Personnel
106-888: The Joseon Navy ( Korean : 조선 수군 ; Hanja : 朝鮮水軍) was the navy of the Korean dynasty of Joseon . While originally commissioned to protect merchant vessels and coastal towns from Japanese pirate raids, the Joseon navy is best known for defeating the Japanese naval forces during the Imjin War and is often credited with halting the Japanese invasion campaign and saving the dynasty from conquest. Throughout Korea's naval history, rough waters around Korea's coast usually change tides and currents. Korean shipbuilding tradition centered on creating simple but structurally sound vessels that emphasized strength and power rather than speed. The Joseon Navy utilized warships from
212-537: A breech-loading swivel gun , was introduced to Korea from Portugal via China. It was divided into sizes 1 through 5, in decreasing size. The small but powerful cannons of this era saw extensive use during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) by both the Joseon Navy and the army . Mortars used at this time were the chongtong-wan'gu e, byeoldae-wan'gu , dae-wan'gu , jung-wan'gu , and so-wan'gu . These fired stones or
318-596: A system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from
424-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
530-450: A black jeonbok and a military belt ( jeondae , Korean: 전대 ; Hanja: 戰帶 ). During emergencies and wartime, officers, the naval officers and marines wore war clothing ( yungbok , Korean: 융복 ; Hanja: 戎服 ) with a ( cheolrik , Korean: 철릭 ; Hanja: 天翼 ) distinguishing rank by color. Red yungbok with a blue military belt represents high-ranking officers. Blue yungbok with
636-477: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
742-485: A distance. The cheon "heaven" or "sky," Ji "earth," Hyeon "black," and Hwang "yellow" or "gold" names are not significant, being the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic . His son, Sejong , also made many improvements and increased the ranges of these cannons (called hwapo and later hwatong "fire tube" and chongtong "gun tube"). In the early 1500s, the bullanggi (불랑기/佛狼機),
848-459: A few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to
954-663: A heavier burden than the regular army. Initially, naval service could be alternated between the head of a household and a subordinate. Still, regulations were tightened so that only the head of a household could serve, and a wooden plaque (漆圓木牌) was used to prevent substitutes. When reporting for duty, naval forces carried their own provisions and served on ships, being mobilized for various tasks such as garrison farming, fishing, salt production, harvesting marine products, repairing military ships, transporting goods, and building fortifications. Additionally, they were responsible for labor service, tribute goods, and special contributions. Much of
1060-1047: A high status in society. One of the main roles of the Suyeongsa was to conduct underwater reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering missions. They would swim undetected to enemy ships and harbors, and gather information on the enemy's movements and defenses. They would also plant explosives on enemy ships and infrastructure to disrupt their operations. Another important role of the Suyeongsa was to engage in underwater combat. They would use their specialized weapons and equipment to attack enemy ships and troops, and to sabotage enemy infrastructure. The Suyeongsa were particularly effective in disrupting enemy naval operations, as they were able to attack from unexpected angles and catch their opponents off-guard. Sailors and military officials wear military uniforms ( kunbok , Korean: 군복 ; Hanja: 軍服 ). The oarsmen, gunners, archers, marines wore black military robes ( hyeopsu Korean: 협수 ; Hanja: 夾袖 ) with white trimes. But
1166-554: A merchant ship, it could carry 800 lbs of grain. However, the Maengseon became useless and failed to fulfill its role as a warship. The Byeolseon (Korean: 별선 ; Hanja: 別船 ) was a warship to suppress the Wokou Piracy. They consist of daebyeolseon, jangbyeolseon, and sobyeolseon, and the average number of sailors on board is around 30. The Chuwabyeolmengseon and Chuwabyeolmengseon are special Byeolseon that chase
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#17328446370701272-559: A new type of military ship that could be used for both battles and transportation was tested, leading to the establishment of the fierce ship system (猛船制). These ships are made of two types of wood: pine (later timber) for the hull and oak for the pegs and masts. They each had two masts and sails and were propelled by 8 to 10 oars on each side for maneuvering and increased speed. The ships had two to three levels stacked up on top of each other with u-shaped hulls that could turn them on their radius to fire on all four sides. Their flat keel enables
