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55-543: Jōsō is located in southwestern Ibaraki Prefecture, approximately 50 kilometers north of central Tokyo and 70 kilometers from the prefectural capital at Mito . Most of the city is flat, with an average elevation of 10 to 20 meters above sea level. The Kinugawa River flows through the city. Chiba Prefecture Ibaraki Prefecture Jōsō has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa ) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Jōsō

110-487: A Zhūrúguó 侏儒國 "pygmy/dwarf country" located south of Japan, associated with possibly Okinawa Island or the Ryukyu Islands . Carr cites the historical precedence of construing Wa as "submissive people" and the "Country of Dwarfs" legend as evidence that the "little people" etymology was a secondary development. Scientific racism was a Western idea that was imported from the late nineteenth century onward. Despite

165-707: A mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 28 members. Mito contributes six members to the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Ibaraki 1st district and the Ibaraki 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . Mito is primarily a regional commercial center and administrative city as most industry in Ibaraki

220-514: A center for river transportation on the Kinugawa River. The town of Mitsukaidō was established within Toyoda District with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The area was transferred to Yūki District in 1894. On July 10, 1954 Mitsukaidō merged with the villages of Sugawara, Ohanawa, Mitsuma, Goka, Ono and Sakate, and was elevated to city status. It further annexed

275-659: A criterion for the uniqueness of the Yamato minzoku began circulating around 1880 in Japan, around the time some Japanese scientists began investigations into eugenics . Initially, to justify Imperial Japan's conquest of Continental Asia , Imperial Japanese propaganda espoused the ideas of Japanese supremacy by claiming that the Japanese represented a combination of all East Asian peoples and cultures, emphasizing heterogeneous traits. Imperial Japanese propaganda started to place an emphasis on

330-580: A mixture of Koreans (91%) with a limited genetic heritage from a basal East Asian lineage related to Jōmon (9%)." A 2024 study clarified that the Japanese people descended from indigenous Jōmon, East Asians (i.e. Han Chinese) and Northeast Asians (i.e. peoples in the Korean Peninsula and early non-Jōmon Japanese). Jōmon ancestry is dominant in South Japan, especially Okinawa (28.5%), followed by Northeast Japan (19%) and West Japan (12%). East Asian ancestry

385-481: A partial distinct ancestry component, possibly deriving from Paleolithic Siberians, next to an East Asian ancestry component. The Jōmon period population, although heterogeneous, were closest to contemporary East Asians and Native Americans. In 2021, research from a study published in the journal Science Advances found that the people of Japan bore genetic signatures from three ancient populations, rather than just two as previously thought. Two of these populations were

440-498: A postdoctoral Fellow at McMaster University, in an attempt to have some influence over the Japanese diaspora in Canada, Imperial Japanese authorities used the term Yamato as race propaganda during World War II, saying that: "For Japanese-Canadians in particular, the Emperor was the most natural symbol to promote primordial national sentiment and superiority of the Yamato race — the term that

495-443: A transnational myth that would promote Japanese Canadians’ sense of racial pride as God’s chosen people in the world." World War II and Holocaust historian Bryan Mark Rigg noted in 2020 how Yamato master race theory was included in government propaganda and schools in the decades leading up to World War II and how Gaijin were regarded in Japan as subhumans . Discrimination also occurred against non-Yamato races in Japan such as

550-548: Is 13.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1353.8 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.0 °C. Per Japanese census data, the population of Mito has steadily increased over the past century. The Yamato people settled in Mito around the 4th century CE. Around the end of

605-478: Is 14.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1302 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.1 °C. Per Japanese census data, the population of Jōsō peaked around the year 200 and has declined slightly since. During the Edo period , the area was part of Shimōsa Province , and Mitsukaido village developed as

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660-583: Is 89% East Asia, 2% Finland and Northern Siberia, 2% Central Asia, and 7% Southeast Asia & Oceania, making Japanese approximately ~100% East-Eurasian. The Yamato show a close genetic relationship with other modern East Asians such as the Han Chinese and Koreans . Genealogical research has indicated extremely similar genetic profiles between these three East Asian ethnic groups, making them nearly indistinguishable from each other and ancient samples. Yamatos were also found to share high genetic affinity with

