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50-561: It was established on 10 February 1995 by the Almaty agreement. Which was signed by Armenia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Georgia , Turkmenistan , Ukraine and Uzbekistan . Georgia and Turkmenistan ceased their membership in 1997, while Uzbekistan is maintaining cooperation with Russia on a bilateral basis. By decision of the Council of CIS Heads of Governments of November 3, 1995, an effective financing mechanism for

100-598: A decisive economic impact that strongly influenced the destiny of Alma-Ata as the capital of the Kazakh ASSR . In 1930 the construction of the highway and railway to Alma-Ata was completed. On 29 April 1927, the government decided to transfer the capital of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from Kyzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata, within the RFSFR. This attracted more trade and people working with

150-566: A maximal elevation of 4,973 m (16,316 ft) ( Talgar Peak ). The term " Alatau " refers to a kind of mountain. The range is bounded in the north by the Ili Depression of the Ili River , hence the name. The former capital of Kazakhstan , Almaty , is located at the foot of the range. The Ile-Alatau National Park is a protected area in the Ile Alatau. The Zailiisky Alatau Range is one of

200-519: A military parade to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic. Almaty Weather Station's GM mostly records south-easterly wind (30%), its resistance increases during the summer (37%) and falls in winter (19%). Wind speeds exceed 15 m/s on about 15 days a year, on average. Industrially developed and densely populated areas in the south and southeast of Kazakhstan are situated in

250-456: A mobile app was launched in 2017. The area of the city has been expanded during recent years with the annexation of the suburban settlements of Kalkaman, Kok Tobe, Gorniy Gigant District (Mountain Giant). Numerous apartment blocks and office skyscrapers have transformed the face of the town, which has been built into the mountains. Squatter settlements such as Shanyrak have resisted eviction in

300-401: A period of about 67 days. Weather with temperature above 30 °C (86 °F) is average for about 36 days a year. In the center of Almaty, like any large city, there is a heat island . Therefore, frost in the city center starts about 7 days later and finishes 3 days earlier than in the northern suburbs. Annual precipitation is about 650 to 700 mm (25.6 to 27.6 in). April and May are

350-607: A population of over two million. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1936, while the country was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR , then from 1936 to 1991, a union republic of the Soviet Union and finally from 1991, an independent state. In 1997, the government relocated the capital to Akmola (now called Astana). Almaty is still the major commercial, financial, and cultural centre of Kazakhstan, as well as its most populous and most cosmopolitan city. The city

400-483: A scientific, cultural, historical, financial, and industrial centre. The new general plan of Almaty for 2030 was released in 1998. It is intended to create ecologically safe, secure, and socially comfortable living conditions in the city. The main objective is to promote Almaty's image as a garden-city. It proposes continued multi-storied and single-housing development, reorganization of industrial districts or territories, improving transport infrastructure, and expanding

450-715: A single commander. It is controlled by Air Defense Coordinating Committee of the CIS whose members are commanders of air defense troops or air forces of the member states. The Chairman of the Committee at the time of formation was Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force Colonel-General Alexander Zelin . Currently, the chairman is the former Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces , Colonel-General Sergei Surovikin . As for year 2005

500-568: Is characterized by the influence of mountain–valley circulation . This is especially evident in the northern part of the city, located directly in the transition zone of the mountain slopes to the plains. Annual average air temperature is equal to 10 °C (50 °F), the coldest month is January, −4.7 °C (24 °F) (on average), the warmest month (July) 23.8 °C (75 °F) (on average). In average years frost starts on about 14 October and ends on about 18 April, with sustained extreme cold from about 19 December to about 23 February,

550-709: Is considered a likely candidate for the ancestor of the modern domestic apple. During 1000–900 BC in the Bronze Age , the first farmers and cattle-breeders established settlements in the territory of Almaty. During the Saka period (from 700 BC to the beginning of the Christian era), these lands were occupied by the Saka and later Wusun tribes, who inhabited the territory north of the Tian Shan mountain range with evidence of these times found in

