Joseph Lawrence Bowman ( c. 1752 – 15 August 1779) was an American frontiersmen and military officer who fought during the American Revolutionary War . He was second-in-command during Colonel George Rogers Clark 's 1778 military campaign to capture the Illinois Country , in which Clark and his men seized the key British-controlled towns of Kaskaskia , Cahokia , and Vincennes . Following the campaign, Bowman was critically injured in an accidental gunpowder explosion and subsequently died of his wounds. He was the only American officer killed during the 1778-1779 Illinois campaign . Joseph Bowman kept a daily journal of his trek from Kaskaskia to Vincennes, which is one of the best primary source accounts of Clark's victorious campaign.
35-589: Joseph Bowman was born in Frederick County, Virginia , the son of George Bowman and Mary Hite. Their names were Anglicized from their original German names, Hans Georg Baumann and Marie Elisabetha Hite. His maternal grandfather was Jost Hite, a German immigrant credited as the first white, European colonist to settle west of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. In 1732, Hite led his extended family, including his daughter Mary and her husband, George Bowman, to
70-528: A dispatch from the Governor of Virginia arrived, with commissions promoting Clark to general, and Bowman to major . For his services rendered, Major Bowman was granted a total of 4,312 acres (17.45 km) in land north of the Ohio River , known as " Clark's Grant ." In celebration of the end of General Clark's Illinois campaign, a six-pounder cannon was fired on February 25, 1779. During the cannon salute, some of
105-479: A female householder with no husband present, and 24.30% were non-families. 19.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.02. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.40% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 31.90% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 10.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
140-615: A hotel, the first building of the Rock Enon Springs Resort . It survived the American Civil War . On March 24, 1899, the Shenandoah Valley National Bank purchased the property for $ 3,500. During the summer of 1914 botanists found a variety of ferns on the property: polypodium vulgare, phegopteris hexagonoptera, adiantum pedatum, pteris aquilina, and cheilanthes lanosa. The idea that soaking in
175-553: A large military fort , now housing various army services. This fort and an adjoining plain known as the "Polygon" has historically been an important proving ground for French armaments. The city is also home to the Service Historique de la Défense (SHD), which holds the archival records of the French Armed Forces . In 1933 Georges Saupique was commissioned to work on one of three "dessus-de-porte" to be placed above
210-646: A little over a month in 1778. Thereafter Vincennes fortress was closed and de Sade transferred to the Bastille . In 1821, the noted French poet, Alfred de Vigny, wrote his poem, "La Prison," which details the last days of the Man in the Iron Mask at Vincennes. The ministers of Charles X were imprisoned at the fortress of Vincennes after the July Revolution . A test was conducted in 1849 on Claude-Étienne Minié 's invention
245-594: A result of the academic reforms which followed the student risings of 1968. Intended to lessen the French university system's traditional emphasis on formal and elitist schooling, the school (generally known simply as Vincennes ) admitted students without the usual entrance requirement of the baccalaureat degree and introduced courses such as the History of Cinema, Sexology, and Third World Economics. Enrollments peaked at 32,000 with more than 40% of students holding full-time jobs off
280-557: Is Virginia's northernmost county. Frederick County is included in the Winchester , VA- WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Washington - Baltimore -Northern Virginia, DC- MD -VA-WV- PA Combined Statistical Area . The area that would become Frederick County, Virginia, was inhabited and transited by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before European colonization . Colonization efforts began with
315-684: Is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.7 km (4.2 mi) from the centre of Paris . Vincennes is famous for its castle: the Château de Vincennes . It is next to but does not include the Bois de Vincennes , from which it took its name, which is attached to the city of Paris. The Marquis de Sade was imprisoned in Vincennes fortress in 1777, where he remained until February 1784 although he escaped for
350-509: Is also part of the region served by the Mountain Vista Governor's School , which offers upper-level classes to intellectually gifted high school students. Although designated as the county seat, Winchester, like all cities under Virginia law, is an independent city , politically independent of any county. Vincennes Vincennes ( / v ɪ n ˈ s ɛ n z , v æ̃ ˈ s ɛ n / , French: [vɛ̃sɛn] )
385-492: Is land and 2 square miles (5.2 km ) (0.5%) is water. This is the northernmost county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the census of 2000, there were 59,209 people, 22,097 households, and 16,727 families residing in the county. The population density was 143 inhabitants per square mile (55/km ). There were 23,319 housing units at an average density of 56 units per square mile (22 units/km ). The racial makeup of
