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85-460: Jena Phyletisches Museum (or Jena Phyletic Museum ) is a museum in the German town of Jena . It was established by the scientist Ernst Haeckel , as an institute dedicated to explaining evolution to the public. Exhibits include skeletons, stuffed animals, fossils and zoological artworks from Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur , and cover topics including the principles of evolution, biodiversity and

170-558: A few locations within the town. On the Hausberg close to Ziegenhain a few specimens of the rare true service tree ( Cormus domestica ) can be found. Firefly can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers. Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes raven , sand lizard and wood ants . Heron , beaver and muskrat have been seen on the Saale, within

255-750: A few medium-sized cities in Germany, it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre, such as the JenTower . These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory. Between 1790 and 1850, Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism . Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller , Alexander von Humboldt , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Novalis , and August Wilhelm Schlegel . Jena's economy

340-633: A gesture to mark the university's 350th anniversary, but no permanent exhibits were placed in the museum until 1912. The walls are decorated with scientific terms coined by Haeckel – ' Phylogenie ' and ' Ontogenie '. In 2008, a light show was projected on the building as part of the 'Jena Leuchtet' event. Today the museum is part of the university's department of special zoology and evolutionary biology and stores 500,000 items. 50°55′27″N 11°35′01″E  /  50.92425°N 11.58370°E  / 50.92425; 11.58370 Jena Jena ( German pronunciation: [ˈjeːna] )

425-459: A more rural constitution: Over the centuries, Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants. The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870. Then, a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900, 50,000 in 1920, 73,000 in 1940, 81,000 in 1960 and 104,000 in 1980. The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000. The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after

510-522: A part of Saxe-Weimar , but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy ( Saxe-Jena ). In 1692, after two dukes ( Bernhard II and Johann Wilhelm ), the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of Saxe-Eisenach and, in 1741, of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar , to which it belonged until 1809. From 1809 to 1918, Jena was part of the Duchy (from 1815 Grand Duchy) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , which from 1871

595-575: A posthumous reputation as a German letter writer. She separated from Schlegel in 1801 and became the wife of the philosopher Schelling soon after. In Jena, Schlegel made critical contributions to Schiller's Horen and that author's Musen-Almanach , and wrote around 300 articles for the Jenaer Allgemeine Litteratur-Zeitung . He also did translations from Dante and Shakespeare. This work established his literary reputation and gained for him in 1798 an extraordinary professorship at

680-400: A question of applying a set of rules and principles to a particular matter (paintings, words, marble), such as classicist principles seemed to do. In 1812, he travelled with De Staël, her fiancé Albert de Rocca and her children to Moscow , St. Petersburg and Stockholm and acted as secretary of Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte , through whose influence the right of his family to noble rank

765-431: A small foreign-born population: circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census ). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are Russians , Chinese and Ukrainians . During recent years, the economic situation of the city has improved: the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013. Due to the official policy of atheism in

850-531: A subcamp of the prison in Sieradz in German-occupied Poland . In 1945, toward the end of World War II , Jena was repeatedly targeted by Allied bombing raids . 709 people were killed, 2,000 injured, and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed, but in parts restored after the end of the war. No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage, except Nordhausen , whose destruction was utter. Today most of

935-755: A tutor for her children. After divorcing his wife Caroline, Schlegel travelled with Madame de Staël to Switzerland , Italy and France , acting as an adviser in her literary work. In 1807 he attracted much attention in France by an essay in the French, Comparaison entre la Phèdre de Racine et celle d'Euripide , in which he attacked French classicism from the standpoint of the Romantic school . His famous lectures on dramatic art and literature ( Über dramatische Kunst und Literatur , 1809–1811), which have been translated into most European languages, were delivered at Vienna in 1808. He

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1020-448: A wider range of artistic susceptibility. His unerring linguistic and historical scholarship and the calm objectivity of his judgment enabled him to carry out, even more successfully than Herder himself, Herder's demand that literary criticism should be based on a sympathetic penetration into the specific individuality of each poetic production rather than on the application of preconceived aesthetic standards. Schlegel established models for

1105-470: Is 585 millimeters (23.0 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. During the Middle Ages, Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes. Nowadays, the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated 20 km (12 mi) down Saale river. Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in

