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123-548: Jefferson City , informally Jeff City , is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri . It had a population of 43,228 at the 2020 census , ranking as the 16th most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area , the second-most-populous metropolitan area in Mid-Missouri and the fifth-largest in

246-647: A public historically black and federal land-grant university founded the year after the American Civil War in 1866, by the Union Army black veterans of the First Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry & 62nd Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops with support from the Second Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry / 65th Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops . In pre-Columbian times , this region

369-508: A century later. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, including vast expanses of interior Africa and Asia , were explored during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around

492-588: A few. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. 19th-century painters included: Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout

615-427: A margin of error of +/- $ 2,176) and the median family income was $ 75,490 (+/- $ 7,940). Males had a median income of $ 35,561 (+/- $ 4,299) versus $ 31,226 (+/- $ 1,953) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $ 32,642 (+/- $ 2,031). Approximately, 8.8% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.8% of those under the age of 18 and 6.9% of those ages 65 or over. At

738-468: A month before it disbanded itself to join the advancing American army; its claimed territory later became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican Cession . The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation. The flag, featuring a silhouette of a California grizzly bear , a star, and the words "California Republic", became known as

861-545: A neighborhood south of downtown Jefferson City, which is still known as "Old Munichburg". Nation: States: Territories: List of capitals in the United States Population This is a list of capital cities of the United States , including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals. Washington, D.C. has been

984-700: A new Chinese religion known as the God Worshipping Society . After proclaiming the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1851, the Taiping army conquered a large part of China, capturing Nanjing in 1853. In 1864, after the death of Hong Xiuquan, Qing forces recaptured Nanjing and ended the rebellion. During the Edo period , Japan largely pursued an isolationist foreign policy . In 1853, United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry threatened

1107-691: A number of skirmishes with Confederate troops. By the spring of 1864 the Jones County rebels had taken effective control of the county from the Confederate government, raised an American flag over the courthouse in Ellisville, and sent a letter to Union General William T. Sherman declaring Jones County's independence from the Confederacy. Scholars have disputed whether the county truly seceded, with some concluding it did not fully secede. Lack of documentation makes

1230-672: A period of Westernization and reform known as the Tanzimat , vastly increasing its control over core territories in the Middle East. However, it remained in decline and became known as the sick man of Europe , losing territory in the Balkans and North Africa . The remaining powers in the Indian subcontinent , such as the Maratha and Sikh empires, suffered a massive decline, and their dissatisfaction with

1353-653: A permanent capital under the Articles of Confederation . The U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1787, and gave the Congress the power to exercise "exclusive legislation" over a district that "may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States." The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York . In 1790, it passed

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1476-535: A result of the second Russo-Turkish War , which in itself followed the great Crimean War . The Napoleonic Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1803 to 1815 pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I , against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions , financed and usually led by the United Kingdom . The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with

1599-513: A separate monarchy from Portugal. The Federal Republic of Central America gained independence from Spain in 1821 and from Mexico in 1823. After several rebellions, by 1841 the federation had dissolved into the independent countries of Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica . In 1830, the post-colonial nation of Gran Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador , and Venezuela took its place. The Revolutions of 1848 were

1722-746: A series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation states. The first revolution began in January in Sicily . Revolutions then spread across Europe after a separate revolution began in France in February . Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries. According to Evans and von Strandmann (2000), some of

1845-611: A state prison . This prison, named the Missouri State Penitentiary , opened in 1836. This prison was the unfortunate home to multiple infamous Americans, including former heavyweight boxing champion Sonny Liston , Martin Luther King Jr. assassin James Earl Ray , and infamous 1930s bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd . During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Jefferson City was occupied by Union / Federal troops and

1968-476: Is 36 percent more efficient than current energy standards. Jefferson City Public School District currently operates Jefferson City High School and Capital City High School, two middle schools, Thomas Jefferson Middle School, and Lewis and Clark Middle School, and eleven elementary schools. In addition to public education, there are also five private elementary schools and three private high schools, including Helias High School and Calvary Lutheran High School in

2091-714: Is common during the winter, although about half of wintertime precipitation falls as rain. The 2020 United States census counted 43,228 people, 16,882 households, and 9,327 families in Jefferson City. The population density was 1,199.1 per square mile (463.0/km). There were 18,942 housing units at an average density of 525.4 units per square mile (202.9 units/km). The racial makeup was 74.33% (32,130) white , 15.83% (6,841) black or African-American , 0.3% (131) Native American , 1.82% (786) Asian , 0.1% (43) Pacific Islander , 1.31% (566) from other races , and 6.32% (2,731) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race

