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74-477: Leonard Helm was born around 1720 in Virginia to Leonard Helm Sr. and his wife Margaret Neil Helm. His father emigrated from England and the family traces their ancestry to Lancaster, England . Helm was commissioned a captain and asked to raise and lead a company of Virginians by the newly promoted Lieutenant Colonel George Rogers Clark . On January 2, 1778, Governor Patrick Henry, of Virginia, gave George Rogers Clark

148-532: A civil war over rival claims to the throne during the Wars of the Roses . More recently the term "Wars of the Roses" has been applied to rivalry in sports between teams from Lancashire and Yorkshire . It is also applied to the annual Roses Tournament between Lancaster and York universities. Lancaster gained a first charter in 1193 as a market town and borough , but had to await city status until 1937. Many of

222-597: A 4th-century type, with massive curtain-wall and projecting bastions typical of the Saxon Shore or Wales. Extension of the technique as far north as Lancaster shows that the coast between Cumberland and North Wales was not left defenceless after the west-coast attacks and the disaster in the Carausian Revolt of 296, which followed from those under Albinus in 197. The fort at its largest extent covered 9–10 acres (4–4 ha). Evidence suggests that it stayed in use until

296-479: A local service to Morecambe . The city council aims to open a railway station serving the university and south Lancaster, although this is not feasible in the short or medium term with current levels of demand. The Caton–Morecambe section of the former North Western railway is now used as a cycle path. The Port of Lancaster gained importance in the 18th century. In 1750 the Lancaster Port Commission

370-572: A mail route from Louisville through Vincennes to Kaskaskia, Illinois at the Mississippi River along the Trace. The route began on 22 March 1800 and ran every four weeks. It was extended to Cahokia, Illinois the following year. Both of these were former French colonial settlements from the early 18th century. In 1802 William Henry Harrison , governor of the Indiana Territory, recommended that

444-512: A major port diminished as the river began to silt up and Morecambe , Glasson Dock and Sunderland Point became preeminent for brief periods. Heysham Port has now eclipsed all others on the Lune. A permanent military presence was built up with the completion of Bowerham Barracks in 1880. The Phoenix Street drill hall was completed in 1894. Since the Industrial Revolution , the city

518-634: A portion of this path. Sections of the improved Trace have been designated as part of a National Scenic Byway that crosses southern Indiana. The Trace was created by millions of migrating bison that were numerous in the region from the Great Lakes to the Piedmont of North Carolina. It was part of a greater buffalo migration route that extended from present-day Big Bone Lick State Park in Kentucky, through Bullitt's Lick , south of present-day Louisville, and across

592-645: A range of historic buildings and venues, having retained many fine examples of Georgian architecture . Lancaster Castle , the Priory Church of St Mary and the Edwardian Ashton Memorial are among the sites of historical importance. Its many museums include Lancaster City Museum , Maritime Museum , the Cottage Museum and the Judges' Lodgings Museum . Lancaster Friends Meeting House , dating from 1708,

666-430: A road paved from New Albany to Vincennes as part of its internal improvements program. The road "approximated" the Trace's route. It was extended to Paoli, Indiana , after the state government leased operation of the road to a private organization as part of their negotiations to avoid bankruptcy. The paved road was called the "New Albany-Paoli Turnpike." The first stagecoach service in the state started in 1820 along

740-422: Is a Roman milestone found 4 miles (6.4 km) outside Lancaster, with an inscription ending L MP IIII, meaning "from L – 4 miles, and that its name began with an L. The fort was perhaps named Calunium. Roman baths were found in 1812 and can be seen near the junction of Bridge Lane and Church Street. There was presumably a bath-house with the 4th-century fort. The Roman baths incorporated a reused inscription of

814-525: Is a small portion of green belt on the northern fringe of Lancaster, covering the area into Carnforth and helping to prevent further urban expansion towards nearby Morecambe, Hest Bank, Slyne and Bolton-le-Sands. The A6 road , one of the main historic north–south roads in England, passes through the city centre, with northbound and southbound traffic on separate streets, and crosses the Lune at Greyhound Bridge northbound and Skerton Bridge southbound (these are

