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57-608: The basin is named after lakes Balkhash and Alakol , the largest waterbodies in the trough. The main city in the area is Balkhash . The basin was formed as a result of a trough that filled with river sediments. In the Carboniferous the whole area was part of the ancient Dzhungarian Sea , a vestige of the Palaeoasian Ocean . This ancient sea disappeared in the Permian . By the Eocene

114-560: A maximum width of 350 km (220 mi). The basin has two parts, the Balkhash depression in the west and the Alakol artesian basin in the east. The elevation ranges from 342 m (1,122 ft) —at the surface of lake Balkhash— to a maximum of 600 m (2,000 ft) towards the eastern end. To the northwest and north the depression is limited by the Kazakh Uplands , to the northeast by

171-484: A narrow, quite central, strait . The lake's western part is fresh water and its eastern half is saline . The eastern part is on average 1.7 times deeper than the west. The largest shore city is named Balkhash and has about 66,000 inhabitants. Main local economic activities include mining, ore processing and fishing. There is concern about the lake's shallowing due to desertification of microclimates and water extraction for multiplied industrial output. Moreover,

228-472: A very long, narrow, high sided valley lined by the Tian Shan mountains and is mainly fed by glacier . These have a sporadic degree of relief precipitation , their predominant type. Inflow is often greatest and most regulated during the glacial melting season: June to July. The river forms a quite narrow delta of 8,000 km that serves as an multi-year accumulator type of regulator. The eastern part of

285-533: Is 27.76 km /year, of which 11.5 km comes from China. The drainage basin of the lake is about 413,000 km ; with 15% in the north-west of Xinjiang in China and a negligible part from mountains along the Kyrgyz -Kazakh border. Lake Balkhash thus takes 86% of water inflow from Balkhash-Alakol basin. The Ili accounts for 73–80% of the inflow: 12.3 km /year or 23 km per year. The river rises in

342-440: Is about 600 km and the width varies from 9–19 km in the eastern part to 74 km in the western part. Saryesik Peninsula, near the middle of the lake, hydrographically divides it into two very different lakes. The western lake covers 58% of the surface area but only 46% of the volume. It is thus relatively shallow, quiet and filled with freshwater. The eastern lake is much deeper and saltier. These parts are connected by

399-437: Is drought resistant and intolerant of flooding, excess water, or acidic soils. Seed production especially in desert regions, is dependent on precipitation. Good seed years occur when there is appreciable summer precipitation and little browsing. Winterfat occurs on well-drained, calcareous soils with low to moderate salt concentrations. Krascheninnikovia has been first described in 1772 by Johann Anton Güldenstädt . The genus

456-579: Is geologically a very short time span. The basin is a part of Dzungarian Alatau , which also contains lakes Sasykkol , Alakol and Aibi . These lakes are remnants of an ancient sea which once covered the entire Balkhash-Alakol depression, but was not connected with the Aral–Caspian Depression . All the rivers of this region that carry their waters from high mountains flow into Lake Balkhash, however, none of them flows out. The major ones are: Ili , Aksu and Karatal . River Tokrau flows from

513-599: The Aral Sea . Since 1970, the 39 km outflow of water to fill the Kapchagay Reservoir led to a 66% fall in inflow from the Ili. The concomitant decrease the lake's level was about 15.6 cm/year, much greater than the natural decline of 1908–1946 (9.2 cm/year). The shallowing is acute in the western "half". From 1972 until 2001, a small salt lake Alakol, 8 km south of Balkhash, had practically disappeared and

570-645: The Khankhai Sea took shape and filled with saltwater, covering roughly the area of the present-day basin with an eastern extension that included Lake Zaysan and reached further eastwards into the Gobi Lakes . In the Oligocene this sea dried up, leaving residual lakes, including Balkhash, Alakol, Zaisan and Gobi. In the Miocene the Balkhash depression filled with sediments and lake Balkhash became shallow and desalinated. At