2214-422: Is land and 1.63 square miles (4.22 km) is water. Jefferson City has a humid continental climate ( Dfa ) with hot, rainy summers and cold winters. The city borders on having a humid subtropical climate but falls just short due to January having a mean temperature of 30 °F (−1 °C) which is below the 32 °F (0 °C) isotherm. Thunderstorms are common in both the spring and summer. Light snow

2337-773: Is located in Jefferson City. The Missouri Department of Corrections (MDOC) operates the Jefferson City Correctional Center (JCCC) and the Algoa Correctional Center (ACC) in Jefferson City. JCCC replaced the Missouri State Penitentiary on September 15, 2004, which until its closure was the oldest operating penal facility west of the Mississippi River . It served as the State of Missouri's primary maximum security institution, and it housed male death row prisoners until April 1989, when they were moved to

2460-780: Is occupied by the Central Division of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri and under the appellate jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit , was designed to achieve the U.S. Green Building Council 's LEED Gold rating. Sustainable design features include reducing water use by 44 percent, using 13 percent recycled content, diverting 80 percent of construction waste materials from landfills, and it

2583-645: Is part of the Mid-Missouri television market . KRCG , the region's CBS affiliate, and KFDR , a station owned by the Christian Television Network (CTN), are both licensed to the city. Federal highways are U.S. Routes 50 , 54 , and 63 . Missouri Routes 179 and 94 also run through the city. Jefferson City is one of the four state capitals that is not served by an Interstate highway (the others are Dover, Delaware ; Juneau, Alaska ; and Pierre, South Dakota ). However, Interstate 70 passes by

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2706-527: The 2010 census , there were 43,079 people in 17,278 households, including 9,969 families, in the city. The population density was 1,198.3 inhabitants per square mile (462.7/km). There were 18,852 housing units at an average density of 524.4 units per square mile (202.5 units/km). The racial makeup of the city was 78.0% White, 16.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.6%. Of

2829-646: The April Uprising against Ottoman rule. Following the Russo-Turkish War , the Treaty of Berlin recognized the formal independence of the Serbia, Montenegro , and Romania . Bulgaria became autonomous. The Taiping Rebellion was the bloodiest conflict of the 19th century, leading to the deaths of around 20–30 million people. Its leader, Hong Xiuquan , declared himself the younger brother of Jesus Christ and developed

2952-655: The Bear Flag and was later the basis for the official state flag of California. There was one de facto capital of the California Republic: The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) had two capitals during its existence. The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery , Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond , Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23. The individual state capitals remained

3075-719: The British East India Company 's rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company's dissolution. India was later ruled directly by the British Crown through the establishment of the British Raj . During the post-Napoleonic era (after 1815), Britain enforced what became known as the Pax Britannica , which ushered in unprecedented globalization on a massive scale. Britain's overseas possessions grew rapidly in

3198-585: The Emancipation Proclamation . Lincoln issued a preliminary on September 22, 1862, warning that in all states still in rebellion ( Confederacy ) on January 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves "then, thenceforward, and forever free." He did so. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery in the entire country. Five days after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia , Lincoln

3321-685: The First Italo–Ethiopian War at the Battle of Adwa . France, Belgium, Portugal, and Germany also had substantial colonies. The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 attempted to reach agreement on colonial borders in Africa, but disputes continued, both amongst European powers and in resistance by the native populations. In 1867, diamonds were discovered in the Kimberley region of South Africa. In 1886, gold

3444-720: The French Revolution and its resultant conflict . In the aftermath of the French Revolution , Napoleon Bonaparte gained power in France in 1799. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of the French . In 1805, the French victory over an Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz ended the War of the Third Coalition . As a result of the Treaty of Pressburg , the Holy Roman Empire

3567-566: The Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena , an island in the South Atlantic Ocean . After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna was held to determine new national borders. The Concert of Europe attempted to preserve this settlement was established to preserve these borders, with limited impact. Mexico and the majority of

