NATO uses a system of code names , called reporting names , to denote military aircraft and other equipment used by post-Soviet states , former Warsaw Pact countries, China , and other countries. The system assists military communications by providing short, one or two-syllable names, as alternatives to the precise proper names , which may be easily confused under operational conditions or are unknown in the Western world .
60-659: The Kamov Ka-27 ( NATO reporting name ' Helix' ) is a military helicopter developed for the Soviet Navy , and as of 2024 is in service in various countries including Russia , Ukraine , Vietnam , China , South Korea , and India . Variants include the Ka-29 assault transport, the Ka-28 downgraded export version, and the Ka-32 for civilian use. The helicopter was developed for ferrying and anti-submarine warfare . Design work began in 1969 and
120-452: A magnetic anomaly detector . It can also carry either up to 36 sonobuoys , or a torpedo, or between six and eight conventional depth charges , or a single nuclear one. Ka-27PLs generally operate in pairs as hunter-killer teams . The Ka-27PS search and rescue helicopter can carry 12 folding seats or four stretchers in its cabin, and is equipped with a 300 kg (660 lb) winch. Its fuel capacity of 3,450 litres (910 US gal)
180-554: A large height clearance for navigation. Such towers and the conductors they carry must be equipped with flight safety lamps and reflectors. Two well-known wide river crossings are the Elbe Crossing 1 and Elbe Crossing 2 . The latter has the tallest overhead line masts in Europe, at 227 m (745 ft) tall. In Spain, the overhead line crossing pylons in the Spanish bay of Cádiz have
240-443: A line is constructed using towers designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the circuits at the time of construction. Indeed, for economic reasons, some transmission lines are designed for three (or four) circuits, but only two (or three) circuits are initially installed. Some high voltage circuits are often erected on the same tower as 110 kV lines. Paralleling circuits of 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV-lines on
300-516: A lower cost than building a new transmission line. Towers used for single-phase AC railway traction lines are similar in construction to those towers used for 110 kV three-phase lines. Steel tube or concrete poles are also often used for these lines. However, railway traction current systems are two-pole AC systems, so traction lines are designed for two conductors (or multiples of two, usually four, eight, or twelve). These are usually arranged on one level, whereby each circuit occupies one half of
360-646: A particularly interesting construction. The main crossing towers are 158 m (518 ft) tall with one crossarm atop a frustum framework construction. The longest overhead line spans are the crossing of the Norwegian Sognefjord Span (4,597 m (15,082 ft) between two masts) and the Ameralik Span in Greenland (5,376 m (17,638 ft)). In Germany, the overhead line of the EnBW AG crossing of
420-514: A steel plant in Piombino, Italy [4] and on a roof on an industrial building at Cherepovets, Russia at 59°8'52"N 37°51'55"E. Until 2015, on a residential highrise building in Dazhou, China at 31°11'28"N 107°30'43"E a powerline tower stood. Beside this, it is also possible that the lower parts of an electricity pylon stand in a building. Such a structure a person, who cannot have a view of the interior of
480-429: A variety of ways they can then be assembled and erected: The International Civil Aviation Organization issues recommendations on markers for towers and the conductors suspended between them. Certain jurisdictions will make these recommendations mandatory, for example that certain power lines must have overhead wire markers placed at intervals, and that warning lights be placed on any sufficiently high towers, this
540-426: A very small footprint and relies on guy wires in tension to support the structure and any unbalanced tension load from the conductors. A guyed tower can be made in a V shape, which saves weight and cost. Poles made of tubular steel generally are assembled at the factory and placed on the right-of-way afterward. Because of its durability and ease of manufacturing and installation, many utilities in recent years prefer
600-549: Is a 61.3 m (201 ft) tall pylon of a 380 kV powerline near Reuter West Power Plant in Berlin. In China some pylons for lines crossing rivers were built of concrete. The tallest of these pylons belong to the Yangtze Powerline crossing at Nanjing with a height of 257 m (843 ft). Sometimes (in particular on steel lattice towers for the highest voltage levels) transmitting plants are installed, and antennas mounted on
