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56-519: Karakol ( / ˌ k æ r ə ˈ k oʊ l / ; Kyrgyz : Каракол , IPA: [qɑrɑˈqɔɫ] ), formerly Przhevalsk (Russian: Пржевальск , IPA: [pr̩ʐɨˈvalʲsk] ), is the fourth-largest city in Kyrgyzstan , near the eastern tip of Lake Issyk-Kul , about 150 kilometres (93 mi) from the Kyrgyzstan–China border and 380 kilometres (240 mi) from the capital Bishkek . It

112-486: A chance to flow together to form larger hydrographic systems. As a result, they separately empty either into Issyk-Kul or into Tüp river flowing along the range. The lake water's salinity is approx. 0.6% – compared to 3.5% salinity of typical seawater – and, although the lake level is still currently some 8 metres (26 ft) higher than in medieval times, its level now drops by approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) per year due to water diversion. Administratively,

168-432: A good exhibition of Kyrgyz applied art. One hall covers the region's flora and fauna – much of which is endangered and listed in the 'Red Book' (a Soviet inventory of protected species). The museum is also worth visiting to gain a Soviet perspective of history in the region. A couple of walls relating to Kyrgyz union with Russia and the subsequent revolution are now historical artifacts in themselves. Karakol Zoological Park

224-572: A language shift. After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and a series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty , Kyrgyz-speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan , which was already populated by various Turco-Mongol tribes. As Chaghatai Ulus subjects, the Kyrgyz converted to Islam . Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language, but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh , Uzbek and Uyghur . Kyrgyz

280-562: A major hub for visitors of Issyk Kul Lake. Karakol is the fourth largest city in Kyrgyzstan after Bishkek , Osh and Jalal-Abad . The resident population of Karakol, as of 2021, was 84,351, of which 2,829 in Pristan'-Przheval'sk. The largest ethnic minority groups in Karakol are Russians (17.0%, 2009 census) and Uyghurs (3.9%). Karakol features a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) according to

336-905: A member of the South Siberian branch of Turkic languages. The successor of the Yenisei Kyrgyz language today are the Khakas in Russian Federation and Fuyu Kyrgyz in Northeastern China . In 925, when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes, some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks , resulting in

392-520: A mosque ever since. It is registered as a historical monument and protected by law. Today, the mosque is also open to visitors domestic and foreign. Nikolay Przhevalsky was one of the first Russian scientists, naturalists and geographers to commence detailed studies of the geography , flora and fauna of the Central Asian countries. Beginning in 1870, he arranged four large expeditions through Mongolia, China and Tibet. During these trips, he revealed

448-452: A new generation of health and leisure visitors. The city of Karakol (formerly Przhevalsk, after the Russian explorer Przhevalsky , who died there) is the administrative seat of Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is near the east tip of the lake and is a good base for excursions into the surrounding area. Its small old core contains an impressive wooden mosque , built without metal nails by

504-415: A number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology ). Normally the decision between the velar ( [ɡ ~ ɣ] , [k] ) and uvular ( [ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q] ) pronunciation of ⟨г⟩ and ⟨к⟩ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply

560-518: A school, ladies' gymnasium, an institution of higher education, a sports venue, a theatre, a dance hall, and even a coal store. Then, in 1991 (following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Kyrgyzstan), the local authorities again gave the building back to the Church, whom assumed responsibility for all future remodeling and structural endeavors. The Issyk-kul Central Mosque of Karakol

616-434: A velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/ , not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel. Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns: The declension of

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672-402: A vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable. The United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using a "Left-Right Shift" method when carrying out language training in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz has spent centuries in contact with numerous other languages, and as such has borrowed extensively from them. These languages include: Uzbek, Oirat , Mongolian, Russian , and Arabic . Historically

728-589: Is 6,236 square kilometres (2,408 sq mi). It is the second-largest mountain lake in the world behind Lake Titicaca in South America . It is at an altitude of 1,607 metres (5,272 ft) and reaches 668 metres (2,192 ft) in depth. About 118 rivers and streams flow into the lake ; the largest are the Jyrgalang and Tüp . It is fed by springs, including many hot springs and snow melt. The lake has no current outlet, but some hydrologists hypothesize that

