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25-635: Hohlgangsanlage 8 (often abbreviated to Ho8 , also known as the German Underground Hospital or the Jersey War Tunnels ) was a partially completed underground hospital complex in St. Lawrence , Jersey , built by German occupying forces during the occupation of Jersey during World War II . Over 1 km (1,100 yd) of tunnels were completed. After the liberation of the Channel Islands ,

50-554: A Celtic monastery from the Dark Age. The Jersey parish system has been in place for centuries. By Norman times, the parish boundaries were firmly fixed and remain largely unchanged since. In 1180 Jersey was divided by the Normans into three ministeria for administrative purposes. St Lawrence was part of de Groceio . De Groceio likely refers to the Jersey family name, de Gruchy. The parish

75-553: A country is sometimes called the " first-level (or first-order ) administrative division" or "first administrative level". Its next subdivision might be called "second-level administrative division" or "second administrative level" and so on. An alternative terminology is provided by the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics which terms the principal division as the second level or NUTS-2. Administrative divisions are conceptually separate from dependent territories , with

100-442: A full heating and air conditioning system (although the rest of the tunnel complex usually maintained a constant temperature of about 17 °C (63 °F), due to its being built deep into the hillside). A system of gas-proof doors was installed to maintain a clean airflow in the tunnels, and a fully equipped operating theatre was installed. Unfinished tunnels were sealed off. Despite the huge preparations and fortifications made to

125-728: A memorial to the many slave-workers pressed into labouring on such projects during the Second World War . There are two primary schools in the parish. Bel Royal school is in the south and St Lawrence School is in the north. St Lawrence is twinned with: 49°12′57″N 2°08′36″W  /  49.21580°N 2.14336°W  / 49.21580; -2.14336 Administrative division List of forms of government Administrative divisions (also administrative units , administrative regions , #-level subdivisions , subnational entities , or constituent states , as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which

150-406: A number of smaller entities. Within those entities are the large and small cities or towns, which may or may not be the county seat . Some of the world's larger cities culturally, if not officially, span several counties, and those crossing state or provincial boundaries have much in common culturally as well, but are rarely incorporated within the same municipal government. Many sister cities share

175-660: A particular independent sovereign state is divided. Such a unit usually has an administrative authority with the power to take administrative or policy decisions for its area. Usually, sovereign states have several levels of administrative division. Common names for the principal (largest) administrative divisions include: states (subnational states, rather than sovereign states), provinces , lands , oblasts and regions . These in turn are often subdivided into smaller administrative units known by names such as comarcas , raions or districts , which are further subdivided into municipalities , communes or communities constituting

200-427: A province, region, canton, land, governorate, oblast, emirate, or country. Administrative units that are not federated or confederated but enjoy a greater degree of autonomy or self-government than other territories within the same country can be considered autonomous regions or de facto constituent states of that country. This relationship is by some authors called a federacy or asymmetric federalism . An example

225-467: Is (by area or population), the fewer levels of administrative divisions it has. For example, Vatican City does not have any administrative subdivisions, and Monaco has only one level (both are city-states ), while such countries as France and Pakistan have five levels each. The United States is composed of states, possessions, territories , and a federal district , each with varying numbers of subdivisions. The principal administrative division of

250-569: Is a first-level administrative division of the Bailiwick of Jersey, a British Crown dependency . The highest official in the parish is the Connétable of St Lawrence. The incumbent office holder is Deidre Mezbourian, who has held the office since 2008 (previously a Deputy for St Lawrence since 2005). The parish administration is headquartered at the Parish Hall next to the parish church. At present,

275-463: Is generally referred to as the "Jersey War Tunnels". The Jersey War Tunnels has also housed military vehicles such as a Char B1 bis tank, which served in Jersey with the Panzer-Abteilung 213 during the occupation which was on loan from The Tank Museum . As of March 2012 there is also a replica Stug III tank destroyer owned by the war tunnels. Saint Lawrence, Jersey Much of the parish

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300-506: Is inland, though it has a short stretch of coastline in St Aubin's Bay . It borders St Peter and St Mary to the west, St John to the north and east, and St Helier to the east. As with every Jersey parish, its name derives from the name of its parish church. In this case, the church is dedicated to St Lawrence , who was martyred in Rome in 258 AD. The church was possibly situated on the site of

