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48-608: The municipality adjoins the municipality of Konjic , with which the boundary also forms part of the Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) between the two constituent entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kalinovik is located about 70 kilometres south of Sarajevo , in the middle of one of the Karstic landscapes characteristic of the region. The calcareous plateaus, eaten into by water, are strewn with valleys or fields, types of sinkhole -like lunar craters. The municipality adjoins

96-500: A National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Konjic hosts a Biennial of Contemporary Art since 2011, called "D-0 ARK Underground" which is located in ARK . The project, which the Council of Europe called the best cultural event in 2001, was curated by Petar Cuković, Branislav Dimitrijević in 2011 and Branko Franceschi and Bashak Shenove in 2013. The danube/sava is the largest karst river in

144-478: A facility where they could be imprisoned and questioned about their role in the siege of Konjic. The former JNA Čelebići compound was chosen out of necessity as the appropriate facilities for the detention of prisoners in Konjic. The majority of the prisoners who were detained between April and December 1992 were men, captured during and after the military operations at Bradina and Donje Selo and their surrounding areas. At

192-721: A great environmental and social cost, however. The Neretva and two main tributaries are already harnessed, by four HE power-plants with large dams on Neretva, one HE power-plants with major dam on the Neretva tributary Rama , and two HE power-plants with one major dam on the Trebišnjica river, which is considered as part of the Neretva watershed. The government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity unveiled plans to build three more hydroelectric power plants with major dams (as over 150.5 meters in height) upstream from

240-656: A hero though local people are reluctant to talk to outsiders. Serbian officials have said that comrades from Kalinovik are among Mladić's support network. Once a prosperous Austro-Hungarian military stronghold, Kalinovik is now an impoverished rural municipality with a population of only 2,500. During the Bosnian war the area was ethnically cleansed of its Bosniak (Muslim) population by the Bosnian Serb authorities. Many of its Serb inhabitants have since left in search of better lives elsewhere. Newcomers from Sarajevo have settled in

288-469: A mountain, known as ARK , was built secretly by the government in the Konjic municipality. The town grew significantly and prospered as a vibrant, multi-ethnic town with good transportation links (the town is on the railway between Sarajevo and the Adriatic Sea ), the large Igman ammunition factory and Yugoslav Army barracks. These factors became one of the main reasons for the town’s conflict in

336-523: A wide valley. The river provided much fertile, agricultural land before the lake flooded most of the valley. The lake was created in 1953 after construction of a high gravitational hydroelectric dam near Jablanica in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. The lake has an irregular elongated shape. Its width varies along its length. The lake is a popular vacation destination in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Swimming, boating and especially fishing are popular activities on

384-550: Is a city located in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , one of two entities that make up Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is located in northern Herzegovina , around 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Sarajevo , in a mountainous, heavily wooded area, and is 268 m (879 ft) above sea level . The municipality extends on both sides of the Neretva River . According to

432-530: Is one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is located in the northwest of the country and has been named after the rivers Una and Sana . The center of the cantonal government is Bihać . The canton is bordered by Republika Srpska from the east, the Canton 10 from the southeast, and Croatia from the south, west, and north. The liberalisation of

480-517: Is president of collaborates with NGOs to obtain computers, develop marketing opportunities and encourage women to take on management roles. The NGO IFAD has supported development in Kalinovik through rural infrastructure reconstruction, credit for livestock, and training and seminars. Some women are involved in wool processing (weaving and scarf and blanket making) and are planning a weaving workshop, others work in milk collection and processing. Aside from

528-540: Is the upper course of the Neretva river. Geographically and hydrologically the Neretva is divided into three sections. The upper course of the Neretva river is simply called the Upper Neretva ( Bosnian : Gornja Neretva ) , and includes a vast area around the Neretva , numerous streams and well-springs, three major glacial lakes near the river (and even more lakes, outside the municipality of Konjic, scattered across

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576-693: The Austro-Hungarian Empire . After World War I , the town, along with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes later renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. During World War II , the town became part of the Independent State of Croatia , and following the war joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Between 1953 and 1979, a 611 square-metre atomic bunker, dug 300 metres into