1378-513: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
1484-806: A projector that could generate and release sulfur to obscure vision and interfere with the enemy ships to maneuver and coordinate properly. It was also used as a third cannon port that could fit a cannon in the mouth of the dragon to be fired at enemy ships. The heavy cannons enabled the turtle ships to unleash a mass volley. The Joseon Navy had several naval infantry units responsible for boarding and capturing enemy vessels and defending their ships during naval battles. These units were known as haejang or haejangdae in Korean, which means "sea soldiers" or "naval troops." The haejang units typically consisted of strong, skilled soldiers trained in land and sea combat. They were equipped with various types of weaponry, including swords, spears, bows and arrows, and firearms. One of
1590-465: A range of 450 metres (1,480 ft). Archers also used the pyeonjeon , a short arrow, and the tongah to help guide it as part of the standard kit of Chosun era archers. They can fire at an extended range of 350 meters and flatter trajectories with a faster velocity and penetrating power than regular arrows. Their quivers held 20 arrows and 10 pyeonjeon arrows. They also used repeating crossbows and crossbows . In 1395, several weapons were in use:
1696-651: A red military belt represents mid-ranking officers. Black yungbok with a black military belt represents junior ranking officers and elite soldiers and cavalry. High and middle-ranking officers wore hats called jeonrip . Sailors and officers of low-rank wore hats called beonggeoji or jukeon . The sailors wore no armor or helmets. However, the Joseon military policy required sailors and marines to provide their armor. Padded armor ( eomshimgap , Korean: 엄심갑 ; Hanja: 掩心甲 ), and padded helmet ( eomshimju , Korean: 엄심주 ; Hanja: 掩心冑 ), made from cotton layers, iron plates, and (or) leather
1802-448: A second row of cannons to fire a broadside and to repel boarders. A medium-sized combat ship from the late Joseon period armed with 4-6 cannons that erected shield plates on the hull to protect soldiers from enemy arrows and similar threats. It is also called a defensive ship (방선). It is smaller than a warship (전선) and larger than a military ship (병선). It is a combat ship that has shield plates of appropriate height erected on both sides of
1908-429: A series of cannons called the daejanggunpo , ijanggunpo , and samjanggunpo , a shell-firing mortar called the jillyeopo , series of yuhwa , juhwa , and chokcheonhwa rockets, which were the forerunners of the singijeon , and a signal gun called the shinpo . These cannons improved during Taejong 's rule. Among the people responsible for the developments was Ch'oe Hae-san , son of Ch'oe Mu-sŏn . The Koreans use
2014-460: A ship to sit comfortably on the tideland when the tide is out, after coming ashore, or inside a pier in high water. It also ensured greater mobility and a shallow draft and, in particular, allowed a ship to make sharp changes of direction at short notice. They also used smaller ships and boats for reconnaissance, skirmishes, transport, and fireships. These ships were meant to keep the Wako Pirates and
2120-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
2226-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
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#17328446370702332-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
2438-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
2544-565: Is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has
2650-716: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
2756-495: The hwacha – multiple rocket-propelled arrows. The hwacha consisted of a two-wheeled cart carrying a board filled with holes into which the singijeon were inserted. It could fire up to 200 singijeon , a type of rocket arrow, all at once. The hwacha also has a variant called the munjong hwacha ; it can fire 100 rocket arrows or 200 small Chongtong bullets at one time with changeable modules. The navy used them on panokseons under Admiral Yi Sun-sin to attack Japanese ships from
2862-591: The Disturbance of the Three Ports . It allowed the higher military officers, the Jibyeonsa Jaesang ( 지변사재상 ; 知邊司宰相 ), to participate in the process of establishing security maneuvers to meticulously keep a keen eye on the issues of the border. Accordingly, the council applied naval security measures to Gyeongsang province and extended them to Jeolla and to the rest of the southern regions. In 1593, during
2968-508: The Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) , particularly under the leadership of Admiral Yi Sun-sin . Admiral Yi also developed the turtle ship , based upon an older design. The Kobukson, or Turtle Ship , was the world's first armor-plated warship. By the end of the 19th century, the Joseon Navy had no significant naval force other than coast defense fortresses. In March 1893, the Korean Imperial Naval Academy (통제영학당,統制營學堂)