627-803: The Tarbagatai Mountains , to the west by the Zheltau , Aitau and Maizharylgan mountains, and to the south by the Dzungarian Alatau in the east and the Chu-Ili Range , part of the Tien Shan mountain system. The main watercourse of the basin is the Ili river, flowing into Lake Balkhash from the south. Other important rivers are the Aksu , Koksu , Lepsy , Karatal , Emil , Urzhar , Tentek and Ayagöz , as well as

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684-924: The Tokrau and the Bakanas , which are part of the basin even though not reaching the lake. Besides the Balkhash and Alakol, other lakes of the basin are the Sasykkol , Zhalanashkol , Kashkanteniz and Itishpes , among a few smaller ones. The basin includes the Saryesik-Atyrau , Taukum and Muyunkum sandy deserts. The vegetation of the Balkhash-Alakol Depression is characteristic of the Kazakh Steppe desert and semi-desert areas. The main species that grow are salt-tolerant shrubs and grasses, such as saxaul , Calligonum , saltwort , wormwood and winterfat . Parts of

741-517: The Uzynaral Strait ( Kazakh : Ұзынарал – "long island") – 3.5 km wide and about 6 metres deep. The lake includes several small basins. In the western part, are two depressions 7–11 meters deep. One extends from the western coast (near Tasaral Island) to Cape Korzhyntubek, whereas the second lies south from the Gulf Bertys, which is the deepest part of the "half". The average depth of

798-629: The 8th century on, the land to the south of the lake, between it and the Tian Shan mountains, was known in Turkic as Jetisu "Seven Rivers" ( Semirechye in Russian ). It was a land where the nomadic Turks and Mongols of the steppe mingled cultures with the settled peoples of Central Asia. In 1864, the lake and its neighboring area were ceded to the Russian Empire under the Treaty of Tarbagatai . With

855-476: The Gulf Karashagan and Ili River are low (1–2 m) and sandy. They are often flooded and therefore contain numerous water pools. Occasional hills are present with the height of 5–10 m. The coastline is very curvy and dissected by numerous bays and coves. The large bays of the western part are: Saryshagan, Kashkanteniz, Karakamys, Shempek (the southern pole of the lake), and Balakashkan Ahmetsu, and those in

912-525: The Ili River, with a planned increase of 3.6 times that. The current rate of the increase is 0.5–4 km /year. In 2007, the Kazakhstan government proposed a price reduction for sales of Kazakh products to China in exchange for reduction of water consumption from Ili River, but the offer was declined by China. Krascheninnikovia 3, see text Krascheninnikovia is a genus of flowering plants in

969-477: The Ili-Balkhash basin 233,000 tonnes of construction materials, at least 550,000 tonnes of livestock, fertiliser and foodstuffs and at least 53 tonnes of fish. Development of eco-tourism is expected to increase the passengers to 6,000 people per year. Academics and government advisors fear major loss of ecosystems in the lake. Unabashed industrial extraction would likely emulate the environmental disaster at

1026-485: The Kapchagay. The associated 49.5-MW Kerbulak Hydroelectric Power Plant will partially solve the problem of providing electricity to the southern areas of Kazakhstan and will serve as a buffer for daily and weekly fluctuations in the water level of the Ili River. Energy supply to the south-eastern part of Kazakhstan is an old problem, with numerous solutions proposed in the past. Proposals to build power plants on Balkhash in

1083-448: The arrival of two steamers and three barges. By 1996, up to 120,000 tonnes of building materials, 3,500 tonnes of ore, 45 tonnes of fish, 20 tonnes of melons and 3,500 passengers were transported on Balkhash (per year). During 2004 there were 1000 passengers and 43 tonnes of fish. In 2004, the local fleets consisted of 87 vessels, including 7 passenger ships, 14 cargo barges and 15 tugboats . The government projected that 2012 would see in

1140-449: The average mean temperature is −14 °C in January. Average precipitation is 131 mm per year and the relative humidity is about 60%. Wind, dry climate and high summer temperatures result in high evaporation rate – 950 mm in cold and up to 1200 mm in dry years. Wind has average speed of 4.5–4.8 m/s and blows mainly southward in the western part and to the south-west in

