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62-719: The Kaapvaal Craton (centred on the Limpopo Province in South Africa ), along with the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia, are the only remaining areas of pristine 3.6–2.5 Ga (billion years ago) crust on Earth. Similarities of rock records from both these cratons , especially of the overlying late Archean sequences, suggest that they were once part of the Vaalbara supercontinent . The Kaapvaal Craton covers an area of approximately 1,200,000 km (460,000 sq mi) and

124-435: A cumulate texture and morphology . The usual cumulate mineralogy is highly magnesium rich forsterite olivine, though chromian pyroxene cumulates are also possible (though rarer). Volcanic rocks rich in magnesium may be produced by accumulation of olivine phenocrysts in basalt melts of normal chemistry: an example is picrite . Part of the evidence that komatiites are not magnesium-rich simply because of cumulate olivine

186-727: A settlement from the period between the 15th and 17th century can be seen in Thulamela in the northern part of the Kruger National Park. Until 1994 it was the northern part of the former Transvaal Province. For a short period since 1994 it was called the Province of Northern Transvaal and thereafter, through the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act No. 20 of 1995 from July 1995 initially Northern Province . The province

248-618: A form of sill-like conduit, where magma pools in a staging chamber before erupting onto the surface. The economic importance of komatiite was first widely recognised in the early 1960s with the discovery of massive nickel sulfide mineralisation at Kambalda, Western Australia . Komatiite-hosted nickel-copper sulfide mineralisation today accounts for about 14% of the world's nickel production, mostly from Australia, Canada and South Africa. Komatiites are associated with nickel and gold deposits in Australia, Canada, South Africa and most recently in

310-435: A highly magnesian melt. The rarely preserved flow top breccia and pillow margin zones in some komatiite flows are essentially volcanic glass, quenched in contact with overlying water or air. Because they are rapidly cooled, they represent the liquid composition of the komatiites, and thus record an anhydrous MgO content of up to 32% MgO. Some of the highest magnesian komatiites with clear textural preservation are those of

372-658: A komatiite will reflect the chemistry, which in turn represents an inference as to its volcanological facies and stratigraphic position. Typical metamorphic mineralogy is tremolite - chlorite , or talc -chlorite mineralogy in the upper spinifex zones. The more magnesian-rich olivine-rich flow base facies tend to be free from tremolite and chlorite mineralogy and are dominated by either serpentine - brucite +/- anthophyllite if hydrated, or talc- magnesite if carbonated. The upper flow facies tend to be dominated by talc, chlorite, tremolite, and other magnesian amphiboles ( anthophyllite , cummingtonite , gedrite , etc.). For example,

434-443: A real petrological source difference between the two types related to depth of melt generation. Al-depleted komatiites have been modeled by melting experiments as being produced by high degrees of partial melting at high pressure where garnet in the source is not melted, whereas Al-undepleted komatiites are produced by high degrees of partial melts at lesser depth. However, recent studies of fluid inclusions in chrome spinels from

496-420: A rigid upper skin to the lava flows. Proximal volcanic facies are thinner and interleaved with sulfidic sediments, black shales, cherts and tholeiitic basalts . Komatiites were produced from a relatively wet mantle . Evidence of this is from their association with felsics , occurrences of komatiitic tuffs , niobium anomalies and by S- and H 2 O-borne rich mineralizations. A common and distinctive texture

558-572: A slight fall between 2005 and 2007. However, as at 2019, the Limpopo province HIV stats sat at (13.2%) which is one of the lowest in comparison with other provinces in South Africa. Komatiite Komatiites are rare rocks; almost all komatiites were formed during the Archaean Eon (4.03–2.5 billion years ago), with few younger ( Proterozoic or Phanerozoic ) examples known. This restriction in age

620-685: A spinifex textured zone composed of bladed olivine and ideally a pyroxene spinifex zone and olivine-rich chill zone on the upper eruptive rind of the flow unit. Primary (magmatic) mineral species also encountered in komatiites include olivine, the pyroxenes augite , pigeonite and bronzite , plagioclase , chromite , ilmenite and rarely pargasitic amphibole . Secondary (metamorphic) minerals include serpentine , chlorite , amphibole, sodic plagioclase, quartz , iron oxides and rarely phlogopite , baddeleyite , and pyrope or hydrogrossular garnet . All known komatiites have been metamorphosed , therefore should technically be termed 'metakomatiite' though