3074-490: The Jeseungbangryak system. It allowed the military commanders from the central government to control assembled troops from the main army to the local and provincial armies. However, an admiral appointed by the king's court arrived with a newly mobilized army. It was a highly inefficient arrangement since the nearby forces would remain stationary until the mobile border commander arrived on the scene and took control. Secondly,
3180-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to
3286-557: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
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3392-467: The bigeukjincheonre a timed explosive shell. They were very effective against the weaker-built Japanese ships. The Nanjung ilgi says that many captured and used by the Japanese realized their full potential. The Hong'ipo ( Korean : 홍이포 ; Hanja : 紅夷砲 ) was a cannon introduced from the Netherlands by Hendrick Hamel and others in the 1650s. Joseon also used this cannon during
3498-400: The "line abreast formation" ( Hoengyeoljin , (Korean: 횡열진 ; Hanja: 字整陣 ). To support his formations, he used broadsides and plunging fire to sink the enemy ships. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It
3604-900: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
3710-572: The 1866 French campaign against Korea , the 1871 United States expedition to Korea and the Ganghwa Island incident of September 20, 1875. In 1432, the Joseon dynasty under the reign of Sejong the Great introduced world's first handgun , named the seungja chongtong (총통) or "victory gun," which serves as a standard Korean gun. It fires bullets, 15 small pellets, and an iron-tipped arrow. The gunners used
3816-751: The Goryeo Dynasty to defend against the Wokou Piracy. In the 15th century, under the decree of King Sejong, more powerful cannons were developed and tested. The cannons on battleships proved to be a great success during actions against Japanese pirate ships. In 1419, King Sejong sent Yi Jongmu to raid the Japanese on Tsushima Island in the Oei Invasion as a response to Japanese Wokou raids on Korean coastal cities. Yi took 227 Korean ships and approximately 17,000 soldiers, landed, attacked, and plundered Japanese pirate settlements on Tsushima Island. The So clan,
3922-570: The Imjin War, the Naval Headquarters (Tongjeongyeong ( Korean : 통제영 ; Hanja : 統制營 )) was a naval office that commanded the naval forces in Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong to strengthen the defense of the southern coast by placing the naval forces of Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong Provinces under the command of a Naval Commander (統制使). During the wars with Japan and
4028-564: The Imjin war based on the Ming Chinese militia system and military texts. The Sogo system required all able-bodied males to serve in the military for a certain period of time. During the reign of King Sukjong, he implemented the Sogo system to strengthen the naval forces. This system provided a steady stream of manpower for the Joseon Navy, which was able to maintain a large standing fleet capable of defending
4134-487: The Japanese at bay and became a powerful force during the Joseon Dynasty. During King Myeongjong's reign, the development of the panokseon (板屋船) enabled the navy to dominate the Japanese naval forces during the Imjin War with panokseon and turtle ships (龜船). Turtle ships, already in use since the early Joseon period, were modified during the Imjin War with an arched deck, creating the distinctive turtle shape. Subsequently,
4240-431: The Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. He and his subordinate Jeong Woon reformed the navy by reducing the hours of fatigue duty or banning nighttime fatigue duty. When Admiral Yi Sun-sin inspected troops and pointed to defects, commanders explained their struggles that people were tired and there were not enough supplies and capacity and lacked military power. During the Imjin War (1592, the 25th year of King Seonjo's reign),
4346-503: The Jeeseungbangryak involved commanders leading their troops from the main garrison to designated defense areas for combat during emergencies. The Jingwan System was a provincial defense system that dates back to the Goryeo Dynasty, building fortresses in strategically important places. Still, it leaves some parts of the nations open to invasion, and if one falls, it will be catastrophic in any war. In 1457 A.D, King Sejo reshuffled
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4452-668: The Joseon Navy included the Jangsa Haejang, composed of soldiers who served on the navy's larger warships, and the Changdae Haejang , a general term for the naval infantry units that served on smaller boats and ships. The Sujebi Haejang was a maritime infantry unit responsible for boarding and capturing enemy ships. They were known for their agility and ability to move quickly on the decks of enemy vessels. The Sujebi Haejang were highly trained in close-quarters combat and were equipped with swords, spears, and other weapons. The Hwacha Haejang