784-443: Is an endorheic saline lake in the western Tianshan Mountains in eastern Kyrgyzstan , just south of a dividing range separating Kyrgyzstan from Kazakhstan . It is the eighth-deepest lake in the world , the eleventh-largest lake in the world by volume (though not in surface area), the deepest lake whose deepest point is above sea level (939 meters or 3,080 feet), and the third-largest saline lake. Issyk-Kul means "warm lake" in

840-454: Is divided into two main dialects, Northern and Southern. Northern having more Mongolian loanwords and Southern having more Uzbek ones. Standard Kyrgyz is based on Northern Kyrgyz. There is also a third smaller dialect called Pamiri Kyrgyz. /a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/ . In most dialects, its status as

896-442: Is some 8 metres (26 ft) higher than in medieval times. Divers have found the remains of submerged settlements in shallow areas around the lake. Articles identified as the world's oldest extant coins were found underwater, with gold wire rings used as small change and a large hexahedral goldpiece. Also found was a bronze cauldron with a level of craftsmanship that is today achieved by using an inert gas environment. In 1916

952-451: Is the administrative capital of Issyk-Kul Region . Its area is 44 square kilometres (17 sq mi), and its resident population was 84,351 in 2021 (both including Pristan'-Przheval'sk ). To the north, on highway A363, is Tüp , and to the southwest Jeti-Ögüz resort . A Russian military outpost founded on 1 July 1869, Karakol grew in the 19th century after explorers came to map the peaks and valleys separating Kyrgyzstan from China. In

1008-610: The Dungan people and a wooden Orthodox church that was used as a stable during Soviet times. Issyk-Kul Lake was a stopover on the Silk Road , a land route for travelers from the Far East to Europe. The great Chinese Buddhist scholar-monk Xuanzang passed by this lake and noted the details in the classic travelogue Great Tang Records on the Western Regions in the 7th century. The lake

1064-652: The Karabulan Peninsula on the lake would be leased for an indefinite period to the Russian Navy , which is planning to establish new naval testing facilities as part of the 2007 bilateral Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation, Mutual Help, and Protection of Secret Materials. The Russian military will pay $ 4.5 million annually to lease the area. India also plans to invest in the facility to test all types of torpedoes such as heavy weight torpedoes and those that have thermal navigation system. Another advantage that works for

1120-534: The Kyrgyz language ; although it is located at a lofty elevation of 1,607 metres (5,272 ft) and subject to severe cold during winter, it rarely freezes over due to high salinity . The lake is a Ramsar site of globally significant biodiversity and forms part of the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve. Issyk-Kul Lake is 182 kilometres (113 mi) long, up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide and its area

1176-451: The Köppen climate classification . The coat of arms of the city of Przhevalsk was approved by the highest on March 19, 1908 — In a black shield is a silver globe with a golden meridian and a stand, accompanied on top by a golden star with five rays. In the golden ends of the shield, scarlet ears are placed two crosswise, burdened in coverage with a natural bee. In the free part of the emblem of

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1232-809: The Perso-Arabic alphabet (in use until 1928 in the USSR, still in use in China). Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin-script alphabet , the Uniform Turkic Alphabet , was used. In 1940, Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular. Although

1288-650: The Turkish alphabet , e.g. the Common Turkic Alphabet . There are political shades to the Cyrillic-Latin debate. In April 2023, Russia suspended dairy exports to Kyrgyzstan after a proposal by the chairman of Kyrgyzstan's National Commission for the State Language and Language Policies, Kanybek Osmonaliev, to change the alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin to bring the country in line with other Turkic nations. Osmonaliev

1344-457: The 1880s Karakol's population surged with an influx of Dungans , Chinese Muslims fleeing warfare in China. In 1888, the Russian explorer Nikolay Przhevalsky died in Karakol of typhoid , while preparing for an expedition to Tibet ; the city was renamed Przhevalsk in his honor. After local protests, the town was given its original name back in 1921 — a decision reversed in 1939 by Stalin to celebrate

