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55-714: The division's lineage begins with the III Alpine Brigade formed in Udine on 11 March 1926 with the 8th Alpini Regiment in Udine and 9th Alpini Regiment in Gorizia and the 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment in Gorizia . On 27 October 1934 the brigade changed its name to 3rd Superior Alpine Command, which received the name Julio in December of the same year ( Italian : 2° Comando Superiore Alpino "Julio" ). On 10 September 1935

110-577: A handful of German armored vehicles, led the way westwards to the Axis lines. On the morning of 26 January, the spearheads of the Tridentina reached the hamlet of Nikolayevka, occupied by the 48th Guards Rifle Division . The Soviets had fortified the railway embankment on both sides of the village. General Nasci ordered a frontal assault and at 9:30 am the Battle of Nikolayevka began with the 6th Alpini Regiment with

165-576: A handful of German armored vehicles, led the way westwards to the Axis lines. On 1 February 1943 the remnants of the Alpine Army Corps reached Axis lines. The Julia suffered heavy losses in the breakout: less than a tenth of the Julia survived (approximately 1,200 survivors of 18,000 troops deployed). The remnants of the division were repatriated in May 1943 and the division was reformed on 1 May 1943 with troops of

220-540: A last effort to decide the battle before nightfall General Luigi Reverberi , commander of the Tridentina, ordered the remaining troops and stragglers, which had arrived over the course of the afternoon, to assault the Soviet positions in a human wave attack . The assault managed to break open the Soviet lines and the Italian survivors managed to continue their retreat, which was no longer contested by Soviet forces. On 1 February 1943

275-507: Is dominated by the castle , built by the Venetians from 1517 over a Lombard fortification ruined by an earthquake in 1511. The current Renaissance appearance dates from the intervention of Giovanni da Udine, who finished the works starting from 1547. The castle houses one of the most ancient Parliament Halls of Europe. Udine has a university, the University of Udine . The archbishop's palace and

330-729: The 4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" formed the Alpine Army Corps , which was transferred to Eastern Ukraine . From there the Tridentina marched to Millerovo and then onward to the Don river, where it took up positions near Podgornoye by October 1942. On 12 December 1942 the Red Army's Operation Little Saturn commenced, which in its first stage attacked and encircled the Italian Army in Russia's II Army Corps and XXXV Army Corps . On 13 January 1943,

385-524: The 5th Alpini Regiment with the battalions "Edolo", "Morbegno" and "Tirano", and the remaining alpine artillery groups "Vicenza" and "Val Camonica" of the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment, as well as the remnants of the Alpini Battalion "L’Aquila" of the "Julia" division. General Martinat fell during this assault. By sunset the Alpini battalions were still struggling to break the reinforced Soviet lines and in

440-576: The Adriatic Sea and the Carnic Alps . It is the capital of the Regional decentralization entity of Udine . Its population was 100,514 in 2012, 176,000 with the urban area. Udine was first attested in medieval Latin records as Udene in 983 and as Utinum around the year 1000. The origin of the name Udine is unclear. It has been tentatively suggested that the name may be of pre-Roman origin, connected with

495-529: The Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the invading German forces disbanded the division. When the division was deployed to the Soviet Union it consisted of the following units: The division strength was 573 officers and 16,887 NCOs and soldiers for a total strength of 17,460 men. The division also had 176 horses, 4,698 mules and 584 transport vehicles at its disposal. For their conduct during

550-674: The Greco-Italian War and during the Italian campaign in the Soviet Union the President of Italy awarded on to the three regiments of the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valor . This makes the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" together with the 3rd Cavalry Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta" the two highest decorated Italian divisions of World War II. Greco-Italian War: Italian participation in

605-507: The Greco-Italian War , entering action on 28 October 1940 in the Battle of Pindus , where it suffered heavy casualties. The division remained in line until 10 November, when it was withdrawn for reorganization, but after only four days it had to go into battle again, in the Perat sector, where it sustained heavy Greek attacks until 8 December. On 23 December the division was again attacked by the Greeks;