1197-575: The basin are used seasonally for pasture. Lake Balkhash Lake Balkhash , also spelt Lake Balqash ( Kazakh : Балқаш көлі , Balqaş kölı , pronounced [bɑʟ̠ˈqɑʃ kɵˈlʉ] ), is a lake in southeastern Kazakhstan , one of the largest lakes in Asia and the 15th largest in the world . It is located in the eastern part of Central Asia and sits in the Balkhash-Alakol Basin , an endorheic (closed) basin. The basin drains seven rivers,

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1254-496: The basin of the Lake Balkhash, including residents of Almaty – the largest city of Kazakhstan. The largest city on the lake is Balkhash with 66,724 inhabitants (2010). It is on the northern shore and has a prominent mining and metallurgy plant. A large copper deposit was discovered in the area in 1928–1930 and is being developed in the villages north of the lake. Part of the motorway between Bishkek and Karaganda runs along

1311-1091: The concentration of which was 1.127 g/L in 1985, is represented by numerous species of algae . The lake used to have a rich fauna, but since 1970, biodiversity began to decline due to deterioration of water quality. Before then, there were abundant shellfish , crustaceans , chironomidae and oligochaeta , as well as zooplankton (concentration 1.87 g/L in 1985 ), especially in the western part. The lake hosted about 20 species of fish, 6 of which were native: Ili marinka ( Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis ), Balkhash marinka ( S. argentatus ), Balkhash perch ( Perca schrenkii ), Triplophysa strauchii , T. labiata and Balkhash minnow ( Rhynchocypris poljakowii ). Other fish species were alien: common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), spine , Oriental bream ( Abramis brama orientalis ), Aral barbel ( Luciobarbus brachycephalus ), Siberian dace ( Leuciscus baicalensis ), tench ( Tinca tinca ), European perch ( Perca fluviatilis ), wels catfish ( Silurus glanis ), osman ( Diptychus ), Prussian carp ( Carassius gibelio ) and others. The fishery

1368-619: The copious perisperm. The chromosome base number is x=9, for example 2n=36 for Krascheninnikovia ceratoides , 2n=18 and 2n=36 for Krascheninnikovia lanata . The species of Krascheninnikovia are mostly distributed in Eurasia , two species occur in North America . In Europe , Krascheninnikovia ceratoides is the only species, it is native in eastern and Southern Europe, Winterfat occurs in dry valley bottoms, on flat mesas, and on hillsides, at elevations between 2,400 and 9,300 feet. It

1425-440: The country of Kazakhstan. The economic importance of the lake is mostly in its fishing industry. Systematic breeding of fish began in 1930; the annual catch was 20 thousand tonnes in 1952, it increased to 30 thousands in the 1960s and included up to 70% of valuable species. However, by the 1990s production fell to 6,600 tonnes per year with only 49 tonnes of valuable breeds. The decline is attributed to several factors, including

1482-502: The decrease in biodiversity. Of the 342 species of vertebrates , 22 are endangered and are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. Forests of the Ili delta were inhabited by the rare (now probably extinct) Caspian tiger and its prey, wild boar . Around the 1940s, Canadian muskrat was brought to the Ili delta; it quickly acclimatized, feeding on Typha , and was trapped for fur, up to 1 million animals per year. However, recent changes in

1539-576: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the lake became part of Kazakhstan . Balkhash lies in the deepest part of the vast Balkhash-Alakol depression, which was formed by a sloping trough between mountains of the Alpine orogeny and the older Kazakhstan Block during the Neogene and Quaternary . Rapid erosion of the Tian Shan has meant the depression subsequently filled with sand river sediments in what

1596-408: The eastern basin is 16 m and has the maximum depth (of 26 m). The average depth of the lake is 5.8 metres, and the total volume of water is about 112 km . The western and northern shores of the lake are high (20–30 m) and rocky; they are composed of such Paleozoic rocks as porphyry , tuff , granite , schist and limestone and keep traces of ancient terraces. The southern shores near