4558-795: The Later Jin (後金), the Naval Headquarters (Tongeoyeong (Korean: 통어영 ; Hanja: 統禦營 )) was placed in Ganghwa to lead the naval forces in Gyeonggi and Yellow Seas to defend the capital area to administer naval joint-training camps ( Hapjo , Korean: 수사 ; Hanja: 合操 ) which is supervised by each provincial monk ( suba , (Korean: 수사 ; Hanja: 水使 ). The naval drills ( dosujo , (Korean: 도수조 ; Hanja: 道水操 ) required sailors and marines under training officers to conduct maritime training necessary for naval battles. They also became involved in
4664-589: The Later Jin, large-scale joint training exercises, known as Sujo (水操), were conducted. In the late Joseon period, Sujo was divided into provincial naval training (道水操), overseen by provincial naval commanders, and joint training (合操), overseen by the Naval Commander and the Naval Administrator. Provincial naval training involved various garrisons and ports conducting necessary training for naval battles. In 1627 (the 5th year of King Injo), when facing war with
4770-572: The Wako, but their functions have not been revealed. However, it is believed that one of them may be a special ship like the turtle ship. Another type of Byeolseon is called the Waebyeolseon, but this is not a captured Wako ship; it is made like a Japanese pirate ship for naval practice. A multideck warship that carries at least 26 cannons but usually carries more (maybe up to 50) and 50 to 60 rowers and sailors and another 125 marines. By having multiple levels,
4876-463: The appointed admiral often came from an outside region. The admiral was unlikely unfamiliar with the natural environment, the available technology, and staffing of the invaded region. Finally, as the government never maintained the main army, new and ill-trained recruits conscripted during war constituted a significant part of the army. Seonjo established the Sogo System in 1593, a militia system during
4982-399: The army suffered repeated defeats. Still, the naval forces under Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Jeolla Province won numerous victories, securing control of the sea and significantly impacting the war's outcome. Admiral Yi's success in naval battles was due not only to his knowledge of the sea and the use of turtle ships but also to the superiority of large cannons (such as Seungja Choeongtong) fired from
5088-469: The basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since
5194-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
5300-570: The cannon during battles. In addition to the Sujanggun, the Sujangdae were also trained to use other types of naval artillery, including rockets and cannons. They were considered a highly specialized and elite unit of the Joseon Navy and played an essential role in defending Korea's coastlines and harbors. Suyeongsa , was a special unit within the Joseon Navy during the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. The term "suyeongsa" literally means "water ghost division," and
5406-468: The country into military districts, with each district under the command of a garrison commander. These commanders were responsible for maintaining the readiness of their troops, ensuring that they were trained and equipped to defend against any potential threats. The Garrison Command system also facilitated the rapid deployment of troops to any part of the country, allowing the navy to quickly respond to any invasion or attack. The most important equipment for
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#17328446370705512-409: The country's coastal waters. The Sogo system also provided a means of training and equipping sailors and naval officers, ensuring that the navy was always ready for action. He reduced the service period by dividing 6-months of service into three shifts from the previous two shifts and allowing officers to alternate their duties. The Garrison Command system was a military organization system that divided
5618-399: The defense system to secure as many defensive fortresses as possible to enhance the defensive depth. It comprises a Jujin , the main fortress commanded by a Jeoldosa , a provincial naval commander who takes a regional coastal defense and orders lower unit commanders. A Geojin is a medium-size local administrative unit near the coasts commanded by a Cheomjeoljesa , a county commander between
5724-705: The end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that