624-626: The Dinaric Alps in the entire eastern part of the Adriatic basin, which belongs to the Adriatic river watershed. The total length is 230 km (140 mi), of which 208 km (129 mi) are in Bosnia and Herzegovina , while the final 22 km (14 mi) are in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia . The municipality of Konjic includes at least half of the area of the Upper Neretva ( Bosnian : Gornja Neretva ) , which

672-599: The Neretva river have been found. Konjic was earliest recorded by name in the records of the Republic of Ragusa on 16 June 1382. The town, part of the Bosnian kingdom , was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire , of which the lasting feature for the town (apart from the many mosques and bringing of Islamic faith ) is the Ottoman-inspired bridge Stara Ćuprija which features in the town's coat of arms, and later into

720-735: The 1990s. During conflict in Yugoslavia, Konjic municipality was of strategic importance as it contained important communication links from Sarajevo to southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Several important military facilities were contained in Konjic, including the Igman arms and ammunition factory, the JNA Ljuta barracks, the Reserve Command Site of the JNA, the Zlatar communications and telecommunications centre, and

768-457: The 2013 census, the city of Konjic has a population of 10,732 inhabitants, whereas the municipality has 25,148. The city is one of the oldest permanent settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, dating back almost 4,000 years; it arose in its current incarnation in the late 14th century. The area near the Konjic is believed to have been settled up to 4,000 years ago, and settlements around 2,000 years ago by Illyrian tribes travelling upstream along

816-668: The Bosnian Serbs Ratko Bundalo and Nedjo Zeljaja. Bundalo was commander of the Tactical Group in Kalinovik and Zeljaja was commander of the Public Safety Station. Under their authority civilians were detained in the "Miladin Radojevic" school building in 1992. Members of paramilitary units who "mistreated all residents, irrespective of ethnicity" took part in the rape of women and other physical abuse of detainees in

864-643: The Celebici barracks and warehouses. Although the Konjic municipality did not have a majority Serb population and was not part of the declared "Serb autonomous regions", in March 1992, the self-styled "Serb Konjic Municipality" adopted a decision on the Serbian territories. The SDS, in co-operation with the JNA, had also been active in arming the Serb population of the municipality and in training paramilitary units and militias. Konjic

912-679: The Delalić case the ICTY sentenced camp deputy commander Hazim Delić , guard Esad Landžo , and commander Zdravko Mucić 20 years, 15 years and 7 years respectively for their roles in the crimes committed at the camp while Zejnil Delalić was acquitted. In 2017, Bosnian prosecutors charged former members of the Bosnian Army with crimes against humanity against Serbs, with the aim of expelling them from Konjic and surrounding villages in May 1992. The Stara Ćuprija bridge

960-445: The area from international development assistance and the economic mainstream. Core economic problems are exacerbated by geographical remoteness and the mountainous region is peripheral to regional and national markets. Many local communities are among the most deprived in Bosnia. The war crimes indictee and fugitive Ratko Mladić remains an influential presence locally. Friends and family still express support for him and regard him as

1008-400: The canyon, at a level of 800 m (2,600 ft) above the river, all the way to the village of Lukomir . Lukomir is the only remaining traditional semi-nomadic Bosniak mountain village in Bosnia and Herzegovina . At almost 1,500 m (4,900 ft), the village of Lukomir , with its unique stone homes with cherry-wood roof tiles, is the highest and most isolated mountain village in

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1056-448: The canyon, considered at least beautiful as the Tara canyon in Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby Montenegro , to remain untouched and unspoiled, hopefully protected too. The Government Of FBiH was reportedly preparing a parallel plan to form a huge National Park which would include the entire Gornja Neretva (English: Upper Neretva ) . 40,879 total According to the 1991 census ,

1104-456: The coldest river water in the world, often as low as 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) in the summer months. The Rakitnica river is the main tributary of the Upper Neretva. The Rakitnica forms a 26 km (16 mi)-long canyon (of its 32 km (20 mi) length), that stretches between Bjelašnica and Visočica to the southeast of Sarajevo . There is a hiking trail along the ridge of

1152-457: The country. Indeed, access to the village is impossible from the first snows in December until late April and sometimes even later, except by skis or on foot. A newly constructed lodge is now complete to receive guests and hikers. Jablaničko Lake ( Bosnian : Jablaničko jezero ) is a large artificially -formed lake on the Neretva river, right below Konjic where the Neretva briefly expands into

