6732-408: The lower wing's fabric undersurface covering. This circular bell crank is rotated by metal cables and chains from the cockpit's control columns, and has the externally mounted aileron pushrod attached at a point 45° outboard and forward of the bell crank's centre when the ailerons are both at their neutral position. This results in an aileron control system operating with barely any travel down at all on

6834-436: The main air traffic control tower, stands another tower measuring three storeys tall. The smaller tower served as a supporting office for the main tower. There is also a powerhouse that features a typical 1960s architecture with a few art-deco horizontal ornaments and finishing. Kemayoran Airport was never equipped with an Instrument landing system (ILS). To assist landings on runways 17-35, there are two navigation locators at

6936-412: The normal flight phases encountered during initial training, when used for aerobatic and formation training, the Tiger Moth required skill and concentration to perform well; a botched manoeuvre could cause the aircraft to stall or spin. From 1941 onwards, all military and many civilian Tiger Moths were outfitted with antispin strakes positioned on the junction between the fuselage and the leading edge of

7038-412: The plane on to the runway at a moderate speed with just the main wheels on the ground, with the tail held up until speed reduces. It does not tend to bounce. Unlike most taildraggers, slow speed three-point landings are quite difficult because there is not enough elevator authority to bring the tail down to the correct three-point attitude. This means that the tail needs to be brought down sharply at just

7140-467: The potential to go on to fly fighter aircraft , those more suited to lower-performance machines and those who must be relegated to non-pilot aircrew positions. Because the Tiger Moth has no electrical system, it must be started by hand. Being a tail-dragging biplane, taxiing also requires care. The pilot cannot see directly ahead, so the lower wing can hit obstructions, and it is susceptible to gusts of wind on its inclined, large, upper wing. The takeoff

7242-547: The prestigious Indonesian Air Show event in 1986. To avoid a power struggle between agencies over the former airport area, the government issued Government Regulation No. 31 of 1985, in which the state assets that were part of the capital of Angkasa Pura were withdrawn as state assets. After that, the Kemayoran Planning and Development Center (PKK) was formed based on Presidential Decree No. 53 of 1985 in conjunction with Presidential Decree No. 73 of 1999. As an executor, DP3KK

7344-577: The proclamation without waiting for Japan. After the Japanese surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, the South East Asia Command (SEAC) sent 7 Allied mission members under Major A.G. Greenhalgh's leadership to Jakarta. These seven British officers were parachuted into Kemayoran on 8 September 1945 and immediately met with General Yamaguchi, the Imperial Japanese leader in Jakarta. The result

7446-482: The reach of Jakarta's development to the outskirts of the city to prepare for the rapid physical and economic growth of Jakarta, which would certainly have an impact on the population boom in the future. However, the Ministry of National Development Planning could not agree to USAID's proposed location, Jonggol to replace Kemayoran Airport. They argued that the area was not yet connected to other modes of transportation and

7548-452: The removal of the centre-section fuel tank, alternative fuel tank configurations, all-new elevators, custom-designed fuel injectors , and the recovering of the fuselage with lighter-weight fabric. Three particular aircraft, G-APDZ , G-ANZZ and G-ANMZ , were accordingly rebuilt and were used in international competitions; the design changes led to substantially improved performance during inverted flight. Ex-RAF examples were imported to

7650-426: The right speed in order for the angular momentum to carry it down sufficiently. The open cockpit allows pilots to move their heads over the side to see the runway during approach and landing. As the aircraft is a tail dragger, it is essential to land it straight with no sideways movement, to avoid ground loops. One often undocumented feature is that the carburettor de-icing mechanism is activated automatically when

7752-579: The schoolchildren and people who had been mobilized by Hokokai and Gunseikanbu . The youths immediately approached Sukarno and asked for the proclamation to be sped up because the Japanese had been defeated in the Pacific War. However, Sukarno did not respond to the request, as he did not want to discuss independence. Not receiving a satisfactory answer, the youths then held a meeting led by Chairul Saleh at Menteng Raya 31 Building. They concluded that they would take Sukarno and Hatta to Rengasdengklok to expedite

7854-500: The side of the former airport while the main runway and the second runway were converted into a road. The former main runway that was turned into a road was named in honour of Betawi's legendary Movie Star and Singer, Benyamin Sueb . The former air traffic control tower and the former main terminal building remain south of the JIExpo site, with a portion of the airport tarmac remaining in front of

7956-413: The skill required on the part of a Tiger Moth pilot increases. The aircraft will not, like some training aircraft, "fly its way out of trouble" but will instead stall or spin if mishandled. However the stall and spin remain benign, again showing up deficient piloting without endangering the aircraft or the crew. These characteristics were invaluable to military operators, who must identify between pilots with

8058-499: The tailplane, known as Mod 11'; later on, the aileron mass balances were removed for improved spin recovery performance. In 1935, the DH.82 Queen Bee , a pilotless , radio-controlled variant of the Tiger Moth, appeared for use in training antiaircraft gunners. Use of the word drone , as a generic term for pilotless aircraft, apparently originated from the name and role of the Queen Bee (i.e.