5830-409: The establishment of forts at various ports. The naval forces and the regular army were the main conscripted forces among the civilian population. During the reign of King Seongjong in 1475, out of a total of 148,849 soldiers, the naval forces numbered 48,800, and the regular army numbered 72,109. The naval forces were supplemented not only by coastal residents but also by people from inland regions. Among
5936-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
6042-404: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it
6148-826: The fuse. In 1596, the seungja were phased out in favor of Japanese-style muskets and arquebuses . The Koreans called these jochong (조총/鳥銃). During the Imjin War, Admiral Yi Sun-sin disrupted Japanese supply lines and engaged their fleets at strategic locations of his choosing, such as straits with small islands, and used currents to cripple them. He utilized range and artillery to keep the Japanese from boarding their ships and engaging in Hand-to-hand combat . He used ambush tactics throughout his campaign to demoralize them. He used three naval battle formations, "crane-wing formation" ( Hakik-jin , (Korean: 학익진 ; Hanja: 鶴翼陣 ), "long snake" formation ( Jangsajin , (Korean: 장사진 ; Hanja: 長蛇陣 ), and
6254-411: The garrisons during King Seongjong's time. This shift from sea to land service blurred the distinction between naval forces and the regular army. Consequently, during King Jungjong's reign, the argument for strengthening the land forces (防倭陸戰論) emerged, advocating for the enhancement of the army's cavalry, as Korea excelled in land battles while Japan excelled in sea battles. During the mid-Joseon period,
6360-478: The gunners, archers, and marines on deck wore light blue long sleeveless vests ( jeonbok , Korean: 전복 ; Hanja: 戰服 ). Red vests representing master-at-arms and yellow vests for military bands. Commissioned officers (usually military yangban) wore a red and yellow military officials coat ( dongdari , Korean: 동다리 ; Hanja: 同多里 ) for middle to high-ranking officers and red and blue dongdari for junior-ranking officers with
6466-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
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#17328446370706572-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
6678-612: The joint training of the Naval Commander, training the naval forces of Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong Provinces, and the Naval Administrator training the naval forces of Gyeonggi and Hwanghae Provinces according to naval training regulations. There were spring exercises (春操) in February and autumn exercises (秋操) in August, with spring exercises training to sail ships in these seasonal tides being joint training and autumn exercises being provincial training. Japanese pirate invasions intensified as
6784-570: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
6890-451: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
6996-511: The most well-known haejang units was the Geobukseon Haejang, composed of soldiers who served on the famous "turtle ships" (Geobukseon) of the Joseon Navy. These ships were so named because of their unique covered decks, designed to resemble a turtle's shell and protect the crew from enemy fire. The Geobukseon Haejang were highly skilled in close-quarters combat and were known for their bravery and tenacity in battle. Other haejang units of
7102-403: The naval fleet was composed of large warships (戰船) and turtle ships, medium warships (防船) and combat ships (兵船), and small warships (伺候船). The byeongjoseon (Korean: 병조선 ; Hanja: 兵漕船 ) was a warship developed during King Sejo 's era during peacetime. It was a very traditional ship developed to emphasize the standard use of warships for maintaining peace on the coasts when
7208-468: The naval forces was military ships. Initially, there were separate ships for naval battles and transportation. According to the 『Sejong Sillok』 "Geography Section," various types of military ships were mentioned, such as large ships (大船), medium ships (中船), fast ships (快船), fierce ships (猛船), Japanese ships (倭別船), medium fierce ships (中猛船), pursuit ships (追倭別猛船), and special ships (別船), but there were no records of their shapes or sizes. During King Sejo's reign,
7314-466: The naval forces weakened due to this shift. After the Three Ports Incident (三浦倭亂), the joint defense system initially implemented only for the Gyeongsang naval forces was expanded to Jeolla Province, eventually leading to the adoption of the Jeeseungbangryak (制勝方略) defense strategy for both the navy and the army. The garrison system was a regional defense system based on provinces. At the same time,
7420-521: The naval forces, positions such as Jinmu (鎭撫), Jiin (知印), Yeongsa (令史), Sagwan (射官), and Yeongseondumok (領船頭目) were given preferential treatment over lower-ranking soldiers. According to the 『Gyeongguk Daejeon』, military ships were classified and distributed into large, medium, and small fierce ships (大中小猛船) for each port in each province. The total number of military ships nationwide was 737, including 81 large fierce ships, 195 medium fierce ships, and 461 small fierce ships. The crew size for each type of ship