1190-617: Is a city in Germany and the second largest city in Thuringia . Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar , it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a population of about 110,000. Jena is a centre of education and research. The University of Jena (formally the Friedrich Schiller University ) was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and

1275-473: Is a hub for E-commerce in Germany. Other IT players with regional offices include Accenture or ESET . Jena-Optronik , a subsidiary of the Airbus Group , develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena. The city is among Germany's 50 fastest growing regions, with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies, a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure. Jena

1360-713: Is considered one of the best poetical translations in German. Schlegel did find the time to pursue his fascination for India . He buried his head in Sanskrit . From 1823 til 1830 he published the journal Indische Bibliothek . In 1823 edited the Bhagavad Gita , with a Latin translation, and in 1829, the Ramayana . This was followed by his 1832 work Reflections on the Study of the Asiatic Languages . Schlegel became convinced that

1445-623: Is home to professional football club FC Carl Zeiss Jena . The club won the DDR-Oberliga three times, the FDGB Cup four times, and reached the final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup once. Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in Regionalliga Nordost . In women's football, FF USV Jena is a member of the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga . Both clubs' home stadium

1530-563: Is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild orchids which can be found within walking distance of the town. Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and NABU . Until the High Middle Ages , the Saale was the border between Germanic regions in the west and Slavic regions in the east. Owing to its function as a river crossing, Jena was conveniently located. Nevertheless, there were also some more important Saale crossings such as

1615-486: Is largely built upon its high-technology infrastructure and research. The precision optical instruments industry is its leading branch to date, although software engineering, other digital businesses, and biotechnology are of growing importance. Furthermore, Jena is also a service hub for its regional environs. Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia, within the wide valley of the Saale river. Due to its rocky landscape, varied substrate and mixed forests, Jena

1700-475: Is not as compact as other cities in the region, and urban planning is still a challenge. A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square, town hall, and castle in the former town of Lobeda, which is a district since 1946, located approximately 4 km (2 mi) to the south of Jena's centre. Jena has its own theatre and orchestra, the Jenaer Philharmonie . Jena

1785-592: Is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the city's difficult topography and on the other hand by the history, because the two main lines were built by two different private companies. The connection in north–south direction is the Saal Railway with ICE trains running from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south once a day stopping at Paradies station and local trains to Naumburg and Saalfeld stopping at Zwätzen , Saalbahnhof , Paradies and Göschwitz . The connection in west–east direction

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1870-585: Is the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld . Also, the city's basketball team, Science City Jena played in Basketball Bundesliga in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season. In addition, since 2000, the university of Jena has a rugby team. Since 2012, the USV Rugby Jena team has been playing in the 2. Rugby-Bundesliga . Current men's javelin throw world record (98.48) by Jan Železný

1955-540: Is the Weimar–Gera railway with regional express trains to Göttingen (via Erfurt and Weimar ) and Zwickau , Glauchau , Altenburg or Greiz (via Gera ) and local trains between Weimar, Jena and Gera. The express trains stop at West station near the city centre and Göschwitz, the local trains furthermore at Neue Schenke . The junction between both lines is the Göschwitz station , approx. 5 km (3 mi) south of

2040-565: Is unimportant, but as a poetical translator he has rarely been excelled, and in criticism he put into practice the Romantic principle that a critic's first duty is not to judge from the standpoint of superiority, but to understand and to "characterize" a work of art. An article for the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana provided the following thoughts: As a critic [Schlegel] carried on the tradition of Lessing and Herder . Without possessing Lessing's power of style and personality, [Schlegel] commanded

2125-795: Is widely accepted that the Romantic Movement in Germany emerged, on the one hand, as a reaction against the aesthetical ideals defended in Classicism and Neoclassicism , and on the other, as a deviation from the rational principles of the Enlightenment with the consequent regression to the irrational spirit of the Middle Ages . Schlegel argues that, from a philosophical point of view, everything participates in an ongoing process of creation, whereas, from an empirical point of view, natural things are conceived as if they were dead, fixed and independent from

2210-490: The Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena serves another 5,000 students. Furthermore, there are many institutes of the leading German research societies. Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century, when industry developed. For most of the 20th century, Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies such as Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik (since 1990). As one of only