3690-522: The Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Within two months of the settlers' rebellion and the declaration of an independent nation, President James Madison sent American forces to peaceably occupy the new republic. It was formally annexed by the United States in 1812 over the objections of Spain and the land was divided between the Territory of Orleans and Territory of Mississippi . During its brief existence,

3813-576: The Missouri State Capitol , St. Peter Church (adjacent to the capitol), Missouri State Penitentiary , Missouri Governor's Mansion , and Missouri State Museum . Lincoln University, ranked by U.S. News & World Report in 2007 as a top educational institution for international students, also helps draw students and tourists from other states and countries. The State Capitol is located in Jefferson City. In addition, state agencies are headquartered in Jefferson City. The Missouri State Archives

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3936-689: The Potosi Correctional Center . The United States Postal Service operates several postal facilities. The Jefferson City Main Post Office building previously shared occupancy with the U.S. District Court from its dedication in November 1934 until September 27, 2011, when it moved into the Christopher S. Bond Court House. The 118,000-square-foot courthouse is named for the former Governor and United States Senator from Missouri. The courthouse, which

4059-460: The Qing dynasty endured its century of humiliation by foreign powers that lasted until the first half of the 20th century. The last surviving man and woman, respectively, verified to have been born in the 19th century were Jiroemon Kimura (1897–2013) and Nabi Tajima (1900–2018), both Japanese. The first electronics appeared in the 19th century, with the introduction of the electric relay in 1835,

4182-533: The Qing dynasty , in the First Sino-Japanese War . Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the Western world . Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. The introduction of railroads provided

4305-687: The Residence Act , which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D.C. For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital. There, Congress met at Congress Hall . On November 17, 1800, the 6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D.C. Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate

4428-538: The War of 1812 , during the American Civil War in many Confederate states , and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico . Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic. Boston , Massachusetts , has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously running capital in

4551-418: The arithmetization of analysis for functions of real and complex variables . It also saw rise to new progress in geometry beyond those classical theories of Euclid, after a period of nearly two thousand years. The mathematical science of logic likewise had revolutionary breakthroughs after a similarly long period of stagnation. But the most important step in science at this time were the ideas formulated by

4674-408: The federal capital of the United States since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas . Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of

4797-444: The international community . During its history as a sovereign nation ( Kingdom of Hawaii , 1795–1893; Republic of Hawaii , 1894–1898), five sites served as the capital of Hawaii: Annexed by the United States in 1898, Honolulu remained the capital, first of the Territory of Hawaii ( 1900 –1959), and then of the state ( since 1959 ). During its history as a sovereign nation ( Republic of Texas , 1836–1845), seven sites served as

4920-407: The telegraph and its Morse code protocol in 1837, the first telephone call in 1876, and the first functional light bulb in 1878. The 19th century was an era of rapidly accelerating scientific discovery and invention , with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that laid the groundwork for the technological advances of

5043-400: The 15,794 households 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 36.1% of households were one person and 11.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.90. The age distribution was 20.9% under

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5166-401: The 17,278 households 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.3% were non-families. 36.2% of households were one person and 11.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size

5289-517: The 19th century, while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as cricket to many different parts of the world. Also, women's fashion was a very sensitive topic during this time, as women showing their ankles was viewed to be scandalous. It also marks the fall of the Ottoman rule of the Balkans which led to the creation of Serbia , Bulgaria , Montenegro , and Romania as

5412-474: The 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven , Franz Liszt , Frédéric Chopin , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , and Richard Wagner . The list includes: Born on 19 April 1897, Japanese Jiroemon Kimura died on 12 June 2013, marking the death of the last man verified to have been born in

5535-399: The 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution; and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks . Both meetings were ceremonial. Each state has a capital that serves as the seat of its government . Ten of the thirteen original states and 15 other states have changed their capital city at least once;

5658-411: The 20th century. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America, and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty and gender roles. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration , before defeating China, under

5781-403: The Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. Because some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War , the Union forced the Creeks to cede over 3,000,000-acre (1,200,000 ha) - half of their land in what is now Arkansas. Served as the National capital after the American Civil War. It

5904-695: The English Charles Dickens , John Keats , Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen ; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott , Thomas Carlyle and Arthur Conan Doyle (creator of the character Sherlock Holmes ); the Irish Oscar Wilde ; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe , Ralph Waldo Emerson , and Mark Twain ; and the French Victor Hugo , Honoré de Balzac , Jules Verne , Alexandre Dumas and Charles Baudelaire . Some American literary writers, poets and novelists were: Walt Whitman , Mark Twain , Harriet Ann Jacobs , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Ralph Waldo Emerson , Herman Melville , Frederick Douglass , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Joel Chandler Harris , and Emily Dickinson to name