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660-615: The Indo-European root * o u̯ d - 'udder' used in a figurative sense to mean 'hill'. The Slovene name Videm (with final - m ) is a hypercorrection of the local Slovene name Vidan (with final - n ), based on settlements named Videm in Slovenia. The Slovene linguist Pavle Merkù characterized the Slovene form Videm as an "idiotic 19th-century hypercorrection." Udine is the historical capital of Friuli . The area has been inhabited since

715-609: The Italian Army comprising both infantry and artillery units. The name Tridentina was chosen as the division was based in the Trentino-South Tyrol region, for which the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini had created the neologism Venezia Tridentina . After World War II, the traditions and name of the 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" were carried on by the Alpine Brigade "Tridentina" . The division's lineage begins with

770-443: The Italian campaign in the Soviet Union the President of Italy awarded on 31 December 1947 to the three regiments of the 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valor . The 5th Alpini Regiment was also decorated for its conduct during the Greco-Italian War . The division's commanding officers were: In 2002 the Italian Army decided to raise three division commands, with one of

825-498: The Neolithic age. Based on an old Hungarian legend, Attila (?–453), the leader of the Huns, built a hill there, when besieging Aquileia , because he needed a billet for his winter quarters: he instructed his soldiers to bring soil in their helmets and shields, because the landscape was too flat, without any hill. He established the town there, and built a square tower. After the fall of

880-581: The Second Italo-Ethiopian War . The division participated in the Italian invasion of France in June 1940. On 21-23 June it participated in the attack on the Little St Bernard Pass . In November 1940 the division was transferred to Albania for the Greco-Italian War . By 23 November the division had entered the front in the upper Devoll valley , but by December it was in retreat during

935-666: The Second Italo-Ethiopian War . However, when the Pusteria returned from the war, these transfers became permanent, and the Julia also ceded the Alpini Battalion Bassano to the Pusteria. The division participated in the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939 and remained in Kukës in north-western Albania afterwards. In October 1940 the division moved to the border with Greece for the Greco-Italian War . The division participated in

990-547: The Speedway World Championship in 1971 and 1972. Udine is twinned with: 2nd Alpine Division %22Tridentina%22 The 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" ( Italian : 2ª Divisione alpina "Tridentina" ) was a division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II , which specialized in mountain warfare . The Alpini that formed the divisions are a highly decorated and elite mountain corps of

1045-578: The Western Roman Empire , the area increased in importance after the decline of Aquileia, then further after the decline of Cividale . In AD 983 Udine was mentioned for the first time, with the donation of the Utinum castle by emperor Otto II to the Patriarchs of Aquileia , then the main feudal lords of the region. In 1223, with the foundation of the market, the city became finally the most important in

1100-523: The 18th century, a radical transformation project involving both the exterior and the interior was undertaken at the request and expense of the Manin family. The Baroque interior has monumental dimensions and contains many works of art by Tiepolo , Amalteo , and Ludovico Dorigny . On the ground floor of the bell tower (built from 1441 over the ancient baptistry) is a chapel which is completely adorned with frescoes by Vitale da Bologna (1349). The centre of Udine

1155-515: The 1st Alpini "Valley" Group of the 6th Alpine Division "Alpi Graie" . After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the invading German forces disbanded the division. When the division was deployed to the Soviet Union it consisted of the following units: The division strength was 573 officers and 16,887 NCOs and soldiers for a total strength of 17,460 men. The division also had 176 horses, 4,698 mules and 584 transport vehicles at its disposal. For their conduct during

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1210-550: The 2nd Greek Division in the Dragoti area, but managed to hold the front while suffering heavy casualties. On 7 March the Greeks attacked on Mount Golico, and two days later they renewed their attack, causing heavy losses; by 11 March the Greek offensive ended without taking Tepelenë, and both the Julia and the two Greek divisions involved in the attack (the 2nd and the 17th) were worn out by the heavy fighting and losses. In April 1941, following