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888-492: Is also home to Lancaster's Litfest, which runs an annual literature festival. In the summer months Williamson Park hosts outdoor performances, including a Dukes "Play in the Park", which over the past 26 years has attracted 460,000 people, as the UK's biggest outdoor walkabout theatre event. Buffalo Trace (road) The Vincennes Trace was a major trackway running through what are now

962-619: Is another historic cultural venue, under its many names. It has played a major part in social and cultural life since it was built in 1782. Lancaster is known nationally for its Arts scene. There are around 600 business and organisations in the region involved directly or indirectly in arts and culture. In 2009, several major arts bodies based in the district formed a consortium called Lancaster Arts Partners (LAP) to champion strategic development of arts activities in Lancaster District. Notable partners include Ludus Dance, More Music and

1036-580: Is considered the most important of the traces to the Illinois country. It was known by various names, including Buffalo Trace , Louisville Trace , Clarksville Trace , and Old Indian Road. After being improved as a turnpike, the New Albany-Paoli Pike , among others. The Trace's continuous use encouraged improvements over the years, including paving and roadside development. U.S. Route 150 between Vincennes, Indiana, and Louisville, Kentucky , follows

1110-597: Is locally referred to as the westernmost naval battle of the American Revolution, despite the account of the capture in George Rogers Clark's memoir: March 5th, Captain Helm, Majors Bosseron and Legras, returned from their journey up the river with great success. They came up with the enemy in the night, discerning their fires at a distance; waited until all was quiet; surrounded and took the whole prisoners, without

1184-403: Is mainly a service-oriented city. Products include animal feed , textiles , chemicals , livestock , paper , synthetic fibre , farm machinery , HGV trailers and mineral fibres . In recent years, a high-tech sector has emerged from information technology and telecommunications companies investing in the city. In March 2004, Lancaster was granted Fairtrade City status. Lancaster

1258-648: Is marked by Lancaster Roman Fort , Lancaster Castle , Lancaster Priory Church , Lancaster Cathedral and the Ashton Memorial . It is the seat of Lancaster University and has a campus of the University of Cumbria . It had a population of 52,234 in the 2011 census, compared to the district, which had a population of 138,375. The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal family . The Duchy of Lancaster still holds large estates on behalf of Charles III , who

1332-780: Is split into the electoral divisions of Lancaster Central (the city centre and an area extending south including Cockerham and Glasson Dock ), Lancaster East (south of the River Lune and east of the Lancaster Canal ), Lancaster South East (bordered by the River Conder with the University at its southern point) and Skerton (north of the River Lune). The city lies in the Lancaster and Wyre constituency for elections of Members of Parliament to

1406-639: Is the Duke of Lancaster . The Port of Lancaster and the 18th-century Lancaster slave trade played a major role in the city's growth, but for many years the outport of Glasson Dock , downstream, has been the main shipping facility. Lancaster was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, as Loncastre , where "Lon" refers to the River Lune and "castre" from the Old English cæster and Latin castrum for "fort" to

1480-490: Is the longest continual Quaker meeting site in the world, with an original building built in 1677. George Fox , founder of Quakerism , was near the site several times in the 1660s and spent two years imprisoned in Lancaster Castle. The meeting house holds regular Quaker meetings and a wide range of cultural activities including adult learning, meditation, art classes, music and political meetings. Lancaster Grand Theatre

1554-814: The American states of Kentucky , Indiana , and Illinois . Originally formed by millions of migrating bison , the Trace crossed the Ohio River near the Falls of the Ohio and continued northwest to the Wabash River , near present-day Vincennes , before it crossed to what became known as Illinois. This buffalo migration route, often 12 to 20 feet wide in places, was well known and used by American Indians. Later European traders and American settlers learned of it, and many used it as an early land route to travel west into Indiana and Illinois. It