715-604: Is concentrated around the nearby cities of Tsukuba and Hitachi . Mito has a modest but thriving tourism industry, centered on the Kairaku-en gardens and local museums dedicated to the Tokugawa family. [REDACTED] JR East - Mito Line / Jōban Line [REDACTED] JR East – Suigun Line [REDACTED] Kashima Rinkai Railway Ōarai Kashima Line Yamato (people) The Yamato people ( 大和 民族 , Yamato minzoku , lit.   ' Yamato ethnicity ' ) or

770-625: Is dominant in West Japan and gradually decreases to the east. In contrast, Northeast Asian ancestry is dominant in Northeast Japan and gradually decreases to the west. These trends explain why variants of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are associated with herediatry breast cancer, are common in the east and west of Japan respectively. These genes came from Northeast Asian-related Japanese and continental Asians. Major disagreements exists as to whether

825-678: Is noted in early historical references to Japan." Examples include "Respect is shown by squatting", and "they either squat or kneel, with both hands on the ground. This is the way they show respect." Koji Nakayama interprets wēi 逶 "winding" as "very far away" and euphemistically translates Wō 倭 as "separated from the continent". The second etymology of wō 倭 meaning "dwarf (variety of an animal or plant species), midget, little people" has possible cognates in ǎi 矮 "low, short (of stature)", wō 踒 "strain; sprain; bent legs", and wò 臥 "lie down; crouch; sit (animals and birds)". Early Chinese dynastic histories refer to

880-606: Is part of the Records of the three Kingdoms, first mentions Yamataikoku and Queen Himiko in the 3rd century. According to the record, Himiko assumed the throne of Wa, as a spiritual leader, after a major civil war . Her younger brother was in charge of the affairs of state, including diplomatic relations with the Chinese court of the Kingdom of Wei . When asked about their origins by the Wei embassy,

935-541: The Wajin ( 和人 / 倭人 , lit.   ' Wa people ' ) is a term to describe the ethnic group that comprises over 98% of the population of Japan . Genetic and anthropometric studies have shown that the Yamato people represent an ethnic assimilation of the Jomon people , who lived in the Japanese archipelago since early times, and the Yayoi people , who migrated to Japan from

990-883: The Book of the Later Han compiled by the Chinese historian Fan Ye in the 5th century AD. The seal itself was discovered in northern Kyūshū in the 18th century. Early Chinese historians described Wa as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities. Third-century Chinese sources reported that the Wa/early Yamato lived on raw fish, vegetables, and rice served on bamboo and wooden trays, clapped their hands in worship (something still done in Shinto shrines today), and built earthen-grave mounds. They also maintained vassal-master relations, collected taxes, had provincial granaries and markets, and observed mourning. The Wei Zhi ( Chinese : 魏志 ), which

1045-586: The Ainu and Ryūkyū peoples. At the end of the World War II , the Japanese government continued to adhere to the notions of racial homogeneity and racial supremacy, with the Yamato race at the top of the racial hierarchy. Japanese propaganda of racial purity returned to post-World War II Japan because of the support of the Allied forces. U.S. policy in Japan terminated the purge of high-ranking war criminals and reinstalled

1100-714: The Heian period , Baba Sukemoto , a warlord of the Heike clan, moved to Mito and built a castle there. Mito Castle changed hands several times after that; coming under the control of the Satake clan won it in Sengoku period , but the Satake were forced to surrender it to Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1603 after the Battle of Sekigahara . Ieyasu's son Tokugawa Yorifusa was then given Mito Castle, becoming head of one of

1155-585: The Jōban Line connected Mito to Tokyo, and by 1910, telephones and electric lighting were available throughout the city. More than three-quarters of the city was burned to the ground during the Mito air raid of August 2, 1945, just before the end of World War II . The borders of Mito expanded in 1955 through 1958 through the annexation of the neighboring villages of Kamiono, Watari, Yoshida, Sakedo, Kawawada, Yanagawa, Kunita and Iitomi and Akatsuka. The village of Tsunezumi

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1210-646: The Ryukyuans are considered the same as the Yamato, or identified as an independent but related ethnic group, or as a sub-group that constitutes Japanese ethnicity together with the Yamato. Ryukyuans have a distinct culture from the Yamato, with its own native cuisine , history , language , religion and traditions. From the Meiji period —during which the Ryukyuan's kingdom was annexed by Japan—and onward, Japanese scholars such as Shinobu Orikuchi and Kunio Yanagita supported