682-458: A variety of nuts , are grown in the Tzaneen and Louis Trichardt areas. Tzaneen is also at the centre of extensive citrus , tea , and coffee plantations and a major forestry industry. Most of the farmers and households lack a water supply which makes them drill boreholes on their premises. Most Limpopo residents live in rural areas; this has led to a new phenomenon of rural development, where

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744-517: Is Polokwane , while the provincial legislature is situated in Lebowakgomo . The province is made up of three former homelands of Lebowa , Gazankulu and Venda and part of the former Transvaal province. The Limpopo province was established as one of nine provinces after the 1994 South African general election . The province's name was first "Northern Transvaal", later changed to "Northern Province" on 28 June 1995, with two other provinces. The name

806-501: Is Stanley Mathabatha , representing the African National Congress . Limpopo Province is divided into five district municipalities . The district municipalities are in turn divided into 25 local municipalities : Limpopo has a total population of 6.015 million with 1.641 million households. The province has a relatively high Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.710, which is the third highest in South Africa. The bushveld

868-527: Is beef cattle country, where extensive ranching operations are often supplemented by controlled hunting. About 80% of South Africa's game hunting industry is in Limpopo. Sunflowers , cotton , maize and peanuts are cultivated in the Bela-Bela and Modimolle areas. Modimolle is also known for its table grapes . An embryotic wine industry is growing in Limpopo. Tropical fruit, such as bananas , litchis , pineapples , mangoes and pawpaws , as well as

930-603: Is extremely dense and unlikely to reach the surface, being more likely to pool lower within the crust. Modern (post-2004) interpretations of some of the larger olivine adcumulate bodies in the Yilgarn craton have revealed that the majority of komatiite olivine adcumulate occurrences are likely to be subvolcanic to intrusive in nature. This is recognised at the Mt Keith nickel deposit where wall-rock intrusive textures and xenoliths of felsic country rocks have been recognised within

992-507: Is found in the Winnipegosis komatiite belt in Manitoba , Canada. Magmas of komatiitic compositions have a very high melting point , with calculated eruption temperatures up to, and possibly in excess of 1600 °C. Basaltic lavas normally have eruption temperatures of about 1100 to 1250 °C. The higher melting temperatures required to produce komatiite have been attributed to

1054-426: Is interpreted to have the general form and structure of a shield volcano , typical of most large basalt edifices, as the magmatic event which forms komatiites erupts less magnesian materials. However, the initial flux of the most magnesian magmas is interpreted to form a channelised flow facie, which is envisioned as a fissure vent releasing highly fluid komatiitic lava onto the surface. This then flows outwards from

1116-650: Is joined to the Zimbabwe Craton to the north by the Limpopo Belt . To the south and west, the Kaapvaal Craton is flanked by Proterozoic orogens , and to the east by the Lebombo monocline that contains Jurassic igneous rocks associated with the break-up of Gondwana . The Kaapvaal Craton formed and stabilised between 3.7 and 2.6 Ga by the emplacement of major granitoid batholiths that thickened and stabilised

1178-471: Is known as spinifex texture and consists of long acicular phenocrysts of olivine (or pseudomorphs of alteration minerals after olivine) or pyroxene which give the rock a bladed appearance especially on a weathered surface. Spinifex texture is the result of rapid crystallization of highly magnesian liquid in the thermal gradient at the margin of the flow or sill . Harrisite texture , first described from intrusive rocks (not komatiites) at Harris Bay on

1240-437: Is one of South Africa's poorest provinces, it is rich in wildlife, which gives it an advantage in attracting tourists. Both the private and public sectors are investing in tourism development. Near Modjadjiskloof , at Sunland Baobab farms, there is a large Baobab tree which has been fashioned into a relatively spacious pub. The province has excellent road, rail, and air links. The N1 route from Johannesburg , which extends

1302-426: Is produced by fluid-fluxed melting above a subduction zone . Boninites with 10–18% MgO tend to have higher large-ion lithophile elements (LILE: Ba , Rb , Sr ) than komatiites. The pristine volcanic mineralogy of komatiites is composed of forsteritic olivine (Fo90 and upwards), calcic and often chromian pyroxene , anorthite (An85 and upwards) and chromite . A considerable population of komatiite examples show