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1628-695: The American Revolutionary War , in the late 1780s the U.S. government granted land in New York, Ohio and Indiana to veterans as payment for service. The US granted "so many acres of land" to George Rogers Clark and his men for their military service in the Illinois campaign against the British during the Revolutionary War . It became known as Clark's Grant. George Rogers Clark used the Trace to return to

1702-675: The Battle of Otterburn , it was destroyed by the Scots. Lancaster Castle is known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612. It was said that the court based in the castle (the Lancaster Assizes ) sentenced more people to be hanged than any other in the country outside London , earning Lancaster the nickname, "the Hanging Town" . It also figured prominently in the suppression of Catholicism during

1776-613: The City of Lancaster district within the shire county of Lancashire. This was given city status and Lancaster City Council became the governing body for the district. Lancaster is an unparished area and has no separate council. It is divided into wards (for elections to Lancaster City Council), such as Bulk, Castle, Ellel, John O'Gaunt (named after John of Gaunt , the 1st Duke of Lancaster ), Scotforth East, Scotforth West, Skerton East, Skerton West and University and Scotforth Rural. For elections to Lancashire County Council , Lancaster

1850-565: The Falls of the Ohio River to Indiana, then northwest to Vincennes, before crossing the Wabash River into Illinois. The trail was well known among the area's natives and used for centuries. It later became known and used by European traders and white settlers who crossed the Ohio River at the Falls and followed the Trace overland to the western territories. It is considered to be the most important of

1924-546: The Green Party . Lancaster is Lancashire's northernmost city, three miles (4.8 km) inland from Morecambe Bay . It is on the River Lune (from which comes its name), and the Lancaster Canal . It becomes hillier from the Lune Valley eastwards, with Williamson Hill in the north-west a notable height at 109 m (358 ft) and recognised as a TuMP : a hill with "thirty and upwards metres prominence ". The central area of

1998-911: The House of Commons , represented since 2015 by Cat Smith of the Labour Party (as Lancaster and Fleetwood constituency before 2024). While the United Kingdom was in the European Union , Lancaster was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency. In the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, the city council was under the control of the Morecambe Bay Independents (MBIs), who campaigned for an independent Morecambe council. In 2003, their influence waned and Labour became

2072-513: The Norman conquest of England in 1066, Lancaster fell under the control of William I , as stated in the Domesday Book of 1086, which has the earliest known mention of Lancaster as such in any document. The founding Priory charter dated 1094 is the first known document specific to Lancaster. By this time William had passed Lancaster and its surroundings to Roger de Poitou . The document also suggests

2146-457: The Roman fort that stood on the site. A Roman fort was built by the end of the 1st century CE on the hill where Lancaster Castle now stands, possibly as early as the 60s, based on Roman coin evidence. Coin evidence also suggests that the fort was not continuously inhabited in its early years. It was rebuilt in stone about 102. The fort name is known only in a shortened form; the only evidence

2220-665: The White River at several points, including places near the present-day towns of Petersburg and Portersville, Indiana . After a major crossing at the Wabash River, the Trace split into separate trails that led west across Illinois to the Mississippi River or north to what would become Chicago. In Chicago, the Trace is called Vincennes Avenue, and after state-funded improvements and straightening, parts became State Street . The Trace across southern Indiana became integral to early development. Two main areas of early settlement in

2294-750: The "Vincennes Trace," and the "Louisville Trace." U.S. Route 150 from Vincennes to New Albany follows the path of the Trace. A large section of the original Trace can be seen south of French Lick in Orange County, Indiana , along the Springs Valley Trail System . In 2009 a section of U.S. Route 150 and the Buffalo Trace were designated as part of the Indiana Historic Pathways, a National Scenic Byway that crosses southern Indiana. In total, driving U.S. Route 150 to coincide with

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2368-520: The 89 to Knott End-on-Sea . Lancaster is served by the West Coast Main Line from Lancaster railway station . The station was formerly named Lancaster Castle, to differentiate it from Lancaster Green Ayre on the Leeds–Morecambe line , which closed in 1966. There are train services to and from London , Glasgow , Edinburgh , Birmingham , Manchester , Leeds and Barrow-in-Furness , and