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600-656: Is located in south-eastern Kazakhstan, almost 1000 km from the capital Astana. Kyrgyzstan's capital Bishkek is 190 km to the west, while Ürümqi in China is almost 1000 km east. The region is also home to the Mynjylky mountain plateau , an elevated plain located at the source of the Malaya Almaatinka river at an altitude of 3000 meters above sea level. Almaty has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfa ) with hot summers and cold winters. It

650-513: Is located in the mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan near the border with Kyrgyzstan in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau at an elevation of 700–900 m (2,300–3,000 feet), where the Large and Small Almatinka rivers run into the plain. The city, just like Astana and Shymkent , does not belong to any region and is officially a "city of republican significance". The city has been part of

700-659: Is separated from the Kungei Alatau by longitudinal intermountain valleys of two rivers - Chilik and Chonkemin. In the area of their sources, the ranges are connected through the Chilico-Kemin mountain junction. The prevailing altitudes - 4000–4600 m, the highest point - Talgar peak (4973–4979 m). On the northern slope is the Gorodetsky Glacier. The highest part of the Trans-Ili Alatau in the vicinity of Talgar Peak between

750-597: Is the complex valley Korzhenevsky glacier, its area is 38 km . The glaciers are quite severely frozen. One of the reference glaciers of the World Glacier Monitoring Service - Central Tuyuksu (Tuyuksu) - is located in Zailiisky Alatau. The Tuyuksu glacier (3.3 km ) has the longest mass-balance line in the territory of the former USSR. The thermal balance of the glacier and its velocities (20-50, up to 90 m/year) are also monitored. Glaciation of

800-515: The Almaty Metro . The first line of the Almaty metro was launched on 1 December 2011, two weeks ahead of schedule. The extension of the line to Qalqaman was opened in 2015. Nevertheless, Almaty has developed a major problem with air pollution . Already in 1995, particulate emissions , then mostly from the city's thermal power station , exceeded Kazakh and EU standards by over 20 times. In 2008, Almaty

850-682: The Kazakhs became a minority in the region. During the years 1941–1945 the industrial potential of the city increased significantly. Development increased during the postwar years. The population of the city grew from 104,000 in 1919 to 365,000 in 1968. By 1967 the city had 145 enterprises, with the bulk of these being light and food industries. The main industries in Alma-Ata were: food processing (36% of gross industrial output), based largely on locally abundant fruit and vegetable raw materials, light industry (31%), and heavy industry (33%). The main products of

900-700: The Kazakhstan Hotel , and the Medeo Sports Complex. The supersonic transport Tupolev Tu-144 went into service on 26 December 1975, carrying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services; these began in November 1977. The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the 55th and last scheduled passenger flight of the Tu-144. Alma-Ata was the host city for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care . The Alma Ata Declaration

950-685: The UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the area of music since November 2017. From 1929 to 1936, the city, then known as Alma-Ata, was the capital of the Kazakh ASSR . From 1936 to 1991, Alma-Ata was the capital of the Kazakh SSR . After Kazakhstan became independent in 1991, the city was renamed Almaty in 1993 and continued as the capital until 1997, when the capital was moved to Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998, Nur-Sultan in 2019, and again Astana in 2022). Since then Almaty has been referred to as

1000-543: The "southern capital" of Kazakhstan. Almaty remains the largest, most developed, and most ethnically and culturally diverse city in Kazakhstan . Due to development by the Soviet Union and relocation of workers and industries from European areas of the Soviet Union during World War II , the city has a high proportion of ethnic Russians and Uyghurs . The city lies in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau (or Zailiysky Alatau) in

1050-516: The 15th–18th centuries, the city was in decline as trade activities were decreasing on this part of the Silk Road . European nations were conducting more overseas trade by shipping. This period was one of crucial ethnic and political transformations. The Dzungar invaded, dominating the Kazakh people for a period. The Kazakhs fought to protect their land and preserve independence. In 1730 the Kazakh defeated