1400-492: The Black Death was present there in 1338 or 1339. The plague first infected people in a small, nearby settlement of traders eight years before it devastated Eurasia, killing 60 percent of the population, having traveled along trade routes. The lake's status as a byway for travelers allowed the plague to spread across these continents via medieval merchants who unknowingly carried infested vermin along with them. The lake level

1456-563: The Old Turkic Script was the first script used to write Kyrgyz. The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet , which uses all the Russian letters plus ң , ө and ү . Though in the Xinjiang region of China, an Arabic alphabet is used. Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin alphabet was used for many minority languages in the USSR, including Kyrgyz. There have been attempts after 1990 to introduce other Latin alphabets which are closer to

1512-565: The Semirechensk region. The shield is crowned with a silver three-pronged tower crown and surrounded by two golden ears of corn, combined with the Alexander ribbon. The modern coat of arms and flag of the city of Karakol were approved as a result of the competition for the creation of symbols of the city (coat of arms, flag and anthem), organized in March 2007 by the city council and the mayor's office of

1568-400: The administrative borders of Issyk-Kul Region . The lake contains highly endemic fish biodiversity, and some of the species, including four endemics, are seriously endangered. In recent years yields of all fish species have declined markedly, due to a combination of overfishing , heavy predation by two of the introduced invasive species (the pike perch and the rainbow trout ), and

1624-467: The backs of sedans not being an uncommon sight. The setting, amid semi-derelict flour mills, might seem unprepossessing, but is valued for its space. On clear days, a backdrop of white-topped mountains is visible and is more striking from here than from the town center. A series of earthen unloading platforms lead north. Jostle through the chaos to reach a bigger main compound one block north, where horses and embossed leather saddlery are for sale. On foot,

1680-514: The bazaar is about 25 minutes' walk from City Center. Karakol is popular among fans of hiking and overnight tent camping. The following hiking trails beging here: Karakol Peak, Alakul Lake, Altyn Arashan and Sary Zhaz Valley. These routes have a variety of scenery from green forests to glaciers. The best times for hiking are from June to September. Kyrgyz language Kyrgyz was originally written in Göktürk script , gradually replaced by

1736-500: The beach which lead the cold, less heavy water to the top of the lake and often the salty, heavy water below is oddly more warm than the water on the surface. During the Soviet period , the Soviet Navy operated an extensive facility at the lake's east end, where submarine and torpedo technology was evaluated. In March 2008, Kyrgyz newspapers reported that 866 hectares (2,140 acres) around

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1792-491: The builders to construct the mosque without using nails. The building holds 42 based pillars; encircling the building is a multi-tiered wooden cornice , decorated with botanical and natural images such as grapes, pomegranates, pears and peaches. From 1929 to 1947 (during the Soviet era), the mosque was used mainly as a storehouse. In 1947, the building was given to the city’s Muslim community, from whence it has continued to function as

1848-422: The centenary of the explorer's birth. Karakol then remained Przhevalsk until the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. However the name has been retained by nearby Pristan'-Przheval'sk . Nearby Issyk Kul Lake was used by the Soviet military as a testing site for torpedo propulsion and guidance systems and Karakol was thus home to a sizable population of military personnel and their families. Karakol continues to be

1904-898: The cessation of lake restocking with juvenile fish from hatcheries . At least four commercially targeted endemic fish species are sufficiently threatened to be included in the Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic — Schmidt's dace ( Leuciscus schmidti ), Issyk-Kul dace ( Leuciscus bergi ), Ili marinka ( Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis issykkulensis ), and sheer or naked osman ( Gymnodiptychus dybowskii ). Five other indigenous species — Issyk-kul minnow ( Phoxinus issykkulensis ), Issykul gudgeon ( Gobio gobio latus ), spotted thicklip loach ( Triplophysa strauchii ulachilicus ), grey stone loach ( Triplophysa dorsalis ), asp ( Leuciscus aspius iblioides ) — are almost certainly threatened as bycatch or are indirectly impacted by fishing activity and changes to