2295-804: The Jägersberg near Zwätzen , the Windknollen north of the city centre, the Tatzend west of the city centre, the Lichtenhainer Höhe near Lichtenhain, the Holzberg near Winzerla, the Jagdberg near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua. The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate ( Muschelkalk ) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between. Due to its jagged surface,

2380-624: The Prussian army here in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , near the district of Vierzehnheiligen. Resistance against the French occupation was strong, especially among the students. Many of the students fought in the Lützow Free Corps in 1813. Two years later, the Urburschenschaft fraternity was founded in the city. During the later 19th century, the famous biologist Ernst Haeckel was professor at

2465-563: The Soviet Union . On the other hand, the GDR government founded a new pharmaceutical factory in 1950, Jenapharm , which is part of Bayer today. In 1953, Jena was a centre of the East German Uprising against GDR policy. The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet tanks . The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning. During the 1960s, another part of

2550-521: The University of Jena . His house became the intellectual headquarters of the "romanticists", and was visited at various times between 1796 and 1801 by Johann Gottlieb Fichte , whose Foundations of the Science of Knowledge was studied intensively, by his brother Friedrich, who moved in with his wife Dorothea Schlegel , by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling , by Ludwig Tieck , by Novalis and others. It

2635-511: The racial policy of Nazi Germany ). Kristallnacht in 1938 led to more discrimination against Jews in Jena, many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government. This weakened the academic milieu, because many academics were Jews (especially in medicine). During World War II , the Germans operated two subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp in the city, and

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2720-510: The 13th century, the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley: Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jena's constituent communities today – 4 km (2 mi) to the south on the east bank. Around 1230, Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was established between today's Fürstengraben, Löbdergraben, Teichgraben and Leutragraben. The city got a marketplace, main church, town hall, council and city walls during

2805-441: The 18th and 19th Centuries were donated to the museum. Some items date back to when Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was director of the university's anatomical-zoological collection. The museum building was designed in an Art Nouveau style by the architect Carl Dittmar, based on sketches by Ernst Haeckel , then built in 1907 (construction beginning on 28 August 1907) and given by Haeckel to the University of Jena on 30 July 1908, as

2890-402: The 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates. In these areas, some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse, in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse. The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena, with the city enlarged to the north and south along

2975-593: The 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. The birth surplus was 62 in 2012, or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria. Like many other eastern German cities, Jena has

3060-455: The Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena. Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena. The former academic town became a working-class city; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of World War II . The city expanded along

3145-574: The Lutheran doctrine, and Jena was the second-largest printing location in Germany after Leipzig . The list of the so-called " Seven Wonders of Jena " was composed by students of the university at this time, supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city. Beginning in the 16th century, the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions. Initially, Jena remained

3230-707: The Magnanimous founded it, because he had lost his old university in Wittenberg to the Albertines after the Schmalkaldic War . During the Little Ice Age , wine-growing declined in the 17th century, so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city. The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books (and the population's ability to read) in

3315-509: The Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west. In 1901, the tram system started its operation and the university got a new main building (established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castle's site). After the foundation of Thuringia in 1920, Jena was one of the three biggest cities (together with Weimar and Gera , while Erfurt remained part of Prussia ) and became an independent city in 1922. The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and

3400-474: The Saale valley, to the west along Mühltal and on the Saale's east side in former Wenigenjena. Compared with the city centre, later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas. During the interwar period, the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less, so that new housing complexes were set up relatively far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences. Today's Jena

3485-413: The Saale valley, wind speeds tend to be very low; predominant direction is SW. The Jena weather station has recorded the following extreme values: Jena abuts the district of Saale-Holzland with the municipalities of Lehesten , Neuengönna , and Golmsdorf in the north, Jenalöbnitz , Großlöbichau , and Schlöben in the east and Laasdorf , Zöllnitz , Sulza , Rothenstein , Milda , and Bucha in

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3570-642: The art of sonnets" among the Germans. He is at his best in sparkling literature parodies such as Ehrenpforte und Triumphbogen für Kotzebue (1801). The 1905 New International Encyclopedia in its article on Schlegel, gives the following opinions: Schlegel's Shakespeare translations have been often reprinted. The edition of 1871–72 was revised with Schlegel's manuscripts by Michael Bernays . See Bernays's Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Schlegelschen Shakespeare (1872); Rudolph Genée , Schlegel und Shakespeare (1903). Schlegel also translated plays by Pedro Calderón de la Barca , such as La banda y flor , which became