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1364-540: Is responsible for effecting quality education and training for all. The Department has to coordinate all professional development and support. Policies, systems, and procedures had to be developed. As of December 2020, 12.9% of the Limpopo population had attained some post-school qualifications. The following higher education institutions are found in Limpopo: The population of Limpopo consists of several ethnic groups distinguished by culture, language, and race. 97.3% of

1426-605: Is textural: some contain spinifex texture , a texture attributable to rapid crystallization of the olivine in a thermal gradient in the upper part of a lava flow. "Spinifex" texture is named after the common name for the Australian grass Triodia , which grows in clumps with similar shapes. Another line of evidence is that the MgO content of olivines formed in komatiites is toward the nearly pure MgO forsterite composition, which can only be achieved in bulk by crystallisation of olivine from

1488-549: Is thought to be due to cooling of the mantle, which may have been 100–250 °C (212–482 °F) hotter during the Archaean. The early Earth had much higher heat production, due to the residual heat from planetary accretion , as well as the greater abundance of radioactive isotopes, particularly shorter lived ones like uranium 235 which produce more decay heat . Lower temperature mantle melts such as basalt and picrite have essentially replaced komatiites as an eruptive lava on

1550-409: Is very rare that no carbon dioxide is present in metamorphic fluids. At higher metamorphic grades, anthophyllite , enstatite , olivine and diopside dominate as the rock mass dehydrates. Komatiite tends to fractionate from high-magnesium compositions in the flow bases where olivine cumulates dominate, to lower magnesium compositions higher up in the flow. Thus, the current metamorphic mineralogy of

1612-489: The Barberton belt in South Africa, where liquids with up to 34% MgO can be inferred using bulk rock and olivine compositions. The mineralogy of a komatiite varies systematically through the typical stratigraphic section of a komatiite flow and reflects magmatic processes which komatiites are susceptible to during their eruption and cooling. The typical mineralogical variation is from a flow base composed of olivine cumulate, to

1674-456: The A zone spinifex flows. In the distal thin flow facies, B zones are poorly developed to absent, as not enough through-flowing liquid existed to grow the adcumulate. The channel and sheeted flows are then covered by high-magnesian basalts and tholeiitic basalts as the volcanic event evolves to less magnesian compositions. The subsequent magmatism, being higher silica melts, tends to form a more typical shield volcano architecture. Komatiite magma

1736-556: The Earth's surface. Geographically, komatiites are predominantly restricted in distribution to the Archaean shield areas, and occur with other ultramafic and high-magnesian mafic volcanic rocks in Archaean greenstone belts . The youngest komatiites are from the island of Gorgona on the Caribbean oceanic plateau off the Pacific coast of Colombia, and a rare example of Proterozoic komatiite

1798-715: The Limpopo Metamorphic Complex. However, younger late- Paleoproterozoic red bed successions contain zircons of this time interval as well as many ~2.0 Ga detrital zircons. This implies that the Limpopo Complex together with the Zimbabwe Craton only became attached to the Kaapvaal Craton at approximately 2.0 Ga during formation of the Magondi Mobile Belt which in turn sourced the voluminous late Paleoproterozoic red beds of southern Africa. Evidence of

1860-688: The Northern Marginal Zone of the Zimbabwe Craton approximately 2.8–2.5 Ga by the 250 kilometres (160 mi) wide orogenic Limpopo Belt. The belt is an east-northeast trending zone of granulite facies tectonites that separates the granitoid-greenstone terranes of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons. The crustal evolution of the Limpopo Central Zone can be summarised into three main periods: 3.2–2.9 Ga, 2.6 Ga, and 2.0 Ga. The first two periods are characterised by magmatic activity leading to

1922-718: The belt. Some of the oldest exposed rocks on Earth (greater than 3.6 Ga) are located in the Barberton greenstone belt of the Eswatini–Barberton areas and these contain some of the oldest traces of life on earth. Only the rocks found in the Isua Greenstone Belt of Western Greenland are older. The Archaean Johannesburg Dome is located in the central part of the Kaapvaal Craton and consists of trondhjemitic and tonalitic granitic rocks intruded into mafic-ultramafic greenstone. Studies using U-Pb single zircon dating for granitoid samples yield an age of 3340 +/- 3 Ma and represents