1265-616: The Eastern Front|Italian campaign in the Soviet Union: The division's commanding officers were: Udine Udine ( US : / ˈ uː d iː n eɪ / OO -dee-nay ; Italian: [ˈuːdine] ; Friulian : Udin ; Latin : Utinum ; Slovene : Videm ) is a city and comune (municipality) in northeastern Italy, in the middle of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, between

1320-766: The German intervention and the fall of Greece , the division was transferred to the Corinth Canal area and occupied the Peloponnese . During the Greco-Italian War the division had suffered overall 9,317 casualties: 49 officers and 1,625 soldiers during October-November 1940, 153 officers and 3,644 soldiers between December 1940 and January 1941, and 116 officers and 3,730 soldiers between February and April 1941. The division remained in Greece on garrison duty until March 1942, when it

1375-454: The Greek counter-offensive. During the Battle of Greece the division pursued the retreating Greek forces to Leskovik and Ersekë . After the war's conclusion the division returned to Italy. The Tridentina was one of the ten Italian divisions of the Italian Army in Russia , which fought on the Eastern Front . In July 1942 the division, together with the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" and

1430-562: The Hani Bubesit area and then transferred to Mavrovo, near Vlorë , where the division was reformed. At the end of February the division, now 10,500 strong, was sent again to the first line; on 24 February it was deployed on Mount Golico and the Zagorias Valley. On 28 February a new battle was fought in the Tepelenë sector; the Julia, as the last Italian unit defending the town, was attacked by

1485-757: The II Alpine Brigade formed on 11 March 1926 in Verona with the 5th Alpini Regiment in Milan , 6th Alpini Regiment in Brixen , and 7th Alpini Regiment in Belluno and the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment in Bergamo . On 27 October 1934 the brigade changed its name to II Superior Alpine Command, which received the name Tridentino in December of the same year ( Italian : II Comando Superiore Alpino "Tridentino" ). On 10 September 1935

1540-507: The II Superior Alpine Command "Tridentino" was reformed as 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" with the 5th and 6th Alpini regiments and the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment, while the 7th Alpini Regiment was transferred to the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" . On 25 December 1935 the Tridentina temporarily transferred its Alpini Battalion "Trento" and one battery from its alpine artillery regiment to the 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria" for

1595-534: The III Superior Alpine Command "Julio" was reformed as 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" with the 7th, 8th, and 9th Alpini regiments and the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment. On 25 December 1935 the 7th Alpini Regiment, Alpine Artillery Group "Belluno", and one battery of the Alpine Artillery Group "Conegliano" were transferred to the newly raised 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria" on a temporary basis for

1650-572: The Italian average of 9.45 births. The nearby area close to the border has a Slovene population estimated at 2,000. A 1475 document mentions Slovene as the language of the "lower class" in the town, and the Udine Manuscript of 1458 contains Slovene vocabulary. Alasia da Sommaripa's Italian–Slovenian dictionary was printed in Udine in 1607. However, the Slovenian minority is not officially recognized by

1705-489: The Lombard era. It lost its parish status in 1263, when it was annexed to the larger parish of Saint'Odorico (now the cathedral). It has been renovated many times over the centuries: the façade, for example, was entirely rebuilt after the 1511 Idrija earthquake . Its three naves preserve the suggestive atmosphere of silence and contemplation, which is often found in old churches. The Venetian Governor, Tommaso Lippomano, commissioned

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1760-586: The Museo Civico have quite important paintings. The city has a theater, the Teatro Giovanni da Udine. Important festivals include the wine-and-food September festival, Friuli D.O.C. , the national literary prize for non-fiction Premio Friuli Storia and the biggest European festival of popular East Asian cinema , the Far East Film Festival , in April. Asteroid 33100 Udine was named in honour of

1815-581: The Red Army launched the second stage of Operation Little Saturn: four armies of General Filipp Golikov 's Voronezh Front attacked, encircled, and destroyed the Hungarian Second Army near Svoboda on the Don to the northwest of the Alpine Army Corps and pushed back the remaining units of the German XXIV Army Corps on the Alpine Army Corps' left flank, thus encircling the Alpine Army Corps. On