3655-453: The artist, it has style; when the artist has not transcended his/her individuality, then s/he is categorized as a mannerist artist (SW III, 309–312). In 1801 Schlegel went to Berlin, where he delivered lectures on art and literature; and in the following year he published Ion , a tragedy in Euripidean style, which gave rise to a suggestive discussion on the principles of dramatic poetry. This

3740-497: The brothers August and Friedrich Schlegel , and Ludwig Tieck ). In 1794, the poets Goethe and Schiller met at the university and established a long lasting friendship, based on their love of Shakespeare. Consequently, the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as liberal and open-minded, but severely self-absorbed, was established and enhanced. On 14 October 1806, Napoleon fought and defeated

3825-526: The city centre. When the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway opened in 2017, the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network. As compensation, there are new regional express train services to Halle and Leipzig in the north, and to Nuremberg in the south. August Wilhelm Schlegel Schlegel was born in Hanover , where his father, Johann Adolf Schlegel , was a Lutheran pastor. He

3910-545: The city consists of buildings from before World War II. Jena was occupied by American troops on 13 April 1945 and was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945. Jena fell within the Soviet zone of occupation in post-World War II Germany. In 1949, it became part of the new German Democratic Republic (GDR). The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to

3995-547: The city grew further during Weimar times . During the Nazi period, conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus (communists and social democrats) and the right-wing Nazi milieus. On the one hand, the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence, but on the other hand, it consolidated the Nazi ideology, for example with a professorship of social anthropology (which sought to scientifically legitimize

4080-561: The city in 1523. Martin Luther visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine. In the following years, the Dominican and the Carmelite convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 (Carmelite) and 1548 (Dominican). An important step in Jena's history was the foundation of the university in 1558. Ernestine Elector John Frederick

4165-570: The city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot. Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the Saale river, between the Harz mountains 85 km (53 mi) in the north, the Thuringian Forest / Thuringian Highland 50 km (31 mi) in the southwest and the Ore Mountains , 75 km (47 mi) in the southeast. The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at

4250-469: The east, Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west). There are only a few historic buildings in this area (e.g. at Oberlauengasse), due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades. The Eichplatz, a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre, has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process. The wall's defortification took place relatively early in

4335-522: The educated elite. He continued to lecture on art and literature, publishing in 1827 On the Theory and History of the Plastic Arts , and in 1828 two volumes of critical writings ( Kritische Schriften ). Schlegel's translation of William Shakespeare , begun in Jena, was ultimately completed, under the superintendence of Ludwig Tieck , Dorothea Tieck , and Wolf Heinrich Graf von Baudissin . This rendering

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4420-531: The former GDR , most of the population is non-religious. 15.9% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 6.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census). Jena has a great variety of museums: Most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. The historic city centre is located inside the former wall (which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north, Löbdergraben in

4505-458: The historic city centre was demolished to build the Jen Tower . The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion. Big Plattenbau settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem. New districts established in the north (near Rautal) and in

4590-558: The late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a full-fledged town. In this time, the city's economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley. The two monasteries of the Dominicans (1286) and the Cistercians (1301) rounded out Jena's medieval appearance. As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century,

4675-420: The links between different taxonomic groups. A temporary exhibit for 2019 will feature an aquarium of living jellyfish . The museum can be found on Vor dem Neutor, close to Jena Paradies station and only about 150m from the town centre. It is open Tuesday to Sunday except for Christmas and New Year, and there is a small fee for entry. Collections of zoological specimens which had been assembled in Jena in

4760-535: The living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general. When Zeiss died in 1889, his company passed to the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung , which uses great amounts of the company's profits for social benefits such as research projects at universities etc. This model became an example for other German companies (e.g. the Robert Bosch Stiftung ). In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from

4845-409: The municipal territory isn't very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century. At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines. 32 species of native orchids can be found in the Jena area. One of the best places to see them is Leutratal , to the south of the town. Bee orchid ( Ophrys apifera ) even grows at

4930-420: The nearby cities of Naumburg to the north and Saalfeld to the south, so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages. The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document. The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of Lobdeburg with their eponymous castle near Lobeda , roughly 6 km (4 mi) south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley. In