1200-400: The end of May, several groups were transferred to the Čelebići prison camp from various locations. Most of them were civilians. Many were elderly or infirm. From the camp's establishment to its closure, detainees were subjected to murder, beatings, torture, sexual assaults and otherwise cruel and inhumane treatment. Two women who were kept in the camp were also raped. In its judgement in

1248-475: The existing plants, beginning with Glavaticevo Hydro Power Plant in the nearby Glavatičevo village, then going even more upstream Bjelimići Hydro Power Plant and Ljubuča Hydro Power Plant located near the villages with the same names; and in addition one more at the Neretva headwaters gorge, near the very source of the river in entity of Republic of Srpska and is strongly opposed and protested by numerous environmentalist organizations and NGOs . who wish for

1296-515: The international recognition of the independent Bosnia and Herzegovina and the walk-out of SDS representatives from the Municipal Assembly a War Assembly was formed to take charge of the defence of the municipality. Between 20 April and early May 1992 Bosnian government forces seized control over most of the strategic assets of the Municipality and some armaments. However, Serb forces controlled

1344-535: The labour market in Germany in 2017 resulted in a large wave of emigration from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Una-Sana Canton leads in terms of emigration in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Cantonal Ministry of Internal Affairs issued 15,900 certificates of impunity for the purpose of working abroad in 2021. In 2017, the Ministry issued around 13,500 of such certificates, in 2018 around 14,800, in 2019 around 12,200 and in 2020,

1392-486: The lake. There are 13 types of fish in the lake's ecosystem. Many weekend cottages have been built along the shores of the lake. The river Neretva and its tributaries represent the main drainage system in the east Adriatic watershed and the foremost ichthyofaunal habitat of the region. Salmonidae fish from the Neretva basin show considerable variation in morphology, ecology and behaviour. Neretva also has many other endemic and fragile animals that are near extinction. Among

1440-439: The main access points to the municipality, effectively cutting it off from outside supply. Bosniaks and Croats began to arrive in the city of Konjic from surrounding villages, while Serb inhabitants moved to Serb-controlled villages. On 4 May 1992, the first shells landed in Konjic town, fired by the JNA and other Serb forces from the slopes of Borasnica and Kisera. This shelling, which continued daily for over three years, until

1488-499: The most endangered are three endemic species of Neretva trout: Neretvanska Mekousna ( Salmo obtusirostris oxyrhynchus) , Zubatak ( Salmo dentex ) and Glavatica ( Salmo marmoratus ) . All three endemic trout species of Neretva are endangered mostly due to destruction of the habitat and hybridisation with introduced trouts and illegal fishing as well as poor management of water and fisheries (dams, overfishing, mismanagement). The benefits brought by dams have often come at

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1536-417: The mountains of Treskavica and Zelengora in the wider area of the Upper Neretva ), one artificial lake (Jablaničko), mountains and forests, and native flora and fauna. All this natural heritage together with the cultural heritage of the Upper Neretva, represent rich and valuable resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as Europe . The Upper Neretva has water of Class I purity and is almost certainly

1584-488: The municipality of Konjic . The towns of Konjic and Kalinovik are connected by an asphalt road. Communications were disrupted when the bridge over the Ljuta river at Dindo was destroyed in autumn 1995, in the last months of the war, but were restored after a replacement bridge was constructed in 2002. The boundary between the municipalities of Konjic and Kalinovik also forms part of the Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) between

1632-930: The municipality of Konjic had 43,878 residents: 23,815 ethnic Muslims (54.3%), 11,513 Croats (26.2%), 6,620 Serbs (15.1%), and 1,930 others (4.4%). Local football club FK Igman Konjic play in Bosnia and Herzegovina's second tier- First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Konjic is twinned with: [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Una-Sana Canton The Una-Sana Canton ( Bosnian : Unsko-sanski kanton and Serbian : Унско-сански кантон; Croatian : Unsko-sanska županija )

1680-448: The number of such certificates issued was around 9,200. Also, in 2021, about 1,500 children enrolled in the first grades of elementary schools, 2,000 less than 20 years ago. In the 1991 census, the Canton of Una-Sana had 330,479 residents, including: Due to the proximity to Croatia and its narrow northern outline, various important traffic lines between Zagreb and the Adriatic traverse