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#1732852114976420-672: The Civil War of 1861–1865, with control shifting between the Confederate and Union armies on average once every three weeks during the war. Many battles were fought in Frederick County. Some of those battles included: The first constitution of West Virginia provided for Frederick County to be added to the new state if approved by a local election. Unlike neighboring Berkeley and Jefferson counties, Frederick County remained in Virginia; as it
455-643: The House of Burgesses in 1758 and 1761. Seventeen years later, on June 15, 1775, the Continental Congress "elected" George Washington as commander-in-chief of the yet-to-be-created Continental Army . He accepted the appointment the next day. This preceded the Congress's declaration of independence and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Winchester was a site of volatile conditions during
490-483: The Minié ball which would prove successful and years later be adopted by the French army. On the morning of 15 October 1917, famous femme fatale Mata Hari was executed for espionage by a French firing squad at Vincennes castle. In 1929, the commune of Vincennes lost about half of its territory when the city of Paris annexed the Bois de Vincennes , a large part of which belonged to the commune of Vincennes. Vincennes
525-664: The Shenandoah Valley , near present-day Winchester , Frederick County, Virginia . Jost Hite distributed land that he owned to his family and to other settlers—claims, which would later be contested in Hite v. Fairfax , a landmark Virginia land case. In 1774, Joseph Bowman served in the Virginia colonial militia during Lord Dunmore's War . Other Virginians, who served with him in the war, included George Rogers Clark and Leonard Helm . A year later, Bowman moved to Kentucky with other Anglo-American colonists who were seeking available land on
560-667: The Virginia Company of London , but European settlement did not flourish until after the company lost its charter and Virginia became a royal colony in 1624. In order to stimulate migration to the colony, the headright system was used. Under this system, those who funded an emigrant's transportation costs (not the actual colonizers) were compensated with land. In 1649 the exiled King Charles II granted several acres of colonial Virginia lands to "seven loyal supporters", including Lord Fairfax . The Fairfax lands passed to Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1657-1710), who married
595-604: The poverty line , including 7.30% of those under age 18 and 6.90% of those age 65 or over. Frederick is represented by Republican Jill Holtzman Vogel (R), in the Virginia Senate, Wendy Gooditis (D), Chris Collins (R), and Dave LaRock (R), in the Virginia House of Delegates, and Ben Cline (R) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Frederick County is served by Frederick County Public Schools , which includes several elementary, middle, and high schools. Frederick County
630-510: The 5 acres (0.020 km ) Miller Lake was created by adding a 200 feet (61 m) earth dam across Laurel Run using equipment, owned by the Federal fish hatchery in Leestown. In 1958 "walnut, chestnut and persimmon trees" were planted on the property. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 416 square miles (1,080 km ), of which 414 square miles (1,070 km )
665-568: The American Revolutionary War. Bowman is sometimes confused with his brother, Colonel John Bowman , a prominent leader of the Kentucky frontier settlements of the Virginia State Forces during the war. In early 1778, Colonel George Rogers Clark offered Bowman a commission if he could raise his own company. Captain Bowman assembled his company and joined the rest of Clark's force on 12 May 1778, and
700-460: The artillery gunpowder charges accidentally ignited, wounding Captain Edward Worthington , four American privates, a British prisoner of war, and critically wounding Captain Bowman. Oddly enough, General Clark made no mention of the tragic cannon accident in his memoir, however, Clark does describe Major Bowman leading soldiers, as late as June 1779. Due to the severe burn wounds he received,
735-418: The county was 94.99% White , 2.62% Black or African American , 0.16% Native American , 0.66% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.56% from other races , and 1.01% from two or more races. 1.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 22,097 households, out of which 36.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.50% were married couples living together, 8.80% had
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#1732852114976770-456: The daughter of Thomas Colepeper , who also owned several acres of land. After their son, Lord Thomas Fairfax , inherited the combined grants, he controlled over 5,000,000 acres of land in Virginia, including much of the land that became Frederick County. Frederick County was created from Orange County in 1738, and was officially organized in 1743. The Virginia Assembly named the new county for Frederick Louis , Prince of Wales (1707–1751),
805-487: The doors of the new Vincennes' city hall "salle des fêtes". His composition involved allegorical figures representing commerce and industry supporting the Vincennes' coat of arms. In the old royal château, a porcelain manufactory was established in 1740, specializing in imitations of Meissen porcelain and naturalistic flowers, which were incorporated into bouquets under the direction of Parisian marchands-merciers . The Vincennes porcelain factory continued until 1756, when