1960-572: The city. The main composition of the coat of arms and the flag consists of elements of the sun and the head of a deer with horns (symbols of the Buğu tribe ). Karakol is one of Kyrgyzstan's major tourist hubs, serving as a starting point for the hiking, trekking, skiing and mountaineering groups of the high central Tian Shan to the south and east. Additionally, the city is quite culturally-rich, with several distinct ethnic groups present, such as Dungans , Kalmyks , Russians , Uyghurs , Uzbeks , and of course

2016-632: The ecological structure and balance of the lake's fish population. Sevan trout , a fish endemic to Lake Sevan in Armenia , was introduced into Issyk-Kul in the 1970s. While this fish is an endangered species in its native waters, it has a much better chance to survive in Lake Issyk-Kul where it has actively predated on other species, but is limited in habitat for reproduction and in food. The lake supports large numbers of wintering waterfowl as well as waders and passerines on passage migration . Both

2072-610: The eve of his fifth expedition to Central Asia; he was buried on the Issyk-Kul lakeside, not far from the city of Karakol. The Memorial Museum of N. M. Przhevalsky was opened on 29 April 1957 in Karakol. This small museum was the pre-revolutionary summer home of the Iliana merchant family. During the turbulent years of 1918–20 the building earned its socialist stripes as headquarters of the Regional Revolutionary Committee, and

2128-558: The exact coordinates of the mountain ranges and borders of the Tibetan Himalayas and Tian Shan ranges. He described in-detail the weather, relief, ecosystems, flora and fauna in the territories under his study; he described over 200 plant species. Will on these expeditions, Przhevalsky also collected an enormous zoological collection, comprising several thousand species of plants, fungi, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, fishes and invertebrates. In 1888, he died from typhoid fever on

2184-524: The lake and the adjacent land are within Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. During the Soviet era, the lake became a popular vacation resort, with numerous sanitoria , boarding houses and vacation homes along its northern shore, many concentrated in and around the town of Cholpon-Ata . These fell on hard times after the break-up of the USSR, but now hotel complexes are being refurbished and simple private bed-and-breakfast rentals are being established for

2240-517: The lake's water filters deep underground into the Chu River . The bottom of the lake contains the mineral monohydrocalcite : one of the few known lacustrine deposits. The lake's southern shore is dominated by the ruggedly beautiful Teskey Ala-Too Range of the Tian Shan mountains. The northern slopes of the range are long and send a considerable flow to Issyk-Kul. Numerous streams taking their rise at

2296-660: The local Kyrgyz . Przhevalsky’s Grave is a memorial park and small museum dedicated to Przhevalsky and others’ Russian explorations in Central Asia , located about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of Karakol at Pristan'-Przheval'sk , overlooking the Mikhailovka Inlet of Issyk Kul lake. This is also where former Soviet torpedo testing facilities are located. Facilities themselves are a closed, government-accessible only area. Karakol has Central Asia's highest ski resort , with 20 km of slopes, situated about 20 minutes from

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2352-414: The monastery at Issyk-Kul was attacked by Kyrgyz rebels, and seven monks were killed. The first nature reserve in Kyrgyzstan, Issyk-Kul State Reserve was established in 1948 to protect unique nature landscapes and waterfowl at Issyk-Kul. In 1975, it was acknowledged as a Ramsar site . Biosphere Reserve Issyk-Kul covered by UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves was established in year 2000 within

2408-545: The most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- be (болгон(дук), болор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Issyk-Kul Issyk-Kul ( Russian : Иссык-Куль ) or Ysyk-Köl ( Kyrgyz : Ысык-Көл , IPA: [ɯsɯ́q kʰɵ́l] ; lit.   ' Warm Lake ' )

2464-585: The plan has not been implemented, it remains in occasional discussion. Kyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch of the family. It is considered to be an East Kipchak language , forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch. Internally, Kyrgyz has three distinct varieties; Northern and Southern Kyrgyz. Language should not be confused with Old Kyrgyz ( Yenisei Kyrgyz ) language which classified as

2520-943: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb: 1) determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules. To form complement clauses , Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be: Мен Men I эмнени emneni what- ACC . DEF көргөнүмдү körgönümdü see-ing- 1SG - ACC . DEF билбейм bilbeym know- NEG - 1SG Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1SG roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where