2442-521: The Americans at the urging of Father Gibault , and Captain Helm was sent to command Fort Sackville (renamed Fort Patrick Henry), with a group of local French speaking militiamen and 20 soldiers from Virginia. He requested and received support from the local Piankeshaw tribe, especially the chief known as Young Tobacco . The British retook the fort on 17 December 1778, after Helm's local militia had deserted and he had too few men to attempt resistance. When

2516-445: The British formed within yards of the fort, Captain Helm opened the gate and pointed a cannon at the British formation, with an artillery match in one hand and a bottle of whiskey with the other. He invited Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton to share whiskey and discuss terms as gentlemen. Knowing that the British did not fully understand his tactical situation, he demanded and received favorable terms of surrender. Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton

2590-402: The British party to the 24 February negotiations to end the siege, and tried to negotiate Clark's harsh terms of surrender. Clark countered that Helm could not negotiate because he was a British prisoner, at which point Hamilton released Helm. Whether he meant to reinforce his hardline negotiations or reprimand Helm for his impropriety in seemingly negotiating for Hamilton, Clark refused to receive

2664-657: The Cincinnati . Lancaster, England Lancaster ( / ˈ l æ ŋ k ə s t ər / , / ˈ l æ n k æ s -/ ) is a city in Lancashire , England, and the main cultural hub, economic and commercial centre of City of Lancaster district. The city is on the River Lune , directly inland from Morecambe Bay . Lancaster is the county town , although Lancashire County Council has been based at County Hall in Preston since its formation in 1889. The city's long history

2738-568: The Dukes. LAP curates and promotes "Lancaster First Fridays", a monthly multi-disciplinary mini-festival under its brand "Lancaster Arts City". Lancaster University has a public arts organisation, part of LAP, known as Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University . Its programmes include Lancaster's Nuffield Theatre , one of the largest professional studio theatres in Europe, the Peter Scott Gallery , with

2812-655: The Falklands; it is grade II listed. There are more than 330 listed buildings in Lancaster (excluding those in nearby civil parishes such as the Lune Aqueduct in Halton-with-Aughton parish). They include four at grade I and 22 at grade II*, the others being at grade II. Those at grade I, the highest level, are the Ashton Memorial , the Judges' Lodgings , Lancaster Castle and Lancaster Priory . Lancaster has

2886-467: The Gallic Emperor Postumus , dating from 262 to 266. The 3rd-century fort was garrisoned by the ala Sebosiana and numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium . The ancient Wery Wall was identified in 1950 as the north wall of the 4th-century fort, which was a drastic remodelling of the 3rd-century one, while retaining the same orientation. The later fort is the only example in north-west Britain of

2960-515: The Greens. The 2019 Lancaster City Council election results put no party in overall control. The council was run by a coalition of Labour, Green, Eco-Socialist Independent and Liberal Democrat councillors, supported by the Independent Group, with Conservatives and MBIs in opposition. The cabinet consisted of 4 Labour, 4 Green, 1 Eco-Socialist, 1 Independent Group. At 10 seats, Lancaster had one of

3034-563: The Indiana Territory were made along it: Vincennes to the west and Clark's Grant in the south. In the early 18th century, the French developed colonial posts in the Illinois Country by moving down the Mississippi and into its tributaries. In 1732 François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes , founded a trading post near the Trace's Wabash River crossing; it developed as the town of Vincennes. After

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3108-662: The Indians in the Battle of the White River Forks . Richard "Dickie" Clark (1760–c. 1784), the younger brother of General George Rogers Clark and Captain William Clark , disappeared while traveling along the Trace in 1784. He had left Clarksville , to travel alone to Vincennes. Accounts varied: one said that his horse had been found with saddlebags bearing his initials. Another account said his horse's bones were found with Clark's bags nearby. His remains were never found. There