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1100-561: The Bolshaya and Malenkaya Almatinka rivers. Construction began on 4 February 1854 and was largely completed by autumn. The fort was a pentagonal wooden palisade with one side built along the Malaya Almatinka. Before the end of the year, it was renamed Fort Vernoe ( Верное , "Loyal"), sometimes rendered as Vyernoe at the time. The palisade was eventually replaced with a brick wall with embrasures. The fort's main facilities were erected around

1150-498: The CIS air defense system was created from a targeted allocation of funds by participating states. Since September 1996, combat firing has been conducted by CIS air defense units. In September 1998, the first joint tactical exercises of the system "Combat Commonwealth – 98" were held. Such exercises have become traditional and are held once every two years. General aims of Joint AD System are the following: The Joint CIS AD System doesn't have

1200-642: The Dzungar in the Anyrakay mountains, 70 kilometres (45 miles) northwest of Almaty. The Senior Kazakh Horde (Uly Zhuz) held jurisdiction over the region. During the eighteenth century, the city and region were roughly near the border of the Khanate of Kokand . It was then absorbed as part of the Russian Empire in the 1850s. To establish its control of the region, Russia built Fort Zailiyskoe ( Russian : Заилийское ) between

1250-633: The Joint CIS AD System included: The existing composition of forces was determined by a decision ratified in December 2015: SAM regiments are armed with 9K33 Osa , 9K37 Buk , S-75 Dvina , S-125 Neva/Pechora , S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna and S-300 Favorit systems. Fighter jets include MiG-23 , MiG-29 , MiG-31 and Su-27 . Joint exercises of CIS AD System are commonly held at Ashuluk range in Astrakhan Oblast . The Russian early warning system

1300-541: The Soviet Union on 16 December 1991 ( Kazakhstan Independence Day ). On 28 January 1993, the government renamed the city from the Russian Alma-Ata to the Kazakh name Almaty . In 1997 the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev approved the decree to transfer the capital from Almaty to Astana in the north of the country. On 1 July 1998 a law was passed to establish the special status of Almaty as

1350-667: The city was almost completely destroyed with over 770 brick buildings collapsing as a result of the 1911 Kebin earthquake . In 1918 following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Bolshevik government, Soviet power was established in Verny. The city and the region became part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (RSFSR). On 5 February 1921, Verny was renamed Alma-Ata, one of

1400-492: The city's ancient names, by a joint consultation of regional government representatives, professional trade associations, and local faith-based groups. In 1926, the Council of Labor and Defence approved the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway that was a crucial element of the future growth of Kazakhstan, especially in the east and southeast of the region. The Turkestan–Siberia Railway construction also had

1450-479: The dates of occurrence and extracts from the historical chronicles of the times: Trans-Ili Alatau Ile Alatau ( Kazakh : Ile Alatauy , Іле Алатауы ), also spelt as Trans-Ili Alatau , is a part of the Northern Tian Shan mountain system (ancient Mount Imeon ) in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan . It is the northernmost mountain range of Tian Shan, stretching for about 350 km (220 mi) with

1500-404: The extreme south-east. It has a relatively mild climate with warm and dry summers and quite cold winters. Since the city is in a tectonically active area, it has an endemic risk of earthquakes . Although most tremors do not cause any significant damage, Almaty has suffered some large destructive earthquakes. The name Almaty has its roots in the medieval settlement Almatau , that existed near

1550-458: The face of these development plans. Almaty was the site of a notorious terrorist attack in July 2016, when Jihadist Ruslan Kulikbayev killed eight police officers and two civilians in a shootout and car chase. Kulikbayev was wounded during the shootout and later sentenced to death for the attack. In March 2020, the first cases of COVID-19 were reported in the city. Soon, Almaty was transformed, as