8160-469: The terminal, as is the terminal's forecourt. Plans were considered to convert the former main terminal into a government office; this plan was abandoned after 2003, as construction progress has stopped. The current government office stands next to the terminal. The site of the former air traffic control tower was once set for a residential property, with the tower itself torn down, but due to the 1997–98 financial crisis, it has been largely abandoned. Following

8262-633: The throttle is reduced. This means that when an engine is running poorly due to ice the pilot must reduce power even further and then wait for the ice to melt. The aircraft is operated by many private individuals and flying clubs. Numerous examples of the Tiger Moth are still flying today (an estimated 250). The number of airworthy Tiger Moths has increased as previously neglected aircraft (or those previously only used for static display in museums) have been restored. A number of aircraft have been preserved as museum displays (amongst others) at the: Privately owned Tiger Moths, type if known, and any history of

8364-551: The time to take its place. Due to the type being inexpensive to operate and the aforementioned factors, the Tiger Moth was met with an enthusiastic reception across the civilian market. Additionally, it was put to use for new roles, including aerial advertising, aerial ambulance, aerobatic performer, crop dusting, and glider tug work. In the air-racing market, Tiger Moths were converted to a single-seat configuration, often temporarily. Several aircraft were extensively modified for greater speed; these changes included alterations such as

8466-543: The upcoming Conference of the New Emerging Forces . The new international terminal building and the newly renovated main air traffic control tower were inaugurated in 1966. Both buildings, with their characteristic 1960s architectural style, can still be seen today. The main air traffic control tower (approximately five storeys high) has a 360-degree view of the airport grounds. The levels underneath were used as support facilities for air traffic control officers, such as

8568-400: The wing on the outside of the turn, while the aileron on the inside travels a large amount upwards to counteract adverse yaw . From the outset, the Tiger Moth proved to be an ideal trainer, simple and cheap to own and maintain, although control movements required a positive and sure hand as a slowness to control inputs existed. Some instructors preferred these flight characteristics because of

8670-403: The word drone is a reference to the male bee, which makes one flight in search of the female queen bee and then subsequently dies). The DH.82 had a wooden fuselage, based on that of the DH.60 Gipsy Moth (with appropriate structural changes related to cabane strut placement) and the wings of the Tiger Moth II. Queen Bees retained a normal front cockpit for test-flying or ferry flights , but had

8772-631: Was a considerable distance away. As a result, the border area between Cengkareng and North Tangerang was chosen as the location for the new airport. This location spans 1,800 hectares, which is 500 hectares smaller than the proposed USAID land area in Jonggol, Bogor. On 1 October 1984, Angkasa Pura ceased all domestic flights at Kemayoran. During that time, passengers who had checked in at Kemayoran were immediately transported by buses to Cengkareng to board their planes. Angkasa Pura officially ceased all operational activities at Kemayoran Airport on 31 March 31, 1985,

8874-418: Was appointed, which carried out construction by utilizing private parties in Indonesia. The development to turn the former airport area into a city center began in the early 1990s when construction for a housing complex started on the east side of the airport. This was followed by the construction of Jakarta International Expo Center (JIExpo) in 1992 and later on, followed by the construction of skyscrapers at

8976-526: Was discovered while it was undergoing trials at RAF Martlesham Heath . As a result of the Martlesham trials, a favourable report for the type was produced, which in turn led to the type soon being formally adopted as the new basic trainer of the Royal Air Force (RAF). A single prototype, designated the DH.82 Tiger Moth, was ordered by the British Air Ministry under Specification 15/31, which sought

9078-583: Was ended; by this point, Morris Motors had completed a total of 3,433 Tiger Moths. Overseas manufacturing of the type commenced in 1937; the first such overseas builder was de Havilland Canada at its facility in Downsview, Ontario . In addition to an initial batch of 25 Tiger Moths that were built for the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), the Canadian firm began building fuselages, which were exported to