3182-461: The Lancaster District and services to more distant places such as Kendal , Keswick , Kirkby Lonsdale , Preston and Blackpool . There are buses to Lancaster University , the No. 1 and No. 1A services run every 10–15 minutes using double-deckers, with less frequent services 4, 41 and 42. Other routes are covered by Kirkby Lonsdale Coach Hire, including the 582 to Kirkby Lonsdale , Settle and Skipton and

3256-434: The Louisville area after his Illinois Campaign . As the Continentals took control of the Illinois country during the Revolutionary War, the Trace became a busy overland route, which made it a target for Indian war parties. Clark's memoirs mentioned the Trace in describing an early Indian attack on traders in 1779, after Hamilton surrendered at Fort Sackville and Clark's militia controlled Vincennes. He led his force against

3330-400: The Reformation – at least eleven Catholic priests were executed and a memorial to them as the Lancaster Martyrs stands by the city centre. The traditional emblem of the House of Lancaster is the Red Rose of Lancaster , similar to that of the House of York with a white rose. The names derive from emblems of the Royal Duchies of Lancaster and York in the 15th century. This erupted into

3404-404: The Trace be improved as a road suitable for wagon travel, with inns developed for travelers every thirty to forty miles. By 1804 the Trace was so well known that Harrison used it as a treaty boundary with Indians. The Vincennes treaty of 1804 gave the U.S. government possession of Indiana land from south of the Trace to the Ohio River, including the Trace itself. William Rector was hired to survey

3478-419: The Trace; the route was from New Albany to Vincennes . The route served Floyd County, Indiana ; the towns of Greenville , Galena , and Floyds Knobs in particular. Other names for the Trace through its history have been Lan-an-zo-ki-mi-wi (or lenaswihkanawea , an Indian name meaning "bison trail" or "buffalo road"), the "Old Indian Road," the "Clarksville Trace," "Harrison's Road," the "Kentucky Road,"

3552-432: The authority to raise a regiment and secret orders to attack British forces and their allies on Virginia's frontier. Leonard Helm, who had served with Clark during Dunmore's War and had spent a lot of time in Kentucky, was given command of one of the initial four companies created to form this regiment. Captain Helm recruited soldiers from the Virginia militia from both Prince William and Fauquier Counties. Clark nicther unit

3626-409: The belief that the value of it would increase. Instead, the continental dollar became almost worthless and Helm died in poverty, his personal estate consisting only of his clothes. Many years later his heirs received 4,666 acres (19 km) from Virginia for his service in the Illinois Regiment. Leonard Helm's service during the American Revolution meets the requirements for membership in the Society of

3700-576: The captain, and informed Helm that he must return to Fort Sackville and "await his fate." Hamilton surrendered 25 February 1779, and Fort Sackville was again renamed Fort Patrick Henry. On 5 March 1779, Helm led a small force of 3 boats and 50 men up the Wabash River from Vincennes and captured a fleet of 7 boats, 40 prisoners (among whom, Clark noted in a letter to George Mason , was ' Dejeane , Grand Judge of Detroit '), supplies, and trade goods that were sent to reinforce Hamilton at Fort Sackville. The battle occurred just west of Pointe Coupee, Indiana, and

3774-436: The city can be roughly defined by the railway to the west, the canal to the south and east, and the river to the north. Lancaster, Morecambe and Heysham have been identified by the Office for National Statistics as forming the Lancaster/Morecambe Built-up area , with a population of 97,150 in the 2011 census . Within this, ONS identifies a Lancaster built-up area sub division with a 2011 population of 48,085. There

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3848-521: The city's central buildings, including those lining St George's Quay date from the 18th century, as the Port of Lancaster became one of the UK's busiest and the Lancaster slave trade was the fourth most important in the UK slave trade . Among prominent Lancaster slavers were Dodshon Foster , Thomas Hinde and his namesake son. The last slave ship to be constructed in Lancaster was the 267-tonne Trafalgar , built in 1806 at Brockbank’s shipyard for Samuel Hinderland and William Hinde. Lancaster's role as