7526-446: The navy became useless after the end of King Sejong. The Byeongjoseon developed into three sizes, the daebyeongjoseon, jungbyeongjoseon, and sobyeongjoseon. The daebyeongjoseon carries 50-60 sailors and 800 lbs of grain. The jungbyeongjoseon carried 50 men, and the sobyeongjoseon carried 30 men. These ships fell into disuse as the navy developed more efficient warships. The Maengseon (Korean: 맹선 ; Hanja: 猛船 )
7632-433: The navy grappled with deteriorating working conditions and struggled to defend itself in confrontations. The warships of that era were highly susceptible to the whims of wind and waves. Commanders, marines, and sailors often found themselves at the mercy of power-based irregularities and mistreatment. They were also vulnerable to various diseases and contagions, leading some to desert their posts. From King Seongjong's time,
7738-405: The navy was the jangchang (Korean: 장창 ; Hanja: 長槍 ), a four-meter spear wielded for thrusting and drawing while moving forward and backward. But due to its long length, they cannot use this spear for throwing. The woldo was a 9 ft curved-bladed polearm with a spike at the end of the handle and a tassel or feather attached to the blade. The auxiliary Korean spear
7844-447: The navy, causing the naval service to become a low-status duty. Such circumstances have continued for over 100 years. The government, recognizing the heavy burden of naval service, granted naval personnel honorary titles (수직, 授職), tax exemptions, exempted them from labor duties (복호, 復戶), and allowed them to live with their families. However, as naval service became less desirable, only the lower classes among civilians were conscripted into
7950-414: The navy. The general population was reluctant to join the navy. Consequently, during King Seongjong's reign, naval service became hereditary (세전, 世傳) to maintain a consistent number of maritime personnel. However, this accelerated the degradation of the marine service, which eventually became regarded as one of the seven low-status occupations (칠반천역, 七般賤役) in the later period. Admiral Yi Sun-sin prepared for
8056-427: The operation plan, train local sailors and marines, and defend their defensive quarter by mobilizing their sailors and ships in the case of conflict. Originally, the naval forces were supposed to work at sea, but because of the management of the ships and the arduous training, King Seongjong installed coastal fortresses. However, when there's a massive invasion, there are not enough soldiers to defend their provinces as it
8162-432: The plates weaved into the brigandine were either iron, copper, or leather. It became the primary form of Korean armor and often reached below the knees when worn. The helmet assumes a conical shape and has three brigandine flaps that protect the sides and back of the head. The standard Korean sword was the hwando , a short and light curved sword commonly used by Joseon marines during peacetime. The standard polearm used in
8268-596: The practice of hiring substitutes and paying fees to avoid military service became common, transforming the heavy burden of naval service into a financial burden for hiring substitutes, such as the practice of collecting cloth instead of military service (방군수포, 放軍收布). Wealthy sailors and officers hired substitutes to fulfill their military duties. At the same time, officers such as Assistant Commanders (첨사, 僉使) and Commanders (만호) took clothes from sailors in exchange for exempting them from service. Additionally, people of unclear status (양천불명자, 良賤不明者) and criminals were conscripted into
8374-631: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of
8480-428: The provincial capital and small local towns near the coasts called Jejins , who are commanded by the chief local magistrates or a Manho , a naval commander. Using this strategic composition, a Jingwan fights and defend their provinces, and every province has several independent Jingwans . Under this system, the roles of local commanders were to be stationed at their post, know the local topography inside and out, draft
8586-409: The roof and designed for usually ramming enemy ships while firing at point-blank . Its crew complement usually comprised about 50 to 60 fighting marines and 70 rowers. The turtle ship carries 11 cannons on each side. There were two more cannon portholes on the front and back of the turtle ship. On the ship's top at the bow was a dragon's head used as an early form of psychological warfare . It's used as
8692-489: The rowers at the bottom were relatively safe, and marines at the top would have a height advantage over the enemy, firing down upon them and avoiding boarding the ship. The upper deck had a tower in the ship's middle used for command and observation. The deck of the panokseon was broad and flat, making it ideal for the installation of cannons. Panokseons came in different sizes, the largest vessels estimated to range between 70 feet (21 m) and 100 feet (30 m) in length with