5015-419: The new method of analytical and interpretative criticism in his essays on Goethe 's Hermann and Dorothea and on Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . His Vienna lectures On Dramatic Art and Literature were translated into most of the languages of Europe and stand as a permanent contribution to critical literature; his definition of the terms "classic" and "romantic" met with general recognition; his views on

5100-428: The origin of Germanic people could be identified in linguistic evidence. He also believed that languages could be used to reconstruct patterns of human migration . So he studied the epics of Persia and India. Schlegel published on this matter, attesting Indians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Aztecs the benefit of progress . He was impressed with their architecture, their mathematics, and their technology. In 1837 he wrote

5185-515: The photonics lab Lichtwerkstatt Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine and the Krautspace there are makerspaces and hackerspaces enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking. Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point. What is relatively common in many countries

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5270-594: The preface to the German translation of James Cowles Prichard 's book An Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology which originally had been published in 1819. In 1835, Schlegel became head of the committee organising a monument in memory of Ludwig van Beethoven in Bonn, the composer 's birthplace. Schlegel died in Bonn in 1845, three months before its official unveiling. According to the 1910-1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition : As an original poet Schlegel

5355-404: The reunification resulted in a decline in population, which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012. The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in

5440-420: The so-called "three unities" and on the "correctness" of Shakespeare evoked an especially strong echo in England and finally made the Johnsonian attitude toward Shakespeare appear obsolete. Formal perfection of language is the chief merit of his poems, which suffer from a lack of originality. In his drama Ion , he vainly attempted to rival Goethe's Iphigenie . He prided himself on being "model and master in

5525-416: The south (around Winzerla and Lobeda). The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena, fed by academic and clerical circles. In autumn 1989, the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved. After 1990, Jena became part of the refounded state of Thuringia . Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s, but finally it managed

5610-467: The south and the district of Weimarer Land with the municipalities of Döbritschen , Großschwabhausen , and Saaleplatte in the west. The city is divided into 30 districts. The inner-city districts are Zentrum, Nord, West, Süd, Wenigenjena (east of Saale, incorporated in 1909), and Kernberge, other big districts are Lobeda (incorporated in 1946) and Winzerla (incorporated in 1922) in the south with large housing complexes. The residual districts are from

5695-542: The town. Pine martens sometimes come into the town at night, from the mountains, to raid bins. It is documented that the European wildcat occurs near Jena. Jena has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ). Summers are warm and sometimes humid; winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under −20 °C (−4 °F)) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation

5780-444: The traditional Carl Zeiss AG , Schott AG , Jenoptik and Jenapharm as well as new companies such as Intershop Communications , Analytik Jena , and Carl Zeiss Meditec . Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany. With companies such as Intershop Communications, Salesforce.com (after the acquisition of Demandware ) and ePages as well as several web agencies, Jena

5865-402: The transition to the market economy and today, it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany. Furthermore, the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded. Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena. The city's far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the National Socialist Underground (NSU) terror group. However,

5950-455: The university. The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871. The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the (relatively late) connection to the railway. The Saal Railway ( Saalbahn , opened in 1874) was the connection from Halle and Leipzig along the Saale valley to Nuremberg and the Weimar–Gera railway (opened 1876) connected Jena with Frankfurt and Erfurt in

6035-418: The valley's edges. The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation, whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m. On the eastern side those are (from north to south): the Gleisberg near Kunitz, the Jenzig near Wogau, the Hausberg near Wenigenjena, the Kernberge near Wöllnitz, the Johannisberg near Lobeda and the Einsiedlerberg near Drackendorf. On the western side, there are

6120-504: The vigour and freshness of their ideas and commanded respect as the leaders of the new Romantic criticism. A volume of their joint essays appeared in 1801 under the title Charakteristiken und Kritiken . His play Ion , performed in Weimar in January 1802, was supported by Goethe , but became a failure. When the work of art appears as if all its elements had been consciously chosen by a power above

6205-501: The weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring Wettins in 1331. Jena obtained the Gotha municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries. Moreover, the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of Weimar , and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously. The Protestant Reformation was brought to