9180-552: Was finally inaugurated by the Dutch East Indies government with the hope that it could become the main gateway to the Dutch East Indies and a source of pride for the people of Batavia. There was much enthusiasm from the people of Batavia, who were invited to the inauguration. The public could witness the world-class and modern airport facilities, which were not inferior to Schiphol Airport and other airports in Europe. Not to be missed, KNILM also showed off some of its fleet of aircraft such as

9282-611: Was held at Cililitan airport in Batavia (now Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport ). The Batavia-Semarang flight was later extended to Surabaya . Gradually, the services were expanded to include other islands in the archipelago, namely to Palembang and Medan in Sumatra , Balikpapan and Tarakan in Kalimantan , and Denpasar in Bali . Immediately before the Pacific War , KNILM also created

9384-494: Was officially closed on 31 March 1985 and immediately transferred to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport . The location of the former airport has been a favorite subject in urban planning. The former runways have been converted into a wide boulevard, while the green areas around it have been gradually filled with developments such as Jakarta International Exposition Center (JIExpo) and Kota Baru Bandar Kemayoran. The name " Kemayoran " first appeared in 1816 in an advertisement in

9486-533: Was one of their RAF stations in Southeast Asia until it was captured by the Japanese Imperial Army in 1942. After Indonesia gained independence, the government under President Sukarno began upgrading terminal buildings, runways, taxiways, aprons, hangars, operational equipment and constructing a new international terminal building to accommodate foreign tourists and as part of His grand plan to beautify

9588-560: Was performed with four-engined DC-4s of the NIGAT. It was not successful and was discontinued after a few months. KNILM was officially disbanded on 1 August 1947, and the remaining assets were transferred to KLM, which created the KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf (the precursor of Garuda Indonesia ) to operate air services between islands in the Indonesian archipelago. De Havilland Tiger Moth The de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth

9690-668: Was placed for 50 aircraft powered by the de Havilland Gipsy Major I engine (130 hp) which was the DH.82A or to the RAF Tiger Moth II. The Tiger Moth entered service at the RAF Central Flying School in February 1932. During the prewar years, increasing numbers of Tiger Moths were procured for the RAF and by overseas customers; by 1939, nearly 40 flying schools operating the type had been established, nine of which operated civilian-register models, as well. From 1937 onwards,

9792-465: Was rapidly increasing, posing a threat to international traffic. At this time, the government decided to relocate the airport's operations to a new facility. The plan received support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in the form of funding, concept studies, and site selection. Initially, USAID studied a flat-contoured plain (200–230 meters above sea level) that

9894-483: Was recorded as the largest and heaviest aircraft ever to have stopped over at Kemayoran. The rapid growth of Jakarta's urban area also impacted the capacity of Kemayoran Airport. Its usage was close to and sometimes exceeded the designed capacity. The airport was only designed to accommodate 500-600 passengers per day. However, by the end of 1967, the number of passengers had already exceeded 1,000 per day. This number continued to increase, reaching 3,000 per day in 1973. As

9996-497: Was sometimes carried, but no record shows one being dropped in action. In the aftermath of Britain's disastrous campaign in France, in August 1940 three proposals for beach defence systems were put forward; 350 Tiger Moths were fitted with bomb racks to serve as light bombers as a part of Operation Banquet . A more radical conversion involved the "paraslasher", a scythe-like blade fitted to

10098-401: Was still very quiet between Ci Kahuripan-Klapanunggal and Jonggol, covering an area of 2,300 hectares, as a suitable location for the new international airport to replace Kemayoran Airport. The location is about 50 km southeast of Kemayoran Airport. The reason the Jonggol area was chosen was the need to consider the future aspects of the development of Greater Jakarta through the expansion of

10200-454: Was strengthened again in the 1960s to support a maximum take-off weight of 250,000 pounds (around 113 tons). However, after Kemayoran Airport traffic became increasingly dense in the late 1970s, Runway 08-26 had to be closed and used as an aircraft parking area. In early October 1965, the government under President Sukarno began instructing the construction of a new international terminal building to accommodate foreign tourists and to prepare for

10302-635: Was that the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army in Java issued an announcement stating that the government would be handed over to the Allies, not to Indonesia. On 29 September 1945, Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies (AFNEI) successfully landed at Kemayoran with their troops consisting of 3 divisions to serve in Sumatra and Java. However, the arrival of the Allies in Indonesia also brought

10404-517: Was the airline of the former Dutch East Indies . Headquartered in Amsterdam, KNILM was not a subsidiary of the better-known KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines), despite the similar name. The airline had its headquarters in Amsterdam and an office in on the grounds of Tjililitan Airfield (current Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport ) in Batavia (current Jakarta ). KNILM was founded on 16 July 1928 as

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