1728-426: The population sought to flee and some withdrew to the centre of the village. These people were, nonetheless, arrested at various times around 27 and 28 May, by TO, HVO and MUP soldiers and police. The village of Bradina was burned to the ground and at least 43 or 48 Serb civilians were killed . These military operations resulted in the arrest of many members of the Serb population and it was thus necessary to create

1776-476: The school. Men prisoners were taken out and beaten, and some never returned. Aleksandar Cerovina and Slavko Lalović were mentioned by witnesses as accomplices in the crimes and Cerovina as having been involved in intimidation of witnesses. On 21 December 2009 the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina found Bundalo and Zeljaja guilty of persecution, murder, detention and torture of Muslims from April 1992 to March 1993. Bundalo

1824-545: The signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement , inflicted substantial damage and resulted in the loss of many lives as well as rendering conditions for the surviving population even more unbearable. With the town swollen from the influx of refugees, there was a great shortage of accommodation as well as food and other basic necessities. Charitable organisations attempted to supply the local people with enough food but all systems of production foundered or were destroyed. It

1872-655: The town of Kalinovik, the municipality includes the following settlements: The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018): [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Konjic Konjic ( Serbian Cyrillic : Коњиц )

1920-403: The town. The traditional domestic role of women in Kalinovik has changed since Verica Elez, a professor of Serbian language and literature and an newcomer, began to encourage local women to take advantage of the post-war development opportunities offered by international organizations concerned with women’s issues and with strengthening the role of women in rural communities. The women's group she

1968-608: The two constituent entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). Between April 1992 and April 1993 during the first year of the Bosnian War the municipality of Kalinovik Bosniak population left Kalinovik, moving into Bosnian forces controlling areas. Grave crimes were committed against Bosniak Muslim civilians in Kalinovik by

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2016-528: The villages of Cerići and Bjelovčina . Cerići, which was the first shelled, was attacked around 22 May and some of its inhabitants surrendered. The village of Bjelovčina was also attacked around that time. According to witnesses heard by the ICTY, the Serb-populated village of Bradina was shelled in the late afternoon and evening of 25 May and then soldiers in both camouflage and black uniforms appeared, firing their weapons and setting fire to buildings. Many of

2064-404: Was built between 1682 and 1683 by Ali-aga Hasečić (as shown by a stone plaque at the centre of the bridge). It was built over six slightly pointed stone arches. It is one of the best preserved Ottoman bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The arches were destroyed by the retreating German army in March 1945. The bridge was rebuilt in its original state between 2003 and 2009. The bridge is now proclaimed

2112-497: Was included in those areas claimed by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the "Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia ", despite the fact that the Croats did not constitute a majority of the population there either (just a quarter of population in 1991, as the municipality was mixed). Croatian units (known as the HVO) were established and armed in the municipality by April 1992. Following

2160-638: Was made at negotiation with the SDS and other representatives of the Serb people in Bradina and Donje Selo. This did not, however, achieve success for the Konjic authorities and plans were made for the launching of military operations by the Joint Command. The first area to be targeted was the village of Donje Selo. On 20 May 1992 forces of the TO and HVO entered the village. Bosnian government soldiers moved through Viniste towards

2208-625: Was not until August or September of that year that convoys from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) managed to reach the town, and all communications links were cut off with the rest of the State. A clear priority for the Konjic authorities was the de-blocking of the routes to Sarajevo and Mostar . This objective required that the Serbian forces holding Bradina and Donje Selo , as well as those at Borci and other strategic points, be disarmed. Initially, an attempt

2256-438: Was restored in 2002 when a Bailey Bridge across the river was constructed by a Spanish army engineering section of SFOR in a UNHCR -led initiative. There is unemployment and rural deprivation in Kalinovik. The Upper Drina valley, devastated by the war and bisected by the inter-entity boundary, remains troubled by deep-seated divisions and difficult community relations. Political obstruction by hard-line politicians has isolated

2304-463: Was sentenced to 19 years in prison, Zeljaja to 15 years. A third defendant. Djordjislav Askraba, director of the Barutni Magacin detention camp, was acquitted due to lack of evidence. In autumn 1995 the Bosnian Army destroyed the bridge over the Ljuta river at Dindo to prevent Bosnian Serb tanks attacking Konjic and the Neretva valley . The road link between the towns of Konjic and Kalinovik

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