660-470: Is also used in environments that would be corrosive to steel. The extra material cost of aluminium towers will be offset by lower installation cost. Design of aluminium lattice towers is similar to that for steel, but must take into account aluminium's lower Young's modulus . A lattice tower is usually assembled at the location where it is to be erected. This makes very tall towers possible, up to 100 m (328 ft) (and in special cases even higher, as in
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#1732858626469720-680: Is greater than the 2,940-litre (780 US gal) capacity of the Ka-27PL. Ka-32 variants, e.g. the Klimov-powered Ka-32A11BC, have been certified for commercial operations throughout the world, notably in Canada and Europe. The Ka-32 has been certified for the newer Klimov VK-2500 PS-02 engine. A Russian Navy Ka-27 helicopter from the Russian Udaloy -class destroyer Severomorsk conducted interoperability deck landing training on board
780-546: Is limited to approximately 30 m (98 ft). Wood is rarely used for lattice framework. Instead, they are used to build multi-pole structures, such as H-frame and K-frame structures. The voltages they carry are also limited, such as in other regions, where wood structures only carry voltages up to approximately 30 kV. In countries such as Canada or the United States, wooden towers carry voltages up to 345 kV; these can be less costly than steel structures and take advantage of
840-501: Is not made for helicopters. Before the 1980s, reporting names for submarines were taken from the NATO spelling alphabet . Modifications of existing designs were given descriptive terms, such as " Whiskey Long Bin ". From the 1980s, new designs were given names derived from Russian words, such as " Akula ", or "shark". These names did not correspond to the Soviet names. Coincidentally, "Akula", which
900-634: Is separate from NATO . Based in Washington DC, AFIC comprises representatives from the militaries of three NATO members (Canada, the United Kingdom and United States) and two non-NATO countries (Australia and New Zealand). When the system was introduced in the 1950s, reporting names also implicitly designated potentially hostile aircraft. However, since the end of the Cold War, some NATO air forces have operated various aircraft types with reporting names (e.g.
960-504: Is used to support an overhead power line . In electrical grids , transmission towers carry high-voltage transmission lines that transport bulk electric power from generating stations to electrical substations , from which electricity is delivered to end consumers; moreover, utility poles are used to support lower-voltage sub-transmission and distribution lines that transport electricity from substations to electricity customers. There are four categories of transmission towers: (i)
1020-609: The Bambi Bucket suspended fire-fighting system of up to five tons capacity. The service life has been extended to up to 32,000 flight hours. Since the 1990s, China has purchased the Ka-28 export version and Ka-31 radar warning version for the PLAN fleet. Ka-31 purchases were first revealed in 2010. It is believed that Chinese Ka-28s have been equipped with more enhanced avionics compared to Ka-28s exported to other countries. In 2013, Russia tested
1080-457: The Elbe crossing 1 and Elbe crossing 2 ). Assembly of lattice steel towers can be done using a crane . Lattice steel towers are generally made of angle-profiled steel beams (L-beam or T-beams ). For very tall towers, trusses are often used. Wood is a material which is limited in use in high-voltage transmission. Because of the limited height of available trees, the maximum height of wooden pylons
1140-450: The Hamburg water and navigation office. For crossing broad valleys, a large distance between the conductors must be maintained to avoid short-circuits caused by conductor cables colliding during storms. To achieve this, sometimes a separate mast or tower is used for each conductor. For crossing wide rivers and straits with flat coastlines, very tall towers must be built due to the necessity of
1200-453: The Soviet Navy in April 1981. The Ka-27 has a crew of three with a pilot and navigator both stationed in the cockpit, and a sonar operator seated behind them. It has a four-leg fixed landing gear. The Ka-27 is equipped with two lateral buoys, that can be inflated in the case of a forced landing on water. The Ka-27PL anti-submarine version is equipped with a radar, and either a dipping sonar or