2576-506: The slopes flow together into comparatively large rivers. They deeply dissect the range and flow in wide valleys. On exit from mountains the rivers form large alluvial cones. In eastern part of Issyk-Kul they flow into Jyrgalang river. The Kungey Alatau of the Tian Shan runs parallel to the north shore. The southern slopes of the Kungey Alatau are comparatively short. Therefore, the rivers rising on them are relatively small and do not have

2632-400: The testing center is that the torpedoes fired can also be recovered allowing scientists to make physical verification of a torpedo structure for further study. India is also planning to use the torpedo test facility to test the autonomous underwater vehicle being developed by NSTL . For this, India has proposed to engage local companies with know-how in torpedo technology to further co-develop

2688-490: The town. Unlike Shymbulak resort, the riding at Karakol includes forest areas as well as cleared trails. The cathedral was originally built of stone, in 1872, when Karakol was a garrison town established as an outpost on the edges of the Tsarist Russian Empire . It was destroyed in 1890 by earthquake, and the current cathedral was subsequently built of wood on a brick base. It took nearly six years to complete, and

2744-449: The verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know." The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels. Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are

2800-507: The western and eastern ends of the lake have been recognised as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by BirdLife International . There is a small lake below the water level of Issyk Kul at the south-west side of the lake. This lake is called Tyz köl (salt lake) in Kyrgyz due to its very high saline content and swimming in the Issyk Kul salt lake is a very different experience from less salty water. The lake receives its water from small cold springs at

2856-445: Was built for the local Dungan community through an initiative of Ibrahim Aji in the early 20th century. Aji commissioned the famed Beijing architect Chou Seu, along with 20 workers (all skilled in traditional Chinese architecture ), with building the mosque. The construction of outbuildings, among other projects, involved local craftsmen. Construction of the mosque itself began in 1904, lasting through 1910. Ingenious techniques allowed

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2912-464: Was finally done in 1895. During the period of construction, a yurt served the congregation as a church. The building has seen considerable usage, and not only as a church, being used for an anti-Russian uprising in 1916, during which several monks were brutally murdered. Over the years, particularly following the Revolution in 1917, the church has been used as an educational center, at times housing

2968-572: Was founded in 1987. This is the only zoo in Kyrgyzstan. After the demise of the Soviet Union, the economics of the country collapsed. In 2001, closing the zoo was considered. However, sponsors were found, which allowed the captive animals to be preserved. There are Japanese macaques, bears, wolf, deer, camels, llamas, Przewalski's horse , peacock, lions and many others. On early Sunday mornings, one of Kyrgyzstan's biggest farmer’s markets and live animal auctions takes place, around 2 km north of central Karakol, with locals loading livestock in and out of

3024-574: Was once a part of the territory of Qing Dynasty of China and was ceded to Russia – along with the surrounding territory – after the Treaty of Tarbagatai . Many historians believe that the lake was the point of origin for the Black Death that plagued Europe and Asia during the early and mid-14th century. In 2022, researchers reported on the analysis of preserved genetic material from seven individuals buried in two cemeteries near Issyk-Kul and determined that

3080-751: Was reprimanded by President Sadyr Japarov , who later clarified that Kyrgyzstan had no plans to replace the Cyrillic alphabet. (1928–⁠1938) ع * ق * Kyrgyz follows a subject-object-verb word order, Kyrgyz also has no grammatical gender with gender being implied through context. Kyrgyz lacks several analytic grammatical features that english has, these include: auxiliary verbs (ex: to have), definite articles (ex: the), indefinite articles (ex: a/an), and modal verbs (ex: should; will), dependent clauses , and subordinating conjugations (ex: that; before; while). Kyrgyz instead replaces these with various synthetic grammatical substutes. Nouns in Kyrgyz take

3136-517: Was subsequently transformed into a museum by order of the Soviet Council of Ministers in 1948. Scythian artifacts include enormous bronze pots retrieved from Lake Issyk-Kul, displayed alongside exhibits on petroglyphs in the area. Besides a comprehensive display of traditional Kyrgyz punched leather work, felt wall hangings and woven yurt decorations, the museum has a colorful collection of national costumes, examples of finely worked silver jewellery and

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