1653-636: The eastern part are: Guzkol, Balyktykol, Kukuna, Karashigan. The eastern part also includes peninsulas Baygabyl, Balay, Shaukar, Kentubek and Korzhintobe. The lake contains 43 islands with a total area of 66 km ; however, new islands are being formed due to the lowering of water level, and the area of the existing ones is increasing. The islands of the western part include Tasaral and Basaral (the largest), as well as Ortaaral, Ayakaral and Olzhabekaral. The eastern islands include Ozynaral, Ultarakty, Korzhyn and Algazy . The Balkhash-Alakol Basin covers 512,000 km , and its average surface water runoff

1710-508: The eastern part. The wind induces waves up to 2–3.5 m in height and steady clockwise currents in the western part. There are 110–130 sunny days per year with the average irradiance of 15.9 MJ/m per day. Water temperature at the surface of the lake varies from 0 °C in December to 28 °C in July. The average annual temperature is 10 °C in the western and 9 °C in the eastern parts of

1767-400: The ecosystems of Alakol and Balkhash basins. At the 2005 International Environmental Forum devoted to Lake Balkhash, Kazakhmys announced that by 2006 it will restructure its processes, thereby reducing emissions by 80–90%. Contamination of Balkhash originates not only locally, but is also brought by inflow of polluted water from China. China also consumes 14.5 km of water per year from

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1824-515: The halt of reproduction programs, poaching and decline in water level and quality. In 1970, the 364- megawatt Kapshagay Hydroelectric Power Plant was built on the Ili River, drawing water out of the new Kapshagay Reservoir for irrigation . Ili's water is also extensively used upstream, in the Xinjiang province of China, for the cultivation of cotton. Currently, there is a project for an additional counter-regulatory dam 23 km downstream from

1881-481: The impacts of climate change may also negatively affect the lake and its ecosystems. The present name of the lake originates from the word "balkas" of Tatar , Kazakh and Southern Altai languages which means "tussocks in a swamp". From as early as 103 BC up until the 8th century, the Balkhash polity surrounding the lake, whose Chinese name was Yibohai 夷播海, was known to the Chinese as 布谷/布庫/布蘇 "Bugu/Buku/Busu." From

1938-450: The lake is 2.94 g/L. Long-term (1931–70) average precipitation of salts in the lake is 7.53 million tonnes and the reserves of dissolved salts are about 312 million tonnes. The water in the western part has a yellow-gray tint, and in the eastern part the color varies from bluish to emerald-blue. The climate of the lake area is continental . The average mean temperature is about 24 °C with 30 °C (86 °F) highs in July and

1995-489: The lake is fed by the rivers Karatal , Aksu and Lepsy , as well as by groundwater . The Karatal rises on the slopes of Dzungarian Alatau and is the second-largest inflow. The Ayaguz , which fed the east half until 1950, seldom reaches Lake Balkhash. The western half's inflow averages 1.15 km greater, per year. The area and volume vary due to long-term and short-term fluctuations in water level. Long-term fluctuations had an amplitude of 12–14 metres. Since

2052-440: The lake, the mouth of the Ili River, and the Kapchagay Reservoir. The main piers are Burylbaytal and Burlitobe. The ships are relatively light due to the limiting depth in some parts of the lake; they are used mainly for catching fish and transporting fish and construction materials. The total length of the waterway is 978 km, and the navigation period is 210 days/year. Navigation on the Lake Balkhash originated in 1931 with

2109-920: The lake. The lake freezes every year between November and early April, and the melting is delayed by some 10–15 days in the eastern part. The shores of the lake contain individual willow trees and riparian forests , mostly composed of various species of Populus . Plants include common reed ( Phragmites australis ), lesser Indian reed mace ( Typha angustata ) and several species of cane – Schoenoplectus littoralis , S. lacustris and endemic S. kasachstanicus . Under water grow two types of Myriophyllum – spiked ( M. spicatum ) and whorled ( M. verticillatum ); several kinds of Potamogeton – shining ( P. lucens ), perfoliate ( P. perfoliatus ), kinky ( P. crispus ), fennel ( P. pectinatus ) and P. macrocarpus ; as well as common bladderwort ( Utricularia vulgaris ), rigid hornwort ( Ceratophyllum demersum ) and two species of Najas . Phytoplankton ,