1265-428: The (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi dictionary. It defines 倭 as shùnmào 順皃 "obedient/submissive/docile appearance", graphically explains the "person; human' radical with a shùnmào wěi 委 "bent" phonetic, and quotes the above Shi Jing poem. "Conceivably, when Chinese first met Japanese," Carr suggests, "they transcribed Wa as * ʼWâ 'bent back' signifying 'compliant' bowing/obeisance. Gestures of respect

1320-466: The 6th century, the Yamato clan set up Japan's first and only dynasty. The clan became the ruling faction in the area, and incorporated the natives of Japan and migrants from the mainland. The clan leaders also elevated their own belief system that featured ancestor worship into a national religion known as Shinto . The term came to be used around the late 19th century to distinguish the settlers of mainland Japan from minority ethnic groups inhabiting

1375-436: The 8th century, when the Japanese found fault with it, replacing it with 和 "harmony, peace, balance". Retroactively, this character was adopted in Japan to refer to the country itself, often combined with the character 大 , literally meaning "Great". The historical province of Yamato within Japan (now Nara Prefecture in central Honshu ) borders Yamashiro Province (now the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture ); however,

1430-408: The Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Ibaraki 7th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . Jōsō has a mixed economy, with three large industrial parks ; however, 50% of the city's area is farmland. Jōsō has 14 public elementary schools and five public middle schools operated by the city government, and three public high schools operated by

1485-513: The Ibaraki Prefectural Board of Education. In additional there are two Brazilian schools : Escola e Creche Grupo Opção and Escola Taiyo One more Brazilian primary school (UBEK – Unidade Brasileira de Ensino Kanto) is now closed Kantō Railway Jōsō Line Mito, Ibaraki Mito ( 水戸市 , Mito-shi ) is the capital city of Ibaraki Prefecture , in the northern Kantō region of Japan . As of 1 January 2024 ,

1540-512: The Japanese used to distinguish themselves from others. This term meant a noble race, the members of which saw themselves as “chosen people.” The modernization of Japan, which began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868, produced a number of historical writings that tried to define the Japanese under the official scheme to create a strong nation. Imported to Canada by Japanese intellectuals, a “common myth of descent” that Japanese people belonged to

1595-643: The Jōmon and the Yayoi. According to the researchers, Japanese people have approximately 13% and 16% genetic ancestry from these two groups, respectively. The remaining 71% of genetic ancestry was found to come from migrants that arrived around 300 AD during the Kofun period , and had genetic makeup mainly resembling the modern Han Chinese population. This migrant group was said to have brought cultural advances and centralised leadership to Japan. According to Shigeki Nakagome, co-leader of

1650-495: The Yamato share more than 90% of their genome with the Yayoi rice agriculturalists and less than 10% with the heterogeneous Jōmon period groups. A later study by Gakuhari et al. 2019 estimates that the Yamato people have between 92% and 96.7% Yayoi rice-agriculturalist ancestry (with the 3.3% to 8% from the heterogeneous Jōmon period tribes) and cluster closely with other Koreans and Han Chinese, but are slightly shifted towards eastern Siberians. Based on archaeological evidence and

1705-515: The Yayoi migration and expansion within the Japanese archipelago. Whitman (2012) suggests that the Yayoi agriculturalists are not related to the proto-Koreans but that they were present on the Korean peninsula during the Mumun pottery period . According to him, Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BC and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by the Yayoi agriculturalists at around 950 BC, during

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1760-612: The ancient (~8,000 BC) sample from Devil's Gate Cave in the Amur region of Northeast Asia . The earliest written records about people in Japan are from Chinese sources. These sources spoke about the Wa people , the direct ancestors of the Yamato and other Japonic agriculturalists. The Wa of Na received a golden seal from the Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han dynasty . This event was recorded in

1815-466: The city had an estimated population of 268,036 in 126,055 households and a population density of 1,233 persons per km . The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 27.1%. The total area of the city is 217.32 square kilometres (83.91 sq mi). Mito is located in central Ibaraki Prefecture. Mito Station is about 10 km inland from the Pacific Ocean which Naka River , flowing from

