51-580: [REDACTED] Look up kadam in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Kadam may refer to: Kadam (clan) , an Indian clan Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism) , a school of Buddhism Kadam People , an ethnic group in Uganda Kadam Rao Padam Rao , the earliest available manuscript in Dakhini masnavi Kadam River , a minor tributary of Godavari located in
102-703: A Dalit man and Kunbi woman was suspected in Murbad of the Thane district. In September of the same year, a 20-year-old Dalit woman alleged that she was raped by a Someshwar Baburao Kuthe of the Kunbi caste in the Sarandi (Bujaruk) village of Lakhandur taluka. The local police registered an offense. Modern research has revealed that the Marathas and Kunbi have the same origin - although the two are treated as two different communities currently on
153-536: A higher economic status due to land-ownership, comes from one who holds pieces of land called patis . A population of Kunbi (locally called Kurumbi ) is also found in Goa, where they are believed to be descendants of the area's aboriginal inhabitants. They are largely poor agriculturalists, though some of the oldest known landowners in Goa were of this class, and claimed for themselves the Vaishya (merchant) varna. According to
204-503: A higher status than some other local groups due to the type of meat which they consume (for example, they believe that the Warlis eat rats, and other groups eat beef). The community practices monogamous endogamy ; marriage of cross cousins is acceptable, as is remarriage by widows. Divorce is permitted and the practice of marriage around the age of 10–12 years has been abandoned. The dead are cremated. The Charotar ( Anand ) region, tilled by
255-508: A narrow or an inclusive definition of the caste is used. This causes the percentage of OBCs to vary between 29% and 38% of the population. According to Hansen, it is critically important for the politicians of the state to ensure a narrow definition of OBC and maximise the Maratha representation. The Maratha Mahasangha (All-Maratha Federation), fearing that the Mandal Commission would divide
306-584: A social level. Most recently, the Kunbi origin of the Maratha has been explained in detail by Professor Richard Eaton from the University of Arizona and Professor Stewart Gordon from the University of Michigan . Marathas ("Assal" or true i.e. belonging to 96 clans), who were distinguished from the Kunbi, in the past claimed genealogical connections with Rajputs of Northern India. However, modern researchers demonstrate, giving examples, that these claims are not factual. Modern scholars agree that Marathas and Kunbi are
357-524: A subset of the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes became the political elite in the state of Maharashtra in the 1960s and 1970s and have remained so to the present day. The elite Maratha-Kunbis have institutionalised their ideology of agrarian development through their control of the Congress party. The state Government of Maharashtra does not recognise a group called Maratha-Kunbi. According to Irawati Karve ,
408-533: A survey of its chief architectural monuments and inscriptions . Longmans, Green & co., ltd . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Nana Phadnis; Antaji Nankeshvar (1984). The Decade of Panipat, 1751-61 . Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-86132-112-4 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadam_(clan)&oldid=1248548502 " Categories : Maratha clans Koli clans Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
459-544: Is a generic term applied to several castes of traditional farmers in Western India. These include the Dhonoje, Ghatole, Masaram, Hindre, Jadav, Jhare, Khaire, Lewa ( Leva Patil ), Lonare and Tirole communities of Vidarbha . The communities are largely found in the state of Maharashtra but also exist in the states of Madhya Pradesh , Gujarat (now called Patidar ), Karnataka , Kerala and Goa . Kunbis are included among
510-613: Is clan of the Marathas , Kunbis and Kolis in some parts of Maharashtra , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana and Goa states of India. See also Maratha clan system References ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar . Government Central Press. 1884. p. 197 . Kadam Koli. ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kolhápur . Government Central Press. 1886. ^ Gazetteer of
561-596: Is different from Wikidata Misplaced Pages extended-confirmed-protected pages Articles needing additional references from March 2021 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2022 Use Indian English from May 2022 All Misplaced Pages articles written in Indian English All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2021 Kunbi Kunbi (alternatively Kanbi ) ( Marathi : ISO 15919 : Kuṇabī , Gujarati : ISO 15919 : Kaṇabī )
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#1732848345123612-562: The Bharatiya Janata Party ; Shiv Sena responded by giving more opportunities to Kunbi candidates in elections. In the 2009 elections, resentment by the Kunbis towards the Congress candidate Wamanrao Kasawar was said to benefit Sanjay Derkar, the independent NCP rebel candidate, in a triangular contest which also included Shiv Sena's Vishvas Nandekar. In the 2004 MLA elections in Murbad ,
663-499: The Marathi word kunbawa , or Sanskrit kur , meaning "agricultural tillage". Yet another etymology states that Kunbi derives from kutumba ("family"), or from the Dravidian kul , "husbandman" or "cultivator". Thus anyone who took up the occupation of a cultivator could be brought under the generic term Kunbi. G. S. Ghurye has posited that while the term may "signify the occupation of