2166-408: The late 1900s, the lake is shrinking due to the diversion of the rivers supplying it. For example, Kapshagay Hydroelectric Power Plant was built on Ili in 1970. Filling the associated Kapshagay Reservoir disbalanced the lake, worsening water quality, especially in the eastern part. Between 1970 and 1987, the water level fell by 2.2 metres, the volume reduced by 30 km salinity in the west half

2223-470: The late 1970s and 1980s stalled, and the initiative to erect a nuclear plant near the village Ulken met strong opposition from environmentalists and residents. Therefore, in 2008, the Kazakh government reconsidered and announced building of a Balkhash Thermal Power Plant . However, in 2024 following a referendum, it was resolved to build a nuclear power plant. There is a regular ship navigation through

2280-484: The late 1990s. Balkhash is a semi-saline lake. Chemical composition strongly depends on the hydrographic features of the reservoir. Water in the west half is nearly fresh, with the content of total dissolved solids about 0.74 g/L, and cloudy (visibility: 1 metre); it is used for drinking and industry. The east half has less silt in suspension (visibility: 5.5 metres) but resembles oceanic sea water in salinity, with concentration of 3.5–6 g/L. The average salinity of

2337-447: The lower part, compressed to slightly keeled, with 4 hornlike tips; a perianth is missing, the female flowers consist just of an ovary with a short style and 2 elongated stigmas . The hairy fruit enclosed by the bracteoles is ovate and compressed, its membranous pericarp is free from the seed. The vertically orientated seed has a brown thin seed coat covered with white hairs. The embryo is nearly annular or horseshoe-shaped and encloses

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2394-518: The north, but its waters get lost in the sands before reaching the lakeshore. The lake is divided into two parts by the Saryesik peninsula (which means "Yellow Door" in the Kazakh language). These two parts are connected by the Uzynaral strait . In ancient times Balkhash was much larger and many lakes in the area were part of it, such as Zhalanashkol , Itishpes , Alakol and Sasykkol . Even farther back it

2451-441: The plants can be monoecious or dioecious . Male flowers form an interrupted spike or subcapitate inflorescence of glomeruled, ebracteate flowers. These consist of 4 basally connate perianth segments, that are ovate or elliptic, membranous and abaxially hairy; and 4 stamens with oblong anthers and linear, exserted filaments. Female flowers sitting single or paired axillary, enclosed by 2 hairy bracteoles , that are connate in

2508-494: The primary of which is the Ili , bringing most of the riparian inflow; others, such as the Karatal , bring surface and subsurface flow . The Ili is fed by precipitation , largely vernal snowmelt, from the mountains of China's Xinjiang region. The lake currently covers about 16,400 km (6,300 sq mi). However, like the Aral Sea , it is shrinking due to diversion and extraction of water from its feeders. The lake has

2565-476: The river's delta further reduces the inflow of water to the lake. Another factor affecting the ecology of the Ili-Balkhash basin is emissions due to mining and metallurgical processes, mostly at the Balkhash Mining and Metallurgy Plant operated by Kazakhmys . In the early 1990s, the emission level was 280–320 thousand tonnes per year, depositing 76 tonnes of copper, 68 tonnes of zinc and 66 tonnes of lead on

2622-512: The same time, Alakol and Zaisan were merged into a single lake. In the Pliocene and Pleistocene , tectonic processes intensified, causing the entire depression to deepen. The rising Tarbagatai Range split the fresh Zaysan and the brackish Alakol into independent lakes, causing them to significantly decrease in size. Balkhash, however, became larger and divided into a fresh western and a salty eastern part that characterize its present configuration. At

2679-736: The same time, the formation of the Ili, Karatal and other river valleys began. Also during the Pleistocene, glaciations and intensive ice melting resulted in the Balkash deepening and increasing in size, reconnecting with the Alakol as a single lake. By the Holocene, however, the area became shallow and the single body of water split up into modern lakes Balkhash, Alakol and Sasykkol. The Balkhash-Alakol Basin stretches roughly from east to west for about 100 km (62 mi) and has an average width between 100 km (62 mi) and 300 km (190 mi), with