3922-402: The country's largest Green Party representations. The 2023 Lancaster City Council election resulted in a council with Labour as the largest party but not in overall control, with 24 of the 61 seats. After the 2021 Lancashire County Council election , Lancaster East, Lancaster South East and Skerton were represented on the county council by Labour , while Lancaster Central was represented by

3996-467: The early traces leading to the Illinois country. In Indiana the Trace's main line split into several smaller trails that converged north of Jasper , near several large ponds, or mud holes, where buffalo would wallow. Due to the large number of buffalo that used the Trace, the well-worn path was twelve to twenty feet wide in places. Various trails also converged around a major salt lick, probably near present-day French Lick, Indiana . The Trace crossed

4070-422: The end of Roman occupation of Britain . Church Street and some of St Leonard's Gate probably mark the initial course of the Roman road up the valley to the fort at Over Burrow . Little is known of Lancaster from the end of Roman rule to the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest of the late 11th century. Despite a lack of documentation for the period, it is thought that Lancaster remained inhabited. It lay on

4144-422: The firing of a gun. Those (British) gentlemen were off their guard, and so little apprehensive of an enemy in that part of the world that they could hardly persuade themselves that what they saw and heard was real. This was a valuable (prize) seven boats loaded with provisions and goods to a considerable amount. When Clark left Vincennes for Kaskaskia on 20 March 1779, he again appointed Captain Helm as commandant of

4218-433: The fringes of the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria and over time may have passed from one to the other. Archaeological evidence suggests there was a monastery on or near the site of today's Lancaster Priory by the 700s or 800s. The Anglo-Saxon runic "Cynibald's cross" found at the Priory in 1807 is thought to date from the late 9th century. Lancaster was probably one of several abbeys founded under Wilfrid . After

4292-443: The garrison under Lt. Brashears, and they attacked the village at night. The entire village was destroyed, the surviving men were tomahawked to death in Vincennes, and the women and children were sold into slavery. Clark later appointed Helm as commander of the fort in present-day Louisville, Kentucky . Captain Helm was killed while serving as the commander of this fort. Helm had sold some of his land for continental currency under

4366-404: The largest party on the council. They formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats and Greens. At the May 2007 local elections, Labour lost ground to the Greens in Lancaster and the MBIs in Morecambe, resulting in no overall control , with all parties represented in a PR administration. The 2011 elections saw Labour emerge as the largest party. They reached a joint administrative arrangement with

4440-416: The monastery was refounded as a parish church some time before 1066. Lancaster became a borough in 1193 under King Richard I . Its first charter , dated 12 June 1193, was from John , Count of Mortain , who later became King of England. Lancaster Castle , partly built in the 13th century and enlarged by Elizabeth I , stands on the site of a Roman garrison . During The Great Raid of 1322 , damage

4514-475: The most significant collection of Royal Lancastrian ceramics in Britain, and the Lancaster International Concerts Series , drawing nationally and internationally renowned classical and world-music artists. The gallery in the Storey Creative Industries Centre is now programmed and run by Lancaster City Council. In 2013 the previous incumbent organisation "The Storey Gallery" moved out of the building and reformed as "Storey G2". The Storey Creative Industries Centre

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4588-437: The road. Filson's overland route took nine days. General Josiah Harmar , Commander of the Army of the Ohio, kept a log when he led the First American Regiment on a return march from Vincennes in 1786. Following the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, settlers poured into the western territories. Many of them kept journals, recording their observations along the Trace. In late 1799 U.S. postmaster Joseph Habersham established

4662-422: The town, as well as Superintendent of Indian Affairs. While in command, a party of five traders left Vincennes for the Falls of the Ohio, along the ancient Buffalo Trace . A small band of Delaware from a village called Lechauwitank , between the forks of the White River , ambushed the traders, killed them, and plundered their goods. Helm's reaction from Vincennes was strong. Helm called up the Vincennes militia and