714-776: The Other Backward Classes (OBC) in Maharashtra. Most of the Mavalas serving in the armies of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji came from this community. The Shinde and Gaekwad dynasties of the Maratha Empire are originally of Kunbi origin. In the fourteenth century and later, several Kunbis who had taken up employment as military men in the armies of various rulers underwent a process of Sanskritisation and began to identify themselves as Marathas . The boundary between
765-483: The 'Kurmi' caste / community of Maharashtra is akin to the Kunbis of Maharashtra and is socially and educationally backward.. According to the Anthropological Survey of India , the term Kunbi is derived from kun and bi meaning "people" and "seeds", respectively. Conjoined, the two terms mean "those who germinate more seeds from one seed". Another etymology states that Kunbi is believed to have come from
816-759: The Adilabad District of Telangana Kadam virus of the Flavivirus genus Mount Kadam , in the Karamoja region of Uganda Neolamarckia cadamba , a tree commonly called kadam Kadam, one of the Egyptian units of measurement Kadam, temple priests in Tulja Bhavani Temple , Maharashtra, India See also [ edit ] Kedam (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
867-717: The Bombay Presidency: Tha'na (2 pts.) . Government Central Press. 1882. Further reading Sumit Guha (1999). Environment and ethnicity in India, 1200-1991 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64078-7 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . R. C. Majumdor (1977). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Maratha Supremacy . Vol. 8. Bhāratiya Vidya Bhavan . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Mānekshāh Sorābshāh Commissariat (1938). A history of Gujarat: including
918-463: The Karekars of Ahmednagar that this trend continues even in recent times indicating that the social order between the two is fluid and flexible. Very little information was recorded prior to the 19th century regarding the significantly large group of Maharashtrian agricultural castes, known as Maratha-Kunbis . Both individual terms, Kunbi and Maratha are equally complex. In the fourteenth century,
969-518: The Kunbi community. In 2009, the NCP president Sharad Pawar chose Anil Deshmukh over Rajendra Shingane as party candidate from the Vidarbha region because he represented the huge Kunbi-Marathi community there. According to Thomas Blom Hansen , a commentator on religious and political violence in India, the failure of political parties to consolidate OBC votes in Maharashtra, despite calls for "Kunbi-zation" of
1020-573: The Kunbi vote was said to be the deciding vote in favour of Digambar Vishe, a BJP candidate belonging to the Kunbi community. According to the Indian Express , soon after its inception in May 1999 the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) worked hard to get rid of its "Kunbi Only" image. Sharad Pawar found, after breaking away from the Congress, that it was not possible to win elections with just
1071-450: The Kunbi vote. In order to attract the non-Kunbi OBC vote, estimated to form 40% of the electorate, Pawar recruited Chhagan Bhujbal (a Mali), and Pandurang Hajare (a Teli). Even though Pawar recruited other Telis like Pandurang Dhole, the Indian Express wondered if it would be enough to counter the age-old and keen Kunbi versus Teli rivalry. A closer look at local and regional leaders in the NCP revealed that almost all of them belonged to
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#17328483451231122-537: The Kunbis and others grow wealthy, they try to pollute our caste. If this goes on, dharma itself will not remain. Each man should stick to his own caste, but in spite of this these men are trying to spread money around in our caste. But make no mistake, all Kshatriyas will look to protect their caste in this matter." Later, in September 1965, the Marathi Dnyan Prasarak newspaper published a piece which addressed
1173-557: The Lewa Kunbis, had been well-known since the 15th century for high productivity levels which produced potentially high-revenue crops like cotton and food grains. The Lewa community of the region were regarded among the most industrious by colonial officials. By the 18th century, Gujarati Kunbis distinguished themselves by two sub-categories: those who continued their traditional occupation as agriculturists, and those who had taken up revenue collection. The former were known as Kunbis and
1224-744: The Marata-Kunbi form over 40% of the population of Western Maharashtra. Later in 1990, Lele records that the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes account for 31% of the population, distributed over the whole of Maharashtra. According to a report in 2009, the Ghatole Kunbi community in the Akola and Washim areas of Vidarbha prefer the Shivsena political party. Dowry is not practiced in the Leva community today. Based on evidence from an old Marathi document, Karve concludes that
1275-431: The Maratha caste, was because Maharashtra had, as early as 1967, identified 183 communities as "educationally backward classes". By 1978 there were 199 communities in this category, and the government implemented a policy of reserving 10% of educational seats and government jobs for them. The official data used by the government for the definition of the Maratha-Kunbi castes puts them between 30% and 40%, depending on whether