325-730: Is no fixed rule, for " all politics is local " as is perhaps well demonstrated by their relative lack of systemic order. In the realm of self-government, any of these can and does occur along a stretch of road—which for the most part is passing through rural, unsettled countryside. Since the terms are administrative political divisions of the local regional government, their exact relationship and definitions are subject to home rule considerations, tradition, as well as state statute law and local governmental (administrative) definition and control. In British cultural legacy, some territorial entities began with fairly expansive counties which encompass an appreciably large area, but were divided over time into

350-479: Is the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan within Uzbekistan . Due to variations in their use worldwide, consistency in the translation of terms from non-English to English is sometimes difficult to maintain. In many of the following terms originating from British cultural influence, areas of relatively low mean population density might bear a title of an entity one would expect to be either larger or smaller. There

375-462: The Organisation Todt (as well as paid labourers and skilled workers) were shipped in to Jersey and put to work building the complex. Many of the workers were Polish , French , Russian or Republican Spaniards . Conditions were terrible, although Russian and Ukrainian POWs were treated the worst, with cases of malnutrition , death by exhaustion and disease among them becoming common. On

400-539: The preinseu (cider press house) is the focus of the annual Faîs'sie d'cidre cidermaking festival using traditional equipment and methods. The ITV drama Under the Greenwood Tree was mostly filmed here. The Jersey War Tunnels (previously known as the German Underground Hospital) are a major relic of the engineering works undertaken by the occupying German forces 1940–1945. They also serve as

425-629: The Channel Islands, none were ever utilised. The occupying forces in the Channel Islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 (one day after the rest of the German forces surrendered). Ho8 fell into disuse, with British soldiers and souvenir hunters stripping the tunnels of equipment. In July 1946, the States of Jersey opened the tunnels to the public. In 1961, the Royal Court ruled that the subterranean complex belonged to

450-514: The complex was converted into a museum detailing the occupation and remains a visitor attraction. After Hitler's October 1941 order to fortify the Channel Islands (as part of the Atlantic Wall ), work began on a string of fortifications all around Jersey. Ho8 was intended to be a vast network of tunnels that would allow the German occupying infantry to withstand Allied air raids and bombardment (in preparation for an invasion). Forced labourers from

475-506: The development in the parish is in the south of the parish around Le Mont Felard and Bel Royal or in the north of the parish at Six Roads. The parish has a section of Victoria Avenue , the island's main dual carriageway. The parish has 5,418 residents according to the 2011 census. Hamptonne, the Country Life Museum, occupies restored farm buildings in the parish. An apple orchard preserves native Jersey cider apple varieties and

500-431: The former being an integral part of the state and the other being only under some lesser form of control. However, the term "administrative division" can include dependent territories as well as accepted administrative divisions (for example, in geographical databases ). Communities united in a federation under a federal government are more specifically known as federated states . A federated state may be referred to as

525-508: The other hand, the voluntary workers often had much better conditions, being offered over four times the wages that they would have earned working in similar jobs for the States of Jersey , and often receiving extra food rations. In late 1943, with the threat of an Allied invasion of Europe ( Operation Overlord ) becoming clear, Ho8 was to be converted into a casualty clearing station and emergency hospital. The hospital had 500 beds for patients, with

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550-574: The parish forms one electoral district for States Assembly elections and elects two Deputies, as well as eight Senators in an islandwide constituency. The current Deputies for St Lawrence are Kristen Morel and Gregory Guida. The Chief Minister , Senator John Le Fondré , was previously a St Lawrence Deputy (2005-2018). Under the proposed electoral reform, it will form part of the Central electoral district consisting of St John, St Lawrence and Trinity, which will collectively elect four representatives alongside

575-456: The parishes' Connétables . The parish is divided into vingtaines for administrative purposes: All parishes of Jersey, including St Lawrence, have an Honorary Police force. The parish is mainly rural, but has some significant residential development. The village is in the centre of the parish, forming around the A10 main road, however it does not have a lot of residential development. Most of

600-405: The private owners of the land above it, and Ho8 fell under private ownership. The complex was restored, with a collection of Occupation memorabilia and a museum and memorial to the occupation being set up. In 2001, a permanent exhibit called "Captive Island" was unveiled in the tunnel complex, detailing everyday life for civilians in Jersey before, during and after the occupation of Jersey. Today, Ho8

625-402: The smallest units of subdivision (the local governments ). Some administrative division names (such as departments , cantons , prefectures , counties or governorates ) can be used for principal, second-level, or third-level divisions. The levels of administrative divisions and their structure largely varies by country (and sometimes within a single country). Usually the smaller the country

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