2736-417: The southern part of the lake lost about 150 km of water surface. Of the 16 existing lake systems around the lake only five remain. The desertification process involved about 1 ⁄ 3 of the basin. Salt dust is blown away from the dried areas, contributing to the generation of Asian dust storms , increase the soil salinity and adversely influencing the climate. Increasing formation of silt in

2793-798: The subfamily Chenopodioideae of the family Amaranthaceae known as winterfat , so-called because it is a nutritious livestock forage. They are known from Eurasia and western North America. These are hairy perennials or small shrubs which may be monoecious or dioecious. They bear spike inflorescences of woolly flowers. The species of Krascheninnikovia are erect subshrubs or shrubs . The plants are densely covered with dendroid stellate hairs and additionally with simple, unbranched hairs. The alternate leaves stand solitary or grouped in fascicles, and can be petiolate or nearly sessile. The flat, non-fleshy leaf blades are linear to narrowly lanceolate to ovate, with entire margins, and truncate, cuneate, rounded, or subcordate base. The flowers are unisexual ,

2850-455: The surface of the lake. Since then, emissions have almost doubled. Contaminants are also brought from the dump sites by the dust storms . In 2000, a major conference, Balkhash 2000, brought together environmental scientists from different countries, as well as representatives of business and government. The conference adopted a resolution and appeal to the government of Kazakhstan and international organizations, suggesting new ways of managing

2907-401: The water level destroyed its habitat, bringing the fur industry to a halt. Balkhash is also the habitat of 120 types of bird, including cormorants , marbled teal , pheasants , golden eagle and great egret ; 12 of those are endangered, including great white pelican , Dalmatian pelican , Eurasian spoonbill , whooper swan and white-tailed eagle . In 2005, 3.3 million people lived in

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2964-451: The western shore of the lake. The western shore also hosts military installations built during the Soviet era, such as radar missile warning systems. The southern shore is almost unpopulated and has only a few villages. The nature and wild life of the lake attract tourists, and there are several resorts on the lake. In 2021, Lake Balkhash was selected as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in

3021-429: The year 0 CE they saw minimal water between the 5th and 10th centuries; and maximal between the 13th and 18th centuries. In the early 20th century and between 1958 and 1969, lake swelled to cover about 18,000 km . In droughts such as the late 1900s, 1930s and 1940s, the lake shrank to about 16,000 km having a drop in level of about 3 metres. In 1946, the area was 15,730 km (volume 82.7 km . From

3078-414: Was a sea, stretching all the way to the Dzungarian Alatau . As recently as 1910 the lake was considerably larger with an estimated area of 23,464 km . By 1946 this had shrunk to 15,730 km . The lake covers about 16,400 km (2000), making it the largest lake wholly in Kazakhstan. Its surface is about 340 m above sea level. It has a gentle curve ( sickle ) shape yet with jagged shorelines. Its length

3135-516: Was focused on carp, perch, asp ( Leuciscus aspius ) and bream. Abundant and dense reeds in the southern part of the lake, especially in the delta of the Ili River, served as a haven for birds and animals. Changes in the water level led to the degradation of the delta – since 1970, its area decreased from 3,046 to 1,876 km , reducing wetlands and riparian forests which were inhabited by birds and animals. Land development, application of pesticides , overgrazing and deforestation also contributed to

3192-523: Was increasing. Projects were proposed to slow the changes down, such as by splitting the lake in two with a dam, called off as the Soviet Union saw recession, democratisation and secession. Total losses amounted to 24.58 km , including The minimal water level of recent decades (340.65 meters AOD ) was in 1987, when the filling Kapshagay Reservoir was completed. The level recovered to 342.5 m by January 2005, attributed to exceptional precipitation in

3249-410: Was named for the Russian botanist and explorer of Siberia and Kamchatka , Stepan Krasheninnikov . The type species is Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst. The older name Ceratoides had to be rejected: it referred just to a pre- Linnaeus description by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort , comprising the type of the related genus Ceratocarpus . The genus Krascheninnikovia belongs to

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