8798-505: The ruling family of Tsushima, requested negotiations. In the diplomatic exchanges that followed, Korea permitted the So clan to continue trade with Korean coastal harbors under the condition that they suppress the activities of Japanese pirates. During the Joseon Dynasty , the navy and maritime operations fell into disuse, while fishing vessels continued to operate and prosper. The entire military
8904-420: The seungja chongtong as a two-handed club in melee combat. Other variants were the soseungja chongtong, a handheld cannon attached to a gunstock that fired a bullet and a large arrow; like the seungja, it could only fire by lighting the fuse. Another variant was the soseungja chongtong , a handheld cannon attached to a gunstock that fired a bullet and a large arrow, but like the seungja it can only fire by lighting
9010-485: The ships. Due to a shortage of naval forces in the late Joseon period, King Sukjong implemented the Naval Consolidation Law (水軍束伍法) to strengthen the navy. This law mixed civilians and low-status individuals, changing the previous two-shift system to a three-shift one, easing the service period. The Border Defense Council of Joseon was a supreme administrative organ established by the central government after
9116-660: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
9222-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
9328-416: The three provinces and naval commanders in each maritime camp. A ship's crew comprises rowers, gunners, sailors, low-ranking officers, lieutenants, and a captain. The rotation system for the naval forces was '2 rotations per month' (二番一朔相遞), with six months of service per year, whereas the regular army had '8 rotations per two months' (八番二朔相遞), with three months of service per year. Thus, the naval forces bore
9434-406: The tribute from seaside regions was seafood. Salt was popular across the nation. They produce salt and capture seafood during their military service. Therefore, the role of the navy was twice as heavy as the institutional burden compared to the army. Originally, naval forces were supposed to serve at sea, but due to the management of military ships and arduous training, fortresses were established in
9540-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
9646-962: The unit was composed of highly skilled naval commandos who were trained in underwater combat and reconnaissance. They were tasked with conducting covert operations, such as sabotage, espionage, and infiltration, against enemy forces. The Suyeongsa were highly respected for their bravery and skill, and they played a critical role in many naval battles during the Joseon Dynasty. They were known for their ability to swim long distances underwater, and for their use of specialized weapons and equipment, such as harpoons, knives, and underwater breathing devices made from animal bladders. The Suyeongsa were also known for their strict code of honor and discipline. They were required to undergo rigorous training and were expected to demonstrate unwavering loyalty to their commanders and fellow soldiers. In recognition of their service, Suyeongsa members were granted special privileges, such as exemption from taxes and military service, and were accorded
9752-490: The upper deck to protect soldiers from enemy arrows and stones. This indicates that the bangpaeseon was developed alongside the bangeunseon during the Eulmyo Japanese invasions. However, there are no records of the bangpaeseon being used in actual combat during the Imjin War. It reappeared after the Imjin War, starting from the reign of Injo. A pre-industrial assault ship clad in spike protruding hexagonal armored plates on
9858-404: The 『Gyeongguk Daejeon』, under the garrison system, naval commanders were stationed in major garrisons, deputy naval commanders in large garrisons, and Manho in various garrisons. The command system of the naval forces was that one or two provincial commanders from each province commanded a provincial naval base, and each coastal county and city had a naval commander. The majority of the Joseon Navy
9964-400: Was 80 for large fierce ships, 60 for medium fierce ships, and 30 for small fierce ships. Excluding non-military ships, the total crew size multiplied by the number of ships equaled 24,400, which matched half of the total number of naval forces (48,800), aligning with the two-shift rotation system. In the early days of the Joseon Dynasty, the officers of the navy consisted of naval commanders of