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1984-539: The continental crust during the early stages of an arc -related magmatism and sedimentation cycle. The craton is a mixture of early Archean (3.0–3.5 Ga) granite greenstone terranes and older tonalitic gneisses (ca. 3.6–3.7 Ga), intruded by a variety of granitic plutons (3.3–3.0 Ga). Subsequent evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton (3.0–2.7 Ga) is thought to be associated with continent–arc collision that caused an overlaying succession of basins filled with thick sequences of both volcanic and sedimentary rocks. This

2046-422: The cumulate zones of komatiite flows have shown that a single komatiite flow can be derived from the mixing of parental magmas with a range of Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 ratios, calling into question this interpretation of the formations of the different komatiite groups. Komatiites probably form in extremely hot mantle plumes or in Archaean subduction zones. Boninite magmatism is similar to komatiite magmatism but

2108-631: The essentially unaltered magma chemistry and not the result of crystal accumulation (as in peridotite ). Through a typical komatiite flow sequence the chemistry of the rock will change according to the internal fractionation which occurs during eruption. This tends to lower MgO, Cr, Ni, and increase Al, K 2 O, Na, CaO and SiO 2 toward the top of the flow. Rocks rich in MgO, K 2 O, Ba, Cs, and Rb may be lamprophyres , kimberlites or other rare ultramafic, potassic or ultrapotassic rocks. Komatiites often show pillow lava structure, autobrecciated upper margins consistent with underwater eruption forming

2170-589: The formation of Archaean Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite (TTG) such as the Sand River Gneisses and the Bulai Granite intrusion. Early Proterozoic high-grade metamorphic conditions produced partial melting that formed large amounts of granitic melt. There is no indication that the Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic succession on the craton were sourced from the 2.65–2.70 Ga orogenic event preserved in

2232-648: The government and the legislature on matters related to custom, tradition, and culture, including developmental initiatives that affect rural communities. On 18 August 2017, Kgosi Malesela Dikgale was re-elected as the Chairperson of the Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders. The world heritage site of the Mapungubwe National Park boasts archaeological finds from the period of a powerful local kingdom that ruled here between 800 CE and 1290 existed. The remains of

2294-587: The horizontal layering and riverine erosion can be found throughout the Waterberg Massif within the Limpopo Central Zone. The Barberton greenstone belt, also known as the Makhonjwa Mountains , is situated on the eastern edge of Kaapvaal Craton. It is well known for its gold mineralisation and for its Komatiites , an unusual type of ultramafic volcanic rock named after the Komati River that flows through

2356-569: The island of Rùm in Scotland , is formed by nucleation of crystals on the floor of a magma chamber . Harrisites are known to form megacrystal aggregates of pyroxene and olivine up to 1 metre in length. Harrisite texture is found in some very thick lava flows of komatiite, for example in the Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt of Western Australia, in which crystallization of cumulates has occurred. Komatiite volcano morphology

2418-679: The komatiitic lava accumulated. Komatiite chemistry is different from that of basaltic and other common mantle-produced magmas, because of differences in degrees of partial melting . Komatiites are considered to have been formed by high degrees of partial melting, usually greater than 50%, and hence have high MgO with low K 2 O and other incompatible elements . There are two geochemical classes of komatiite; aluminium undepleted komatiite (AUDK) (also known as Group I komatiites) and aluminium depleted komatiite (ADK) (also known as Group II komatiites), defined by their Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 ratios. These two classes of komatiite are often assumed to represent

2480-512: The largest platinum deposit in South Africa. The Waterberg Coalfield , the eastern extension of Botswana 's Mmamabula coalfields, is estimated to contain 40% of South Africa's coal reserves. The Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism has targeted the province as a preferred eco-tourism destination. Its Environment and Tourism Programme encompasses tourism, protected areas, and community environment development to achieve sustainable economic growth. While Limpopo