1260-453: The suspension tower , (ii) the dead-end terminal tower, (iii) the tension tower , and (iv) the transposition tower . The heights of transmission towers typically range from 15 to 55 m (49 to 180 ft), although when longer spans are needed, such as for crossing water, taller towers are sometimes used. More transmission towers are needed to mitigate climate change , and as a result, transmission towers became politically important in
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#17328586264691320-464: The "Fulcrum" Mikoyan MiG-29 ). The United States Department of Defense (DOD) expands on the NATO reporting names in some cases. NATO refers to surface-to-air missile systems mounted on ships or submarines with the same names as the corresponding land-based systems, but the US DOD assigns a different series of numbers with a different suffix (i.e., SA-N- versus SA-) for these systems. The names are kept
1380-407: The 2020s. Transmission tower is the name for the structure used in the industry in the United States and some other English-speaking countries. In Europe and the U.K., the terms electricity pylon and pylon derive from the basic shape of the structure, an obelisk with a tapered top. In Canada, the term hydrotower is used, because hydroelectricity is the principal source of electricity for
1440-754: The Eyachtal has the longest span in the country at 1,444 m (4,738 ft). In order to drop overhead lines into steep, deep valleys, inclined towers are occasionally used. These are utilized at the Hoover Dam , located in the United States, to descend the cliff walls of the Black Canyon of the Colorado . In Switzerland, a pylon inclined around 20 degrees to the vertical is located near Sargans , St. Gallens . Highly sloping masts are used on two 380 kV pylons in Switzerland,
1500-523: The US command ship USS Mount Whitney on 22 July 2010. Ka-32A11BC multipurpose helicopters have been successfully operated in Portugal for over five years. In 2006, Kamov won the tender for the supply of Ka-32A11BC firefighting helicopters, to replace Aérospatiale SA 330 Pumas . Over 240 Ka-32 have been built as of 2019 and have been exported to more than 30 countries; South Korea operates some 60 Ka-32s. In
1560-400: The United States . A lattice tower is a framework construction made of steel or aluminium sections. Lattice towers are used for power lines of all voltages, and are the most common type for high-voltage transmission lines. Lattice towers are usually made of galvanized steel. Aluminium is used for reduced weight, such as in mountainous areas where structures are placed by helicopter. Aluminium
1620-508: The building, cannot distinguish from a real rooftop pylon. A structure of this type is Tower 9108 of a 110 kV high-voltage traction power line in Fulda [5] , File:Mast9108-Fundament.jpg . A new type of pylon, called Wintrack pylons, will be used in the Netherlands starting in 2010. The pylons were designed as a minimalist structure by Dutch architects Zwarts and Jansma. The use of physical laws for
1680-674: The country. Three-phase electric power systems are used for high voltage (66- or 69-kV and above) and extra-high voltage (110- or 115-kV and above; most often 138- or 230-kV and above in contemporary systems) AC transmission lines. In some European countries, e.g. Germany, Spain or Czech Republic, smaller lattice towers are used for medium voltage (above 10 kV) transmission lines too. The towers must be designed to carry three (or multiples of three) conductors. The towers are usually steel lattices or trusses (wooden structures are used in Australia, Canada, Germany, and Scandinavia in some cases) and
1740-630: The crew of four. Data from General characteristics Performance Armament Ka-27 Ka-29TB Avionics Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists NATO reporting name The assignment of reporting names is managed by the Five Eyes Air Force Interoperability Council (AFIC), previously known as the Air Standardization Coordinating Committee (ASCC), which
1800-488: The cross arm. For four traction circuits, the arrangement of the conductors is in two levels and for six electric circuits, the arrangement of the conductors is in three levels. Transmission towers must withstand various external forces, including wind, ice, and seismic activity, while supporting the weight of heavy conductors. Different shapes of transmission towers are typical for different countries. The shape also depends on voltage and number of circuits. Delta pylons are