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1600-449: The features of a high-altitude, continental climate . The position of the ridge in the center of Eurasia and relatively close range to the equator has contributed to an increase in heat, decrease in moisture and creation of its own microclimate in Trans-Ili Alatau. In total, as of 2008, there are 441 glaciers with a total area of 171 km and a volume of 6.9 km . There are almost all morphological types of glaciers. The largest

1650-732: The government dramatically affected the city's population and structures. To better organize the home front and concentrate industrial and material resources, the government evacuated 26,000 people and numerous industries from the European theatre of war. Alma-Ata hosted over 30 industrial facilities removed from the European section of the USSR , eight evacuated hospitals, 15 institutes, universities and technical schools; and around 20 cultural institutions. Motion picture production companies from Leningrad , Kyiv , and Moscow were also moved to Alma-Ata at this time. This brought in so many ethnic Russians that

1700-663: The government, stimulating intensive development in the city. On 31 January 1928, Leon Trotsky , leader of the 1917 October Revolution , accompanied by his wife Natalia Sedova and his son Lev Sedov , was exiled to Alma-Ata by Joseph Stalin , then head of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in Moscow. Trotsky was expelled from Alma-Ata to Turkey in February 1929, and went into exile in Mexico City. The Alma-Ata airport

1750-481: The large central square for training and parading. In 1867, the settlement around the fort was large enough that it was reorganized as the town of Almatinsk ( Алматинск ). Before the end of the year, this was renamed Verny ( Верный , Vernyj ). On 28 May 1887, at 4 a.m., an earthquake almost totally destroyed Verny in 11–12 minutes. By 1906 the population of the city had grown to 27,000, two-thirds of whom were Russians and Ukrainians. On 3 January 1911

1800-729: The northernmost arcs of the Tian Shan mountain system. It is located at 43°N, within 75-78°E, partly in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. The range begins in the west within the Chu River and extends 280 km eastward to the Chilik River. To the north of the axial ridge slopes gently down to the Chu-Ili Range and the Balkhash-Alakol Basin with the lower Ili River, in the south the ridge

1850-646: The numerous burial mounds ( tumuli ) and ancient settlements, especially the giant burial mounds of the Saka tsars. The most famous archaeological finds have been "The Golden Man", also known as "The Golden Warrior", from the Issyk Kurgan ; the Zhalauly treasure, the Kargaly diadem, and the Zhetysu arts bronzes (boilers, lamps, and altars). During the period of Saka and Wusun governance, Almaty became an early education center. In

1900-588: The pandemic led the city into a changed behavior. The government imposed lockdowns of most institutions. In January 2022, Almaty was plunged into unrest as part of a national political crisis . There are 8 official Almaty city districts :     Alatau district     Almaly district     Auezov district     Bostandyk district     Jetysu district     Medeu district     Nauryzbay district     Turksib district Almaty

1950-477: The population. During the 1930s Kazakh nomads suffered starvation after disruption of their traditional living patterns. (see: Asharshylyq ) In 1936 the Architecture and Planning Bureau developed a plan to enhance Alma-Ata as the new cultural capital of the Kazakh SSR . The plan was based on the existing rectangular system of districts. They were to be strengthened and reconstructed. During World War II

2000-472: The present-day city. A disputed theory holds that the name is derived from the Kazakh word for 'apple' (алма), and is often translated as "full of apples". Originally it was Almatau which means Apple Mountain. There is great genetic diversity among the wild apples in the region surrounding Almaty; the region west of the Tian Shan mountains is thought to be the apple's ancestral home. The wild Malus sieversii

2050-510: The region were: From 1966 to 1971, 1,400,000 square metres of public and cooperative housing were built. Annually, around 300,000 square metres of dwellings were under construction. Most of the buildings constructed during this time were earthquake-proof multi-story buildings. The Soviet government tried to diversify architectural forms to create a more varied cityscape. During this period, many schools, hospitals, cultural, and entertainment facilities were constructed, including Lenin's Palace,