1870-406: The Red Army launched the second stage of Operation Little Saturn: four armies of General Filipp Golikov 's Voronezh Front attacked, encircled, and destroyed the Hungarian Second Army near Svoboda on the Don to the northwest of the Alpine Army Corps and pushed back the remaining units of the German XXIV Army Corps on the Alpine Army Corps' left flank, thus encircling the Alpine Army Corps. On

1925-460: The Soviet Union. The Julia formed, together with the 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" and the 4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" , the Alpine Army Corps . By 25 September 1942 the division was deployed on the Don river between Kuvshin and Karawut. On 12 December 1942 the Red Army's Operation Little Saturn commenced, which in its first stage attacked and encircled the Italian Army in Russia's II Army Corps and XXXV Army Corps . On 13 January 1943,

1980-578: The Venetian Gothic portico with steps and ramps leading down the hill in 1487. In the principal square ( Piazza della Libertà ) stands the town hall ( Loggia del Lionello ) built in 1448–1457 in the Venetian-Gothic style opposite a clock tower (Torre dell'Orologio) resembling that of the Piazza San Marco at Venice . It was begun in 1448 on a project by Nicolò Lionello , a local goldsmith, and

2035-592: The area for economy and trade, and also became the Patriarch's seat. In 1420, it was conquered by the Republic of Venice . In 1511, it was the seat of a short civil war, which was followed by an earthquake and a plague. Udine remained under Venetian control until 1797, being the second largest city in the state. After the short French domination which ensued, it was part of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia , and

2090-469: The attack lasted until 31 December and forced the Julia to retreat to Mali Qarishta, after heavy combat in extreme weather conditions. On 8 January 1941 a Greek offensive in the Berat sector hit the Julia hard; on the following day the division had to retreat to Mali Tabajan, and by 21 January the division was down to a single regiment with three understrength battalions . The remains of the Julia were withdrawn to

2145-412: The battalions "Verona", "Val Chiese", and "Vestone", the Tridentina division's II Mixed Alpine Engineer Battalion, the Alpine Artillery Group "Bergamo" of the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment , and three German Sturmgeschütz III leading the attack. By noon the Italian forces had reached the outskirts of the village and the Alpine Army Corps' Chief of Staff General Giulio Martinat brought up reinforcements:

2200-515: The cathedral archives, in a manuscript known as the Codex Utinensis , which was printed before it was lost. In the 1550s, Andrea Palladio erected some buildings in Udine. The Oratorio della Purità has 18th-century frescoes by Giambattista Tiepolo and his son Giandomenico. The church dedicated to St. Mary of the Castle is probably the oldest in Udine, judging from extant fragments dating back to

2255-534: The city is Udinese Calcio , founded in 1896, who, as of 2023, have played in every Serie A season since the 1995–96 season . Their ground, the Stadio Friuli , was a venue at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . The local basketball team, APU GSA , played in the second national league, the LegaDue . The former Stadio Moretti hosted football and motorcycle speedway , it held significant events including qualifying rounds of

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2310-762: The city. Along with Italian, Friulian is often spoken in Udine, as well as a variant of Venetian (called Venetin) that is however in decline. Udine is important for commerce, with several commercial centers in the hinterland. There are also iron and mechanical industries ( Danieli and ABS are the most important). With 7,600,000 travelling people every year, Udine railway station is the most important station in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Train services operate to Venice , Treviso , Trieste , Gemona del Friuli , Tarvisio , Cividale del Friuli , Padua , Bologna , Rome, Verona and Milan . International trains operate to Vienna and Munich . The main football club in

2365-406: The evening of 17 January, the Alpine Army Corps commander, General Gabriele Nasci , ordered a full retreat. At this point only the Tridentina division was still capable of conducting effective combat operations. The 40,000-strong mass of stragglers — Alpini and Italians from other commands, plus German and Hungarian Hussars — formed two columns that followed the Tridentina division which, supported by

2420-406: The evening of 17 January, the Alpine Army Corps commander, General Gabriele Nasci , ordered a full retreat. At this point only the Tridentina division was still capable of conducting effective combat operations. The 40,000-strong mass of stragglers — Alpini and Italians from other commands, plus German and Hungarian Hussars — formed two columns that followed the Tridentina division which, supported by