4736-417: The trace. Rangers were hired to protect travelers using the road, eventually doing so on horseback in 1812. During the War of 1812 , Harrison assigned 150 men to patrol the Trace between Vincennes and Louisville, "so as to completely protect the citizens and the road." Because the Trace remained the primary road across southern Indiana after the territory became a state in 1816, the state legislature had

4810-425: The treaty land in 1805. His survey notes provide an important record of the Buffalo Trace's route. Survey maps and field notes identified forty-three miles of the old trace road from Clark's Grant to the White River in southern Indiana. The Buffalo Trace was the primary travel route between the Louisville area and Vincennes; two-thirds of settlers traveling from the Louisville area into the interior of Indiana used

4884-516: The two furthest-downstream road crossing points of the Lune). The road leads south to Preston , Chorley and Manchester and north to Carnforth , Kendal , Penrith and Carlisle . The M6 motorway passes to the east of Lancaster with junctions 33 and 34 to the south and north. The Bay Gateway , a dual carriageway opened in 2016, links Heysham to the M6. Lancaster's main bus operator, Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire , operates network of services from Lancaster bus station throughout

4958-413: Was done to the castle by Robert the Bruce , though it resisted the attack and was restored and strengthened by John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster , who added much of the Gateway Tower and a turret on the keep or Lungess Tower, which has been named "John o' Gaunt's Chair". In 1322 the Scots burnt the town. It was rebuilt but removed from its position on the hill to the slope and foot. Again in 1389, after

5032-425: Was established to develop the port. However, in more recent years, shipping visits Glasson Dock , where the Port commission is now based. Heysham Port , about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Lancaster, is used by ferry services to the Isle of Man , Northern Ireland and Ireland . The Lancaster Canal and River Lune pass through the city. The nearest airports are Manchester and Liverpool . In 2005, Lancaster

5106-420: Was home to many industries from the 18th century to the 20th century. The main industries in the city at the time were candle making, sailcloth making, rope making and shipbuilding. Since the decline of the industrial revolution, Lancaster suffered from economic decline and high unemployment rates like many parts of the north of England. The city underwent regeneration and is now a tourist destination. Lancaster

5180-435: Was home to the European headquarters of Reebok . After merging with Adidas , Reebok moved to Bolton and Stockport in 2007. In May 2015, Elizabeth II visited the castle for commemorations for the 750th anniversary of the creation of the Duchy of Lancaster . The former City and Municipal Borough of Lancaster and the Municipal Borough of Morecambe and Heysham , along with other authorities, merged in 1974 to form

5254-453: Was later known as the Illinois Regiment and participated in the Northwest Campaign . Clark and his men captured Kaskaskia, Illinois , on July 4, 1778, and Cahokia, Illinois July 6, 1778. During the capture of Kaskaskia, Clark split his force, commanding one half himself with Captain Helm commanding the other. A series of relatively peaceful conquests took place, with Helm reaching as far as Fort Ouiatenon . Vincennes decided to support

5328-452: Was later shocked to find only three people within the fort but honored his agreement. When Colonel Clark heard about the surrender several weeks later, he and his force made a bold march through icy winter weather and laid siege to Fort Sackville. Captain Helm was inside Fort Sackville as a prisoner during the siege, and Clark notes in his memoir that he "amused himself very much during the siege, and, I believe, did much damage." Helm came with

5402-454: Was one of six English towns chosen to be cycling demonstration towns to promote cycling as a means of transport. Lancaster has cycle routes to many nearby places, many are off-road using disused railways or canal towpaths. The city's main war memorial is in a garden adjacent to the Town Hall, near Dalton Square , and commemorates those who died in the first and second world wars, Korea and

5476-440: Was speculation that he was killed by Indians or thieves in the area, but historian William Hayden English concluded that he probably drowned while crossing a river. Several written accounts by explorers, the military, and settlers document the Trace's use as an overland route. In 1785 and 1786 explorer John Filson travelled by river to Vincennes and returned to the Falls of the Ohio via the Trace; he documented his travels along

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