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2100-483: The ridge, following the trend of the entire northern hemisphere, has been decreasing since the end of the Fernau stage (mid XIX century) to the present. Degradation rates have increased since the late 1950s, with glaciation decreasing by 41% over the past 60 years. A mountain summit in the western Tian Shan and Ile Ala-Tau mountains is named after the late African-American entertainer and activist, Paul Robeson who advocated

2150-737: The sources of the Talgar River , the upper Chilik River and the Chiliko-Kemin mountain junction is called the Talgar massif. In the nature conservation part of the Zailiyskiy Alatau, which is part of the Almaty nature reserve, there are: lynx, maral, roe deer, badger, hare and stone marten. The mountainous area is inhabited by black grouse, golden eagles, bearded vultures, mountain and bearded partridges, Himalayan snowcocks, juniper dubonos, blue birds, woodpeckers and nutcrackers. Trans-Ili Alatau has

2200-476: The system until 2008. The next generation of Russian radar are the Voronezh radar . In 2008, Russia announced its withdrawal from the agreement with Ukraine on their use due to an increase in rent and doubts about the reliability of the information received. On February 26, 2009, the flow of information from them stopped. Almaty Almaty , formerly Alma-Ata , is the largest city in Kazakhstan , with

2250-537: The wettest months, during which about a third of the city's annual precipitation is received. It is not uncommon to see snow or a cold snap hitting Almaty as late as the end of May. For example, in the last quarter century, such snowfalls were recorded on 13 May 1985, 1 May 1989, 5 May 1993 and 18 May 1998. The record latest snowfall in Almaty was on 17 June 1987. Almaty sometimes experiences winter rain, despite heavy preceding snowfall and low temperatures. The most memorable winter rain took place on 16 December 1996 during

2300-532: The zones where the maximum magnitudes of expected earthquakes are from 6.0 to 8.3 (the intensity of I0=8–10). The south seismic active zone of Kazakhstan is a part of the North Tian-Shan ridge system. The main city of Almaty is located near the Zailiski Alatau mountain base. In recorded history prior to the late 19th century, three catastrophic earthquakes are known to have taken place there. The following are

2350-545: Was adopted, marking a paradigm shift in global public health. On 16 December 1986, the Jeltoqsan riot took place in the Brezhnev Square (now Republic Square) in response to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev 's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunayev . On 7 September 1988, the subway Almaty Metro project started construction; the subway was opened on 1 December 2011 after 23 years. Kazakhstan declared its independence from

2400-605: Was opened in 1930, opening up a direct connection from Alma-Ata to Moscow , the center of the Soviet government . Alma-Ata became the main entry by air to Kazakhstan , a status which it retains today. Transformation of this small town into the capital of the Kazakh SSR was accelerated by the large-scale construction of new administrative and government facilities and housing. The Great Purge of 1936–38 extended to Kazakhstan , where numerous intellectuals, activists, leaders, teachers and others were killed. The Soviet government dominated

2450-443: Was ranked the 9th most polluted city in the world. A 2013 study identified cars as a major source of pollution, and it was noted since 2003 and 2013 morbidity had increased by a factor of 1.5, and that the city takes the first place in the republic on respiratory, endocrine and blood diseases, cancer and bronchial asthma , even though there are no major industrial installations. An independent local air quality monitoring system with

2500-886: Was set up in Soviet times. Its headquarters and two satellite data reception stations are located in Russia, as well as 3 out of 8 radar stations. They include the Dnepr/Daugava system in Olenegorsk , the Dnepr/Dnestr-M system in Mishelevka, Usolye-Sibirskoye , and the Daryal system in Pechora . The remaining radar stations are: The two Dnepr radars in Ukraine ( Mukachevo and Sevastopol ) used to be part of

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