2475-514: The municipality, and Slovene is not taught in any city's state educational institution, nor in neighboring municipalities. Udine, on the other hand, is one of the municipalities in Friuli where Friulian is taught. As of 2023 , 85.30% of the population was of Italian descent. Of the four provincial capitals of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, as of 31 December 2022, Udine has the second highest percentage of foreign residents: 14,386 presences or 14.7% of

2530-424: The population; in comparison, to pensioners accounted for 24.27%. This contrasts with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Udine residents is 47 compared to the Italian average of 42. Between 2002 and 2007, the population of Udine grew by 1.48%, whereas Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%. [1] [2] The current birth rate of Udine is 9.13 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to

2585-406: The remnants of the Alpine Army Corps reached Axis lines. Only one third of the Tridentina had survived the battle on the Don and the retreat (approximately 4,250 survivors of 18,000 troops deployed). The remnants of the division were repatriated in April 1943 and the division was reformed on 1 May 1943 with the 102nd Marching Alpini Regiment of the 8th Marching Division . After the announcement of

2640-407: The statues of Hercules and Cacus and the Statue of Peace (1819) which was donated to Udine by Emperor Francis I to commemorate the peace Treaty of Campoformido . The Cathedral of Udine is an imposing edifice whose construction started in 1236, on a Latin cross-shaped plan with three naves and chapels along the sides. The church was consecrated in 1335 as Santa Maria Maggiore . At the beginning of

2695-430: The three always readily deployable for NATO missions. The army decided that each of the three should carry on the traditions of one of the divisions that served with distinction in World War II. Therefore, on 1 January 2003 the Division Command "Tridentina" was activated in Bolzano which carries on the traditions of the 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" and the Alpine Brigade "Tridentina". This article about

2750-400: The total population, higher than the regional average of 9.2%. The old residence of the patriarchs of Aquileia, the palazzo Patriarcale , was erected by Giovanni Fontana in 1517 in place of the older one destroyed by an earthquake in 1511. Under the Austrians it was used as a prison. A recension of the Visigothic code of laws , called the Breviary of Alaric , was formerly preserved In

2805-437: The war it was made capital of a short-lived province ( Provincia del Friuli ) which included the current provinces of Gorizia, Pordenone and Udine. After September 8, 1943, when Italy surrendered to the Allies in World War II, the city was under direct German administration , which ceased in April 1945. Udine has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ). Precipitation is abundant all year round with spring and autumn being

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2860-478: The wettest seasons. The highest temperature recorded was 38.2 °C (101 °F) on July 21, 2006 while the lowest temperature recorded was −18.6 °C (−1 °F) on December 19, 2009. In 2007, there were 97,880 people residing in Udine itself (whereas the greater area has a population double its size), located in the province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia , of whom 46.9% were male and 53.1% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 14.36% of

2915-401: Was included in the newly formed Kingdom of Italy in 1866. During World War I , from May 1915 to October 1917, Udine became the seat of the Italian High Command and was nicknamed "Capitale della Guerra" ("War Capital"). After the battle of Caporetto , it was occupied by the Germans in late 1917 and by the Austro-Hungarians in 1918 until after the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in 1918. After

2970-411: Was rebuilt following a fire in 1876. The new design was projected by the architect Andrea Scala . Opposite the Loggia del Lionello is the Loggia di San Giovanni, a Renaissance structure designed by Bernardino da Morcote. Other noteworthy monuments in the square are the Fountain by Giovanni Carrara, an architect from Bergamo (1542); the Columns bearing the Venetian Lion and the Statue of Justice (1614),

3025-404: Was repatriated to Italy in preparation of its transfer to the Eastern Front as part of the Italian Army in Russia . On 28 March one of the troopships carrying the division back to Italy, the SS Galilea, was torpedoed and sunk by a submarine with the loss of 600 men from the Battalion "Gemona". The division's strength was increased to 16,000 men and on 14 July 1942 the Julia began its transfer to

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