840-613: The eldest son of King George II of Great Britain . At that time, "Old Frederick County" encompassed all or part of four counties in present-day Virginia and five in present-day West Virginia : As commanding officer of the new Colonial Virginia regiment in 1754, Colonel George Washington located his headquarters in Winchester before and during the French and Indian War . He resigned from military service in 1758. He represented Frederick County in his first elective office, having been elected to
875-595: The health of Major Bowman deteriorated, causing him to die at Fort Patrick Henry on 14 August 1779. The last page of his journal is blank, except for an anonymous notation: "God save the [Virginia] commonwealth, this 15th day of August, 1779." A bronze grave marker with the date of 18 August 1779 was later, placed in the St. Francis Xavier Cemetery, adjacent to the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park , Vincennes , Knox County, Indiana , though he
910-553: The natural spring water had medical value made this and other springs popular tourist destinations through the early 20th century. In 1944, people no longer had as much faith in the springs, and there was much more competition for tourists at other sites. Due to declining business, the Glaize family sold the property to the Shenandoah Area Council . They adapted the resort to operate as a Boy Scout site, Camp Rock Enon . In 1944
945-438: The production was transferred to new buildings at Sèvres , initiating the career of world-famous Sèvres porcelain . Vincennes is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 1 : Bérault and Château de Vincennes . Vincennes is also served by Vincennes station on Paris RER line A . Vincennes is twinned with: The commune has eight public preschools, six public elementary schools, and three private schools contracted by
980-459: The state. There are three public junior high schools, Collège Hector-Berlioz, Collège Saint-Exupéry, and Collège Françoise-Giroud; as well as a contracted private junior high school, Notre-Dame de la Providence. Public senior high schools/sixth-form colleges: Private senior high schools/sixth-form colleges: In 1970 the " University of Paris VIII " was established in Vincennes as France's first major experiment in open admissions education, as
1015-504: The western frontier. In 1776, Bowman was among the petitioners in Harrodsburg, Kentucky seeking to establish a new county. On September 11, 1777, thirty-seven men from the area gathered at Bowman's property to shell corn and were attacked by Indians . One white settler was killed and six others were wounded before the Indians were driven off. Joseph Bowman and three of his brothers served in
1050-416: Was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 96.70 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 46,941, and the median income for a family was $ 52,281. Males had a median income of $ 35,705 versus $ 25,046 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 21,080. About 4.00% of families and 6.40% of the population were below
1085-504: Was also the site of some famous European colonial expositions in the 20th century in which fairs were held to showcase artifacts from former European colonies. The city is famous for its castle, the Château de Vincennes , and its park, the Bois de Vincennes hosting the only larger zoo in Paris, Paris Zoological Park (though these two are now within the limits of the City of Paris). It also features
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1120-515: Was buried somewhere along the Wabash River . Frederick County, Virginia 39°13′N 78°16′W / 39.21°N 78.26°W / 39.21; -78.26 Frederick County is located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2020 census , the population was 91,419. Its county seat is Winchester . The county was formed in 1743 by the splitting of Orange County . It
1155-571: Was captured by British Lt-Governor Henry "Hair Buyer" Hamilton in late 1778, Captain Bowman marched with Colonel Clark in February 1779 across 180 miles (290 km) to lay siege to the British outpost at Vincennes . Bowman also participated in the negotiations for their surrender. After the surrender, the American flag was raised and the fort was renamed Fort Patrick Henry, on February 24, 1779. Within days,
1190-460: Was occupied by the Confederate army, no vote was permitted to ascertain the residents' wishes. Four (alkaline, saline, chalybeate, and sulphured) types of mineral water springs naturally occur on the land that would later be named Rock Enon Springs . The area was once called Capper Springs, named for area settler John Capper. William Marker bought the 942 acres (381 ha) in 1856 and built
1225-587: Was part of Clark's campaign . Bowman was present at the capture of Fort Gage in Kaskaskia , on 4 July 1778. Bowman later moved north, leading a non-uniformed, combined force of Virginian, local Illinois Country, and French-Canadian's to capture Prairie du Rocher and Cahokia Fort de Chartres and Cahokia , where Bowman remained for a time as the commanding officer of the renamed Fort Bowman. When Fort Sackville , renamed Fort Patrick Henry and Captain Leonard Helm,
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