2542-533: The largest percentage of the population, 52% of the province. The Tsonga people comprise about 24.0% of the province; the Tsonga also comprise about 11.5% of Mpumalanga province since the southern part of their homeland, Gazankulu , was cut off from Limpopo and allocated to Mpumalanga. The Venda make up about 16.7%. Afrikaners make up the majority of Limpopo's White population, about 95,000 people; English -speaking Whites number just over 20,000. Vhembe district has

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2604-493: The length of the province, is the busiest overland route in Africa in terms of cross-border trade in raw materials and beneficiated goods. The port of Durban , South Africa's busiest, is served directly by the province, as are the ports of Richards Bay and Maputo . Polokwane International Airport is situated just north of Polokwane . Limpopo province contains approximately 56 airports and airstrips. The Department of Education

2666-455: The low-strain contacts. The previous interpretations of these large komatiite bodies was that they were "super channels" or reactivated channels, which grew to over 500 m in stratigraphic thickness during prolonged volcanism. These intrusions are considered to be channelised sills , formed by injection of komatiitic magma into the stratigraphy, and inflation of the magma chamber. Economic nickel-mineralised olivine adcumulate bodies may represent

2728-519: The metamorphic assemblage of a metakomatiite ( hereafter the prefix meta- is assumed ). The factor controlling the mineral assemblage is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the metamorphic fluid, called the XCO 2 . If XCO 2 is above 0.5, the metamorphic reactions favor formation of talc , magnesite (magnesium carbonate), and tremolite amphibole. These are classed as talc-carbonation reactions. Below XCO 2 of 0.5, metamorphic reactions in

2790-468: The most industrialised metropolis on the continent. The province is central to regional, national, and international developing markets. Limpopo contains much of the Waterberg Biosphere , a massif of approximately 15,000 km (5,800 sq mi) which is the first region in the northern part of South Africa to be named a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . The current Premier of Limpopo Province

2852-524: The oldest granitoid phase recognised so far. "Following the trondhjemite-tonalite gneiss emplacement a further period of magmatism took place on the dome, which resulted in the intrusion of mafic dykes that are manifest as hornblende amphibolites. The age of these dykes has yet to be determined quantitatively, but they fall within the time constraints imposed by the age of the trondhjemitic gneisses (3340–3200 Ma) and later, crosscutting, potassic granitoids. These rocks consisting mainly of granodiorites constitute

2914-400: The platinum group metals, iron ore, chromium, high- and middle-grade coking coal , diamonds, antimony , phosphate , and copper, as well as mineral reserves like gold, emeralds, scheelite , magnetite , vermiculite , silicon , and mica . Commodities such as black granite , corundum , and feldspar are also found. Mining contributes to over a fifth of the provincial economy. Limpopo has

2976-414: The population is Black , 2.4% is White , 0.2% is Coloured , and 0.1% is Indian / Asian . The province has the smallest percentage and second smallest total number of White South Africans in the country. However, there are several localities with a White majority, notably Hoedspruit and Modimolle . It also has the highest Black percentage out of all the provinces. The Northern Sotho people comprise

3038-473: The prefix meta is inevitably assumed. Many komatiites are highly altered and serpentinized or carbonated from metamorphism and metasomatism . This results in significant changes to the mineralogy and the texture. The metamorphic mineralogy of ultramafic rocks, particularly komatiites, is only partially controlled by composition. The character of the connate fluids which are present during low temperature metamorphism whether prograde or retrograde control

3100-464: The presence of water favor production of serpentinite . There are thus two main classes of metamorphic komatiite; carbonated and hydrated. Carbonated komatiites and peridotites form a series of rocks dominated by the minerals chlorite, talc, magnesite or dolomite and tremolite. Hydrated metamorphic rock assemblages are dominated by the minerals chlorite, serpentine - antigorite and brucite . Traces of talc, tremolite and dolomite may be present, as it

3162-688: The presumed higher geothermal gradients in the Archaean Earth. Komatiitic lava was extremely fluid when it erupted (possessing the viscosity close to that of water but with the density of rock). Compared to the basaltic lava of the Hawaiian plume basalts at ~1200 °C, which flows the way treacle or honey does, the komatiitic lava would have flowed swiftly across the surface, leaving extremely thin lava flows (down to 10 mm thick). The major komatiitic sequences preserved in Archaean rocks are thus considered to be lava tubes , ponds of lava etc., where