1326-550: The Maratha-Kunbis into Kunbis and high Marathas, took an anti-Mandal stance and tried to attract marginalised Maratha-Kunbis by propagating martial and chauvinistic myths, which in turn stigmatized Muslims and Dalits. While the organization never received success outside of Mumbai, it showed that political leaders were willing to counter the rising OBC assertiveness. There are several communities in Maharashtra that have been trying to pass themselves off as depressed in order to reap
1377-598: The Marathas and the Kunbi became obscure in the early 20th century due to the effects of colonisation, and the two groups came to form one block, the Maratha-Kunbi. Tensions along caste lines between the Kunbi and the Dalit communities were seen in the Khairlanji killings , and the media have reported sporadic instances of violence against Dalits. Other inter-caste issues include the forgery of caste certificates by politicians, mostly in
1428-618: The Tirole Kunbi differ significantly from the Kubis west of Nagpur, and that they did not formerly claim to be Kshatriyas. G. S Ghurye states that Karve's statement is either esoteric or wrong. In Gujarat , Kunbi communities are found in the Dangs , Surat and Valsad districts. In 2003, Singh and Lal described the Kunbi of Gujarat as being non-vegetarian and consumers of alcoholic drinks such as mohua . That particular community believes itself to be of
1479-655: The Varna hierarchy. Karve says that the Maratha caste precipitated from the Kunbi through the Sanskritisation process, the two were later consolidated due to social reforms as well as political and economic development during British rule in the early 20th century. The British installed Chatrapati Pratapsinh Bhonsle , a descendant of Shivaji, noted in his diary in the 1820s–1830s that the Gaekwads (another powerful Maratha dynasty) had Kunbi origins. He notes further "These days, when
1530-471: The benefits of the reservation . An issue of candidates of the Maratha caste (a non-backward caste) running for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates got centre-stage attention in the 2007 civic polls after the Maharashtra state government amended the OBC list on 1 June 2004 to retain the Kunbis and include Kunbi-Marathas. In 2010, the independent corporator, Malan Bhintade, who claimed to be Kunbi-Maratha but
1581-454: The changing meaning of the term Maratha , the social mobility of the day, the origins of the Maratha-Kunbi castes, the eating habits and the living conditions of the people of Maharashtra. The author of the piece claims that only a very small circle of families, like those of Shivaji Bhonsale, can claim the Kshatriya status. He also states that these Kshatriya families have not been able to stop
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1632-432: The colonial era led to the ascendency of the Kunbis in central Gujarat. The Kunbis and the fishermen Kolis were not too different in their socio-economic position until the end of the 19th century. With the aid of favourable policies, the Kunbis were able to transform themselves into a prosperous caste by the time of the 1931 census, in which they had renamed themselves Patidars . The etymology of term Patidar , which implied
1683-478: The eighteenth century, they were ignorant of the caste connotations of the term. The dividing line between the Maratha and Kunbi was obscure, but there was evidence of certain families who called themselves Assall Marathas or true Marathas. The Assal Marathas claimed to be Kshatriyas in the Varna hierarchy and claimed lineage from the Rajput clans of north India. The rest, the Kunbi, accepted that they came lower in
1734-535: The 💕 Royal Maratha Clan among 96K Maratha Clan System [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kadam" clan – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Kadam , also Kardam
1785-632: The grey Kunbi-Maratha caste area, to allow them to run for elections from wards reserved for OBC candidates. In April 2005, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Marathas are not a sub-caste of Kunbis. Maharashtra's Kunbi community shares links with North and Eastern India's Kurmi . Both are farming communities. Both communities have deep roots in agriculture, with "Kunbi" itself meaning "farmer" in Marathi. The Indian government in 2006 recognized them as synonymous and NCBC issued notification that
1836-455: The group, viz., that of cultivation ... it is not improbable that the name may be of tribal origin." Like other Maharashtrian communities such as Marathas , Dhangars Malis etc., the marriage of a man to his maternal uncle's daughter is common in the Kunbi community. Maratha and Kunbis intermarried in a hypergamous way i.e. a rich Kunbi's daughter could always marry a poor Maratha. Anthropologist Donald Attwood shows giving an example of
1887-514: The inroads made by the wealthy and powerful Kunbis, who had bought their way into Kshatriya status through wealth and inter-marriages. Of the most powerful Maratha dynasties, the Shindes (later anglicised to Scindia) were of Kunbi origin. A "Marathaisation" of the Kunbis was seen between the censuses of 1901 and 1931, which shows a gradually declining number of Kunbis resulting from more of them identifying themselves as Marathas. Lele notes in 1990 that
1938-495: The latter as Patidars . While these two sub-communities resided in the same villages, they did not inter-dine or inter-marry. There was some confusion in the nomenclature of the community during the second half of the 19th century when colonial officials referred to elites simply as Kunbis . On other occasions the two sub-communities were collectively referred to as the Patidars . The changes implemented to land tenure policy during