1870-667: The continent. The Yamato people are part of the Jomon cultural area , along with the Ryukyu people , located in Okinawa, and the Ainu , found in Hokkaido. It can also refer to the first people that settled in Yamato Province (modern-day Nara Prefecture ). Generations of Japanese archeologists, historians, and linguists have debated whether the word is related to the earlier Yamatai ( 邪馬臺 ) . Around

1925-405: The etymology of Wa ranging from feasible (transcribing Japanese first-person pronouns waga 我が "my; our" and ware 我 "I; we; oneself") to shameful (writing Japanese Wa as 倭 implying "dwarf"), and summarizes interpretations for * ʼWâ "Japanese" into variations on two etymologies: "behaviorally 'submissive' or physically 'short ' ". The first "submissive; obedient" explanation began with

1980-608: The fall of the Empire, Japanese statistics only count their population in terms of nationality, rather than ethnicity. The Wajin (also known as Wa or Wō ) or Yamato were the names early China used to refer to an ethnic group living in Japan around the time of the Three Kingdoms period . Ancient and medieval East Asian scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato with one and the same Chinese character 倭 , which translated to "dwarf", until

2035-426: The gene pool of present-day Japan". These people are thought to have caused the displacement of the indigenous Jōmon people, causing a significant diminishment of Jōmon genomes in the regions. It was deduced that this event (and the populations remaining genetically homogeneous since then) was what caused modern Koreans and Japanese to share the majority of their genetic makeup as the latter group "can be represented as

2090-694: The genetic similarity between Yamato and Koreans, the American geographer and historian Jared Diamond said that the Yayoi people, the ancestors of the Yamato people, migrated from the Korean peninsula. Watanabe et al. 2021 found that the Jōmon people were a heterogeneous population and that Japanese from different regions had different amounts of Jōmon-derived SNP alleles, ranging from 17.3% to 24% represented by southern Jōmon, and 3.8% to 14.9% represented by northern Jōmon. Southern Jōmon were genetically similar to contemporary East Asians (especially Tujia people , Tibetan people and Miao people ), while northern Jōmon had

2145-672: The ideas of racial purity and the supremacy of the Yamato race when the Second Sino-Japanese War intensified. Fuelled by the ideology of racial supremacy, racial purity, and national unity between 1868 and 1945, the Meiji and Imperial Japanese government carefully identified and forcefully assimilated marginalized populations, which included Okinawans, the Ainu, and other underrepresented non-Yamato groups, imposing assimilation programs in language, culture and religion. According to Aya Fujiwara,

2200-487: The late Jōmon period. The language family associated with both Mumun and Yayoi culture is Japonic. Koreanic arrived later from Manchuria to the Korean peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. A genetic study (2019) estimated that

2255-649: The leaders who were responsible for the creation and manifestation of prewar race propaganda. In present-day Japan, the term Yamato minzoku may be seen as antiquated for connoting racial notions that have been discarded in many circles since Japan's surrender in World War II. " Japanese people " or even "Japanese-Japanese" are often used instead, although these terms also have complications owing to their ambiguous blending of notions of ethnicity and nationality. In present-day Japan statistics only counts their population in terms of nationality, rather than ethnicity, thus

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2310-574: The names of both provinces appear to contain the Japonic etymon yama , usually meaning "mountain(s)" (but sometimes having a meaning closer to "forest", especially in some Ryukyuan languages ). Some other pairs of historical provinces of Japan exhibit similar sharing of one etymological element, such as Kazusa (<* Kami-tu-Fusa , "Upper Fusa ") and Shimōsa (<* Simo-tu-Fusa , "Lower Fusa") or Kōzuke (<* Kami-tu-Ke , "Upper Ke ") and Shimotsuke (<* Simo-tu-Ke , "Lower Ke"). In these latter cases,

2365-561: The noble Yamato race headed by the Emperor since the ancient period was one of the core elements that defined Japanese-Canadian ethno-racial identity in the 1920s and the 1930s. The evolution and survival of an ethnic community, Anthony D. Smith argues, relies on the complicated “belief-system” that creates “a sacred communion of the people” with cultural and historical distinctiveness. During this period, Japanese intellectuals, scholars, and official representatives sought to keep Japanese Canadians within their sphere of influence, thereby reinforcing

2420-403: The north to the east of the city, pours into. Immediately south is Lake Senba , a recreational area. A main street extends from Mito Station to the west, and residential areas to the south and the west in particular. Ibaraki Prefecture Mito has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Mito