10070-536: Was a complete metallic armor set. It was composed of a helmet resembling European kettle hats with attached neck defenses of mail or lamellar, body armor reaching down to the thighs or knees, and a set of shoulder guards that protected the upper arm. In the late dynasty, the dujeonggap (Korean: 두정갑 ; Hanja: 頭釘甲 ) is the Korean equivalent of brigandine . The high-ranking officers wore brass scales, and middle-low-ranking officers wore iron. The marines all wore brigandine made from cotton layers, and
10176-517: Was a particular naval artillery unit that operated the Hwacha, a rocket launcher that the Joseon Navy used. The Hwacha could fire multiple rockets simultaneously and was a highly effective weapon against enemy ships. The Hwacha Haejang were highly trained in using this weapon and were considered one of the most fundamental units of the Joseon Navy. The Joseon Navy had several elite units that were highly skilled and trained for specific purposes. The Haebyeong
10282-424: Was a special naval force of the Joseon Dynasty that was responsible for defending the coastlines and harbors of Korea. They were known for their expertise in coastal defense and were equipped with various types of weaponry, including cannons, muskets, and swords. The Haebyeong were highly respected and were considered one of the most important military units of the Joseon Navy. Sujangdae , also known as Sujeongdae ,
10388-537: Was a type of naval artillery unit in the Joseon Dynasty. The name "Sujangdae" literally means "water arrow unit" in Korean, and the unit was responsible for operating a type of naval cannon known as the Sujanggun. The Sujanggun was a multi-barreled cannon that could fire multiple projectiles simultaneously. It was typically used for naval battles and coastal defense and was known for its accuracy and effectiveness in combat. The Sujangdae were highly skilled in using this weapon and were responsible for loading, aiming, and firing
10494-545: Was a warship succeeding the Byeongjoseon, serving from the time of King Seongjong to King Myeongjong . It has an appropriate number of oars installed on both sides as a place to row, and a deck is laid for soldiers to ride and engage in battle. The Maengseon came in three sizes, the Daemaengseon, Jungmaengseon, and Somaengseon deployed to naval bases. The Daemaengseon was large enough to accommodate 80 sailors, and when used as
10600-464: Was also a dispersed-force defense system. It requires the concentrated use of forced local forces to defend their defense perimeters, and the Bupiljeoktajinjijobeob rule prevents provinces from coming to each other's aid. They requested military commanders from the central government for support who did not know a familiar province's terrain. Joseon navy mobilizes its troops and ships through
10706-581: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as
10812-536: Was established. The academy produces approximately 160 officers before its close during and after the First Sino-Japanese War. In the early Joseon period, each port had a naval commander (水軍都節制使), a deputy naval commander (水軍都僉節制使), and a naval administrator (水軍處置使). During King Sejong's reign, the naval commander was renamed to naval pacification administrator (水軍都安撫處置使) and was assisted by high-ranking officers such as Domanho (都萬戶) and Manho (萬戶). According to
10918-439: Was ignored and weakened because of the relative peace during the Joseon dynasty. Also, with the policy of Korean kings that emphasized agriculture and Confucian ideals, the Korean navy, along with the rest of the Korean military, weakened steadily. However, Korea eventually developed strong wooden ships called panokseons that made up the backbone of the Joseon navy. Panokseons and the Korean navy were most widely used during
11024-479: Was popular among archers and gunners as they offered body protection at lower prices. Sets of leather armor worn by sailors are called Pigabju (Korean: 피갑주 ; Hanja: 皮甲胄 ). Senior naval officers and marines wore a traditional form of Korean armor that persisted with the Mongols' influences during the 13~14th centuries, lamellar armor ( jalgap , Korean: 찰갑 ; Hanja: 札甲 ). It
11130-408: Was stationed in Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong provinces. After several reorganizations concerning the naval command of the military magistrates during the reign of King Sejong, he established the naval commander system, under which the naval commanders were placed. During the reign of King Sejong, the naval forces were systematically organized in terms of the number of troops, military ships, and
11236-462: Was the dangpa , a 7–8 ft three-pronged trident with a spear tip in the middle used for close defensive combat to trap an enemy's sword between two of the three prongs. They also carry a pengbae (Korean: 팽배 ; Hanja: 彭排 ), a round shield, or a deungpaea (Korean: 등패 ; Hanja: 藤牌 ), a rattan shield along with a sword. Joseon sailors and officers often fought as archers with their bows , which had
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