1989-562: The leaders of the Uttara Kannada district Kunabi Samaj Seva Sangh , the population of their community in the region is 75,000. The Kunbis, along with the Teli and the Mali, play a major role in the politics of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The three groups compose 50% of the electorate and are known to influence election outcomes. The Kunbis, being landlords, hold the upper-hand in the politics of
2040-614: The nineteenth century, economic prosperity rather than marital service to the Muslims replaced the mobility into Maratha identity. Eaton gives an example of the Holkar family that originally belonged to the Dhangar (Shepherd) caste but was given a Maratha or even an "arch-Maratha" identity. The other example, given by Professor Susan Bayly of Cambridge University , is of the Bhonsles who originated among
2091-507: The populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen who were known by the names Kunbi and Maratha. Professor Dhanmanjiri Sathe from the University of Pune states that "The line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain". Iravati Karve , Anthropologist, University of Pune , showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, Kunbi and Mali are
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2142-571: The region and can decide the outcome of at least 22 seats, since they are dominant in every village of the region. The Kunbis, who are known to have a more tolerant attitude and are more secular than the Telis, prefer the Congress Party. As a result, the Party has held a dominant position in the region for several decades. However, in the last decade or so, Congress has ignored the Kunbis and other parties like
2193-519: The same family were paraded naked in the village and then raped. Eight villagers were sentenced to life imprisonment, with the court declaring the killings motivated by revenge and not racism or casteism. An appeal against the High Court judgement to have the crime declared as casteism is still pending in the Supreme Court of India. The Times of India reported in February 2011 that an honour killing of
2244-596: The same. Anthropologist J.V.Ferreira, from the University of Mumbai states: "The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with". Eaton shows how the Maratha caste was generated from the Kunbis who served the Muslim rulers, prospered, and over time adopted different customs like different dressing styles, employed genealogists, started identifying as Maratha, and caste boundaries solidified between them. In
2295-521: The term Maratha (among other meanings) referred to all speakers of the Marathi language. An example of this is the record of the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta whose use of the term included multiple castes who spoke Marathi. Several years later, as the Bahamani kings started employing the local population in their military, the term Maratha acquired a martial connotation. Those who were not associated with
2346-447: The term Maratha and were not untouchables began to identify themselves as Kunbi. According to Stewart Gordon, the so-called Marathas now differentiated themselves from the others such as the cultivators (Kunbi), iron-workers and tailors. At lower status levels, the term Kunbi was applied to those who tilled the land. It was possible for outsiders to become Kunbi, an example of which was recorded by Enthoven. Enthoven observed that it
2397-427: The three main farming communities of Maharashtra - the difference being that the marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year. Professor Cynthia Talbot from the University of Texas quotes a saying in Maharashtra, "when a Kunbi prospers he becomes Maratha". Kunbi origin has been one of the factors on the basis of which the head of Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC),
2448-474: The title Kadam . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadam&oldid=1220015028 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kadam (clan) [REDACTED] From Misplaced Pages,
2499-482: Was common for Kolis (fishermen) to take up agriculture and become Kunbis. In the eighteenth century, under the Peshwas , newer waves of villagers joined the armies of the Maratha Empire . These men began to see themselves as Marathas too, further obscuring the boundary between the Marathas and Kunbi, giving rise to a new category: Maratha-Kunbi . While this view of the term was common among colonial European observers of
2550-517: Was later found to be of Maratha caste, lost her membership of the Pune Municipal Corporation after it was established that she had submitted a false caste certificate, claiming to be Kunbi-Maratha in order to run for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates. Subsequently, all candidates who lost to Kunbi-Maratha candidates registered complaints against their opponents by claiming falsification of certificates. A similar case of forgery
2601-581: Was reported in 2003 when the former Shiv Sena corporator, Geeta Gore, was sent to jail for falsely claiming to be a Kunbi-Maratha. Gore won in elections from ward 18 of Andheri (west) by claiming to be a member of the Kunbi-Maratha caste. In 2006, four members of a Dalit family were tortured and murdered by members of the Kunbi caste from the Khairlanji village in the Bhandara district. Two female members of
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