2475-522: The notion being hotly contested by Japanese intellectuals and scholars, the false notion of racial homogeneity was used as propaganda due to the political circumstances of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Japan, which coincided with Japanese imperialism and World War II . Pseudoscientific racial theories, which included the false belief of the superiority of the Yamato character, were used to justify military expansionism, discriminatory practices, and ethnocentrism. The concept of " pure blood " as

2530-540: The number of ethnic Yamato and their actual population numbers are ambiguous. The most well-regarded theory is that present-day Yamato Japanese are descendants from both the Yayoi people and the various local Jōmon people . Japanese people belong to the East Asian lineages D-M55 and O-M175 , with a minority belonging to C-M217 and N-M231 . The reference population for the Japanese (Yamato) used in Geno 2.0 Next Generation

2585-401: The pairs of provinces with similar names are thought to have been created through the subdivision of an earlier single province in prehistoric or protohistoric times. Although the etymological origins of Wa remain uncertain, Chinese historical texts recorded an ancient people residing in the Japanese archipelago, named something like * ʼWâ or * ʼWər 倭 . Carr surveys prevalent proposals for

2640-507: The people of Wa claimed to be descendants of the people of Wu , a historic figure of the Wu Kingdom around the Yangtze Delta of China, however this is disputed. Japonic speakers were also present on the southern and central Korean Peninsula . These Peninsular Japonic-speaking agriculturalists were later replaced/assimilated by Koreanic-speakers (from southern Manchuria) likely causing

2695-546: The peripheral areas of the then Japanese Empire , including the Ainu , Ryukyuans , Nivkh , as well as Chinese , Koreans , and Austronesians ( Taiwanese indigenous peoples and Micronesians ) who were incorporated into the Empire of Japan in the early 20th century. The term was eventually used as race propaganda . After Japan's surrender in World War II, the term became antiquated for suggesting pseudoscientific racist notions that have been discarded in many circles. Ever since

2750-602: The study, "Chinese characters started to be used in this period, such as Chinese characters inscribed on metal implements, for example swords." In a study in 2022 conducted by the University of Xiamen, researchers discovered that despite finding evidence of the Jōmon people on the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago , there were little to no traces left of their genetic impact in their respective people's gene pools. According to

2805-571: The study, Ancient Koreans were composed of "Northeast Asian-related ancestry and indigenous Jōmon-related ancestry" where the "Northeast Asian ancestry was suggested to be related to the Neolithic West Liao River farmers in northeast China." The finding indicated that the "West Liao River-related farmers might have spread the proto-Korean language as their ancestry was found to be predominant in extant Koreans" and these "Proto-Korean groups, in turn, introduced West Liao River-like ancestry into

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2860-521: The three " gosanke " branches of the clan qualified to provide a new shōgun should the main family line fail. During this period, Mito was the seat of the so-called Mito School , a congregation of nativist scholars of Confucian persuasion led by Aizawa Seishisai , who during the 18th and 19th centuries advocated Western learning as a means not only to further Japanese technological development and international strength, but as means to prove Japanese uniqueness and superiority among nations. The Kōdōkan

2915-547: The villages of Sugao and Uchimoriya on April 1, 1956. On January 1, 2006, Mitsukaidō absorbed the neighboring town of Ishige , Yūki District, Ibaraki and officially changed their name to Jōsō. The area suffered much damage from flooding of the Kinugawa River due to heavy rains in September 2015. Jōsō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 22 members. Jōsō, together with neighboring Yachiyo, contributes two members to

2970-434: Was annexed in 1992. In 2001, Mito was designated a special city with increased local autonomy. The neighboring town of Uchihara was annexed in 2005. The city suffered from severe damage in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami with 25,982 houses completely or partially destroyed; however, there were only two fatalities. Mito was designated a core city , with further increases in local autonomy on April 4, 2020. Mito has

3025-552: Was the largest of the han schools . The capital of Edo was directly connected to Mito by the Mito Kaidō . The Tokugawa ruled Mito until the Meiji Restoration . The city of Mito was formed on April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was one of the first 31 cities to be established in Japan. With a population of 25,000, it was designated as the prefectural capital of Ibaraki Prefecture. By 1900,

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