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3224-451: The province's western and northern borders. The term Limpopo is derived from Rivombo (Livombo/Lebombo), a group of Tsonga settlers led by Hosi Rivombo who settled in the mountainous vicinity and named the area after their leader. The Lebombo mountains are also named after them. The river has been called the Vhembe by local Venda communities of the area. The capital and largest city in the province

3286-476: The residents have invested in building lavish homes on their tribal land. Limpopo rural houses have been profiled by TV channels, lifestyle vloggers, social media influencers, and Africa's biggest facts brand, Africa Facts Zone. According to 96.2% of Limpopo live in formal housing, above the national average of 84.0%. This makes Limpopo the province with the highest percentage of people living in formal housing in South Africa. Limpopo's rich mineral deposits include

3348-499: The smallest share of White people in Limpopo, about 5,000 total. In contrast, the Waterberg district has the largest share of Whites, with more than 60,000 Whites residing there. Coloureds and Asians / Indians make up a tiny percentage of the province's total population. At 18.5% (2007), Limpopo has a relatively high incidence of HIV compared to other South African provinces. Cases rose from 14.5% to 21.5% between 2001 and 2005, with

3410-402: The third magmatic event and occupy an area of batholithic dimensions extending across most of the southern portion of the dome. The southern and southeastern parts of the batholith consist mainly of medium-grained, homogeneous, grey granodiorites dated at 3121 +/- 5 Ma....The data, combined with that from other parts of the Kaapvaal craton, further supports the view that the evolution of the craton

3472-475: The typical flow facies (see below) may have the following mineralogy; Komatiite can be classified according to the following IUGS geochemical criteria: When meeting the above, but the TiO 2 is more than 1 wt%, it is classified as meimechite . A similar high-Mg volcanic rock is boninite , having 52–63 wt% SiO 2 , more than 8 wt% MgO and less than 0.5 wt% TiO 2 . The above geochemical classification must be

3534-413: The vent fissure, concentrating into topographical lows, and forming channel environments composed of high MgO olivine adcumulate flanked by a 'sheeted flow facies' aprons of lower MgO olivine and pyroxene thin-flow spinifex sheets. The typical komatiite lava flow has six stratigraphically related elements; Individual flow units may not be entirely preserved, as subsequent flow units may thermally erode

3596-555: The west and northwest respectively, Zimbabwe 's Matabeleland South and Masvingo provinces to the north and northeast respectively, and Mozambique 's Gaza Province to the east. Limpopo is the link between South Africa and countries further afield in sub-Saharan Africa . On its southern edge, from east to west, it shares borders with the South African provinces of Mpumalanga , Gauteng , and North West . Its border with Gauteng includes that province's Johannesburg - Pretoria axis,

3658-601: Was later changed again in 2002 to the Limpopo Province. Limpopo is made up of three main ethnic groups: the Pedi , the Tsonga and the Venda . Traditional leaders and chiefs still form a strong backbone of the province's political landscape. Established in terms of the Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders Act, Act 5 of 2005, the Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders' main function is to advise

3720-459: Was long-lived and episodic, and that it grew by accretionary processes, becoming generally younger to the north and west of the ca. 3.5 Ga Barberton- Eswatini granite-greenstone terrane situated in the southeastern part of the craton." Limpopo Limpopo ( / l ɪ m ˈ p oʊ p oʊ / ) is the northernmost province of South Africa . It is named after the Limpopo River , which forms

3782-553: Was named after the Limpopo River by decision of the provincial assembly in 2002, and at the same time most of the cities on its territory were renamed. However, the renaming of the province required an amendment to the South African constitution, which was passed with an amending law was made in 2003. In 2013, Stan Mathabatha replaced his predecessor Cassel Mathale (both ANC) as Prime Minister. Limpopo Province shares international borders with districts and provinces of three countries: Botswana 's Central and Kgatleng districts to

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3844-522: Was then followed by episodic extension and rifting when the Gaborone–Kanye and Ventersdorp sequences were developed. Early Archean crust is well exposed only on the east side of the craton and comprises a collage of subdomains and crustal blocks characterised by distinctive igneous rocks and deformations. Late Archean metamorphism joined the Southern Marginal Zone of the Kaapvaal Craton to

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