6290-455: The west as well as Dresden and Gera in the east. Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe (with their Carl Zeiss AG ) as well as Otto Schott ( Schott AG ). Since that time, production of optical items, precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jena's economy; Jena glass is even named after the city. Zeiss, Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve

6375-471: The whole. In 1797 August and Friedrich broke with Friedrich Schiller . With his brother, Schlegel founded the Athenaeum (1798–1800), the organ of the Romantic school, in which he dissected disapprovingly the immensely popular works of the sentimental novelist August Lafontaine . He also published a volume of poems and carried on a controversy with Kotzebue . At this time the two brothers were remarkable for

6460-540: Was accompanied by De Staël and her children. In 1810 Schlegel was ordered to leave the Swiss Confederation as an enemy of the French literature. For Schlegel, the magic of a work of art is that it brings us into a different world, with all its own internal coherence, and this is why it needs to become organic and complete unto itself. Therefore, its purpose should not be to reflect the real world with naturalism, but rather to create its own world, which could never be

6545-564: Was achieved in Jena. Agriculture plays a small role in Jena, only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming (compared to over 60% in Erfurt and nearly 50% in Weimar ). Furthermore, the Muschelkalk soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle. The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt, Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest. Wine-growing

6630-482: Was also part of the German Empire . Around 1790, the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of the self-centred, idealist philosophy of ‘Ich' (with professors such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Friedrich Schiller , and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ). It was also home to the early Romanticism (with poets such as Novalis,

6715-593: Was awarded the title "Stadt der Wissenschaft" (city of science) by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , a German science association, in 2008. Jena is also a hub of public and private services, specially in education, research and business services. Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringia's solely university hospital. Furthermore, Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping centres. Together with

6800-570: Was discontinued during the Little Ice Age around 1800, but is now possible again due to global warming . Nevertheless, the commercial production of wine hasn't yet resumed. Industry is a great tradition in Jena, reaching back to the mid-19th century. In 2012, there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro. The most important branches are precision machinery, pharmaceuticals, optics, biotechnology and software engineering. Notable companies in Jena are

6885-680: Was educated at the Hanover gymnasium and at the University of Göttingen . Initially studying theology, he received a thorough philological training under Heyne and became an admirer and friend of Bürger , with whom he was engaged in an ardent study of Dante Alighieri , Petrarch and William Shakespeare . Schlegel met with Caroline Schelling and Wilhelm von Humboldt . In 1790 his brother Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel came to Göttingen. Both were influenced by Johann Gottfried Herder , Immanuel Kant , Tiberius Hemsterhuis , Johann Winckelmann and Karl Theodor von Dalberg . From 1791 to 1795, Schlegel

6970-509: Was followed by Spanisches Theater (2 vols, 1803/1809), in which he presented admirable translations of five of Calderón 's plays. In another volume, Blumensträusse italienischer, spanischer und portugiesischer Poesie (1804), he gave translations of Spanish , Portuguese and Italian lyrics. He also translated works by Dante Aligheri and Luís de Camões . Early in 1804, he made the acquaintance of Madame de Staël in Berlin, who hired him as

7055-426: Was revived. After this, he joined again the household of Mme. de Staël until her death in 1817, for like Mathieu de Montmorency he was one of her intimates until the end of her life. Schlegel was made a professor of Indology at the University of Bonn in 1818, and during the remainder of his life occupied himself chiefly with oriental studies. He founded a special printing office for Sanskrit . As an orientalist, he

7140-546: Was tutor to Willem Ferdinand Mogge Muilman, the son of a Dutch banker, who lived at Herengracht 476 in Amsterdam. In 1796, soon after his return to Germany, Schlegel settled in Jena , following an invitation from Friedrich Schiller . That year he married Caroline Schelling , the widow of the physician Böhmer. She assisted Schlegel in some of his literary productions, and the publication of her correspondence in 1871 established for her

7225-596: Was unable to adapt himself to the new methods opened up by Bopp . He corresponded with Wilhelm von Humboldt , a linguist. After the death of Madame de Staël 14 July 1817, Schlegel married in 1818 a daughter of Heinrich Paulus , but this union was dissolved in 1821. Schlegel was 50 years old and his own master. He was financially independent and could travel at his own expense. Schlegel's Vienna Lectures had been published and were read across Europe and in Saint Petersburg . Therefore, he could cultivate friendships with

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