1860-567: The design made a reduction of the magnetic field possible. Also, the visual impact on the surrounding landscape is reduced. Two clown-shaped pylons appear in Hungary, on both sides of the M5 motorway , near Újhartyán . The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, U.S., and American Electric Power paired to conceive, design, and install goal post -shaped towers located on both sides of Interstate 77 near
Kamov Ka-27 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1920-737: The display instrumentation. Ka-32s are used for construction of transmission towers for overhead power lines , as it has somewhat higher lift capacity than the Vertol 107 . In Canada, the Ka-32 is used for selective logging as it is able to lift selective species vertically. In August 2013, a Kamov Ka-32, C-GKHL operating in Bella Coola, British Columbia , Canada, experienced failure of one of its Klimov TV3-117BMA engines (manufactured by Motor Sich in Ukraine). The subsequent technical investigation indicated that there
1980-592: The first major UK redesign since 1927, designed by Danish company Bystrup , winner of a 2011 competition from more than 250 entries held by the Royal Institute of British Architects and Her Majesty's Government . Y-pylons are a newer concept for electrical transmission towers. They usually have a guy-wire or support beam to help support the "Y" shape in the tower. Christmas-tree-shaped towers for 4 or even 6 circuits are common in Germany and have 3 cross arms where
2040-489: The first prototype flew in 1973. It was intended to replace the decade-old Kamov Ka-25 , and had to have identical or smaller external dimensions than its predecessor. Like other Kamov military helicopters it has coaxial rotors , removing the need for a tail rotor. In total, five prototypes and pre-series helicopters were built. Series production started at Kumertau in July 1979, and the new helicopter officially entered service with
2100-440: The ground. A semi-flexible tower is designed so that it can use overhead grounding wires to transfer mechanical load to adjacent structures, if a phase conductor breaks and the structure is subject to unbalanced loads. This type is useful at extra-high voltages, where phase conductors are bundled (two or more wires per phase). It is unlikely for all of them to break at once, barring a catastrophic crash or storm. A guyed mast has
2160-564: The hall as part of a power infrastructure upgrade. The Mickey pylon is a Mickey Mouse shaped transmission tower on the side of Interstate 4 , near Walt Disney World in Orlando, FL . Bog Fox is a design pylon in Estonia south of Risti at 58° 59′ 33.44″ N, 24° 3′ 33.19″ E. In Russia several pylons designed as artwork were built [6] Before transmission towers are even erected, prototype towers are tested at tower testing stations . There are
2220-523: The highest arm has each one cable, the second has two cables and the third has three cables on each side. The cables on the third arm usually carry circuits for lower high voltage. Special designed pylons are necessary to introduce branching lines, e.g. to connect nearby substations. Towers may be self-supporting and capable of resisting all forces due to conductor loads, unbalanced conductors, wind and ice in any direction. Such towers often have approximately square bases and usually four points of contact with
2280-485: The insulators are either glass or porcelain discs or composite insulators using silicone rubber or EPDM rubber material assembled in strings or long rods whose lengths are dependent on the line voltage and environmental conditions. Typically, one or two ground wires , also called "guard" wires, are placed on top to intercept lightning and harmlessly divert it to ground. Towers for high- and extra-high voltage are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits. If
2340-582: The letter "B", and names like "Badger" ( Tupolev Tu-16 ), "Blackjack" ( Tupolev Tu-160 ) and "Bear" ( Tupolev Tu-95 ) have been used. "Frogfoot", the reporting name for the Sukhoi Su-25 , references the aircraft's close air support role. Transports have names starting with "C" (for "cargo"), resulting in names like "Condor" for the Antonov An-124 or "Candid" for the Ilyushin Il-76 . The initial letter of
2400-457: The mid-1990s Russia offset debt to South Korea through supplies of weapons. The Ka-32A11BC features a high power-to-weight ratio and ease of handling, owing to its coaxial rotor design. The rotors' diameters are not restricted by the presence of a tail rotor and associated tail boom; this facilitates maneuvering near obstacles and helps assure exceptional accuracy when hovering in heavy smoke and dust conditions. The Ka-32A11BC may be equipped with
2460-586: The most common design for single circuit lines, because of their stability. They have a V-shaped body with a horizontal arm on the top, which forms an inverted delta . Larger Delta towers usually use two guard cables. Portal pylons are widely used in the USA, Ireland, Scandinavia and Canada. They stand on two legs with one cross arm, which gives them a H-shape. Up to 110 kV they often were made from wood, but higher voltage lines use steel pylons. Smaller single circuit pylons may have two small cross arms on one side and one on
Kamov Ka-27 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2520-631: The name indicates the use of that equipment. The alphanumeric designations (eg AA-2) are assigned by the Department of Defense . The first letter indicates the type of aircraft, e.g., "Bear" for a bomber aircraft refers to the Tupolev Tu-95 , or "Fulcrum" for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 fighter aircraft. For fixed-wing aircraft, one-syllable names are used for propeller aircraft and two-syllable names for aircraft with jet engines. This distinction
2580-453: The new Kamov Ka-27M with an active electronically scanned array radar. The basis of the modernization of the Ka-27M is installed on the helicopter airborne radar with an active phased array antenna FH-A. This radar is part of the command and tactical radar system that combines several other systems: acoustic, magnetometric, signals intelligence and radar. All the information on them is displayed on
2640-490: The other. One level pylons only have one cross arm carrying 3 cables on each side. Sometimes they have an additional cross arm for the protection cables. They are frequently used close to airports due to their reduced height. Danube pylons or Donaumasten got their name from a line built in 1927 next to the Danube river . They are the most common design in central European countries like Germany or Poland. They have two cross arms,
2700-583: The pole in use. In the latter case, the line from the converter station to the earthing (grounding) electrode is built as underground cable, as overhead line on a separate right of way or by using the ground conductors. Electrode line towers are used in some HVDC schemes to carry the power line from the converter station to the grounding electrode. They are similar to structures used for lines with voltages of 10–30 kV, but normally carry only one or two conductors. AC transmission towers may be converted to full or mixed HVDC use, to increase power transmission levels at
2760-684: The public grid or for the railway traction current grid. Concrete poles for medium-voltage are also used in Canada and the United States. In Switzerland, concrete pylons with heights of up to 59.5 metres (world's tallest pylon of prefabricated concrete at Littau ) are used for 380 kV overhead lines. In Argentina and some other south american countries, many overhead power lines, except the ultra-high voltage grid, were placed on tubular concrete pylons. Also in former soviet countries, concrete pylons are common, though with crossarms made of steel. Concrete pylons, which are not prefabricated, are also used for constructions taller than 60 metres. One example
2820-454: The pylons in order to prevent electrochemical corrosion of the pylons. For single-pole HVDC transmission with ground return, towers with only one conductor can be used. In many cases, however, the towers are designed for later conversion to a two-pole system. In these cases, often conductors on both sides of the tower are installed for mechanical reasons. Until the second pole is needed, it is either used as electrode line or joined in parallel with
2880-451: The realization of overhead 400/230 volt grids for the power supply of homes [1] . However, there are also roof-mounted support structures for high-voltage. Some thermal power plants in Poland like Połaniec Power Station and in the former Soviet Union like Lukoml Power Station use portal pylons on the roof of the power station building for the high voltage line from the machine transformer to
2940-428: The risk of confusion, unusual or made-up names are allocated, the idea being that the names chosen are unlikely to occur in normal conversation and are easier to memorise. For fixed-wing aircraft, the number of syllables indicates the type of the aircraft's engine. Single-syllable code names denote reciprocating engine or turboprop , while two-syllable code names denote jet engine . Bombers have names starting with
3000-577: The same as a convenience. Where there is no corresponding system, a new name is devised. The Soviet Union did not always assign official "popular names" to its aircraft, but unofficial nicknames were common as in any air force . Generally, Soviet pilots did not use the NATO names, preferring a native Russian nickname. An exception was that Soviet airmen appreciated the MiG-29 's codename "Fulcrum", as an indication of its pivotal role in Soviet air defence. To reduce
3060-516: The same towers is common. Sometimes, especially with 110 kV circuits, a parallel circuit carries traction lines for railway electrification . High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines are either monopolar or bipolar systems. With bipolar systems, a conductor arrangement with one conductor on each side of the tower is used. On some schemes, the ground conductor is used as electrode line or ground return. In this case, it had to be installed with insulators equipped with surge arrestors on
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#17328586264693120-405: The same width. In 2021 the first T-pylon, a new tubular T-shaped design, was installed in United Kingdom for a new power line to Hinkley Point C nuclear power station , carrying two high voltage 400 kV power lines. The design features electricity cables strung below a cross-arm atop a single pole which reduces the visual impact on the environment compared to lattice pylons. These 36 T-pylons were
3180-506: The surge voltage insulating properties of wood. As of 2012 , 345 kV lines on wood towers are still in use in the US and some are still being constructed on this technology. Wood can also be used for temporary structures while constructing a permanent replacement. Concrete pylons are used in Germany normally only for lines with operating voltages below 30 kV. In exceptional cases, concrete pylons are used also for 110 kV lines, as well as for
3240-510: The switchyard. Also other industrial buildings may have a rooftop powerline support structure. One can find such a device at a steel work in Dnipro, Ukraine at 48°28'57"N 34°58'43"E and at a steel work in Freital, Germany at 50°59'53"N 13°38'26"E. In the United States such device may be more common as in other countries [2] , [3] There are also real rooftop high voltage towers on industry buildings as at
3300-442: The top 32 meters of one of them being bent by 18 degrees to the vertical. Power station chimneys are sometimes equipped with crossbars for fixing conductors of the outgoing lines. Because of possible problems with corrosion by flue gases, such constructions are very rare. There exist also a variety of pylons and powerline poles mounted on buildings. The most common forms are small rooftop poles used in some countries like Germany for
3360-412: The top above or below the overhead ground wire . Usually these installations are for mobile phone services or the operating radio of the power supply firm, but occasionally also for other radio services, like directional radio. Thus transmitting antennas for low-power FM radio and television transmitters were already installed on pylons. On the Elbe Crossing 1 tower, there is a radar facility belonging to
3420-416: The upper arm carries one and the lower arm carries two cables on each side. Sometimes they have an additional cross arm for the protection cables. Ton shaped towers are the most common design, they have 3 horizontal levels with one cable very close to the pylon on each side. In the United Kingdom the second level is often (but not always) wider than the other ones while in the United States all cross arms have
3480-465: The use of monopolar steel or concrete towers over lattice steel for new power lines and tower replacements. In Germany steel tube pylons are also established predominantly for medium voltage lines, in addition, for high voltage transmission lines or two electric circuits for operating voltages by up to 110 kV. Steel tube pylons are also frequently used for 380 kV lines in France , and for 500 kV lines in
3540-462: Was assigned to an attack submarine by NATO, was the actual Soviet name for the ballistic missile submarine NATO named " Typhoon-class ". The NATO names for submarines of the People's Republic of China are taken from Chinese dynasties . Transmission tower A transmission tower (also electricity pylon , hydro tower , or pylon ) is a tall structure , usually a lattice tower made of steel that
3600-458: Was poor quality control in the assembly of the compressor turbine, leading to failure of the complete unit after several compressor blades separated. Ka-27s have been used by the Syrian Navy during the ongoing Syrian Civil War . On 21 June 2024, a Ka-29 was reportedly shot down over Crimea, by a Russian Pantsir-S1 , during a Ukrainian drone attack involving both air and naval drones, killing
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