6027-430: The Federal Army, sent for the "round up", fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina, in order to remain in their homeland. In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians ; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina , in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary . After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland,

6150-429: The General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the Native Americans and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with

6273-412: The Georgia state line, in order to evade the Georgia state militia. The log cabins, limestone springs, and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory ( Oklahoma ) on the Trail of Tears . Tahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal . After the Civil War, a turbulent period for

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6396-567: The Japanese capital Edo with gunships, demanding that they agree to open trade. This led to the opening of trade relations between Japan and foreign countries, with the policy of Sakoku formally ended in 1854. By 1872, the Japanese government under Emperor Meiji had eliminated the daimyō system and established a strong central government. Further reforms included the abolition of the samurai class, rapid industrialization and modernization of government, closely following European models. In Africa, European exploration and technology led to

6519-454: The Jefferson City area. Minutes later, a destructive EF-3 tornado caused extensive damage on the southwest side of the city. At least 20 people were injured, but none were killed due to this tornado. The tornado originally touched down west of Eldon before heading its way to Jefferson City. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 37.58 square miles (97.33 km), of which 35.95 square miles (93.11 km)

6642-453: The Jefferson City limits of Callaway County, Missouri , serves general aviation but has no scheduled commercial airline service. Jefferson City is home to SSM Health St. Mary's Hospital, which has 154 beds. Capital Region Medical Center, an affiliate of University of Missouri Health Care , is also located in the city. Jefferson City is the sister city to the German city of Münchberg . Around 200 years ago, settlers from Münchberg founded

6765-406: The Longhouse", was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York . These include the Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oneida , Mohawk , and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations. Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and

6888-399: The Missouri River, especially on the north from the city east to Marthasville , located outside of St. Louis. Known as the " Missouri Rhineland " for its vineyards and first established by German immigrants in the mid- 1800s , this region has become part of Missouri's agricultural and tourist economy. Approximately 15 minutes before midnight on May 22, 2019, a tornado emergency was issued for

7011-412: The Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick. The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma . The Cherokee National government

7134-425: The Ottoman Empire. In 1831, The First Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833) occurred, between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence. As a result, Egyptian forces temporarily gained control of Syria, advancing as far north as Kütahya . In 1876, Bulgarians instigated

7257-406: The U.S. Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense. New Echota, now near Calhoun , Georgia , was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge . Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near

7380-450: The United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence. Prior to the independence of the United States from Great Britain , declared July 4, 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and ultimately secured in the American Revolutionary War , several congresses were convened on behalf of some of

7503-436: The United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas , Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments. The buildings in cities identified in the chart below served either as official capitals of the United States under the United States Constitution , or, prior to its ratification, sites where the Second Continental Congress or Congress of the Confederation met. The United States did not have

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7626-414: The United States. Santa Fe, New Mexico , is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt. An even older Spanish city, St. Augustine, Florida , served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years. The table below includes the following information: Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of

7749-423: The Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation. Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario , the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy." The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years. Jimerson Town

7872-410: The accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is an innovation to be discouraged. Citizens of the State of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River / ɑːr ˈ k æ n z ə s / in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state. Nation: States: Territories: 19th century In the Middle East , it

7995-414: The age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.6 males. The median household income was $ 39,628 and the median family income was $ 52,627. Males had a median income of $ 35,050 versus $ 25,521 for females. The per capita income for

8118-419: The boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line. Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings. There have been a handful of self-declared or undeclared nations within the current borders of

8241-453: The capital of Texas: Annexed by the United States in 1845, Austin remains the capital of the state of Texas. Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes , organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style. Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status. Since they did business with

8364-445: The capital of the Republic of West Florida was: The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire . Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War ), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic , in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt ). The republic only existed

8487-438: The capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation. Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements. The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee, on

8610-423: The city 30 miles (48 km) to the north in Columbia . The city is served by Columbia Regional Airport and nearby Jefferson City Memorial Airport . JeffTran , the city operated public transit system, provides year-round bus service during traditional weekday business hours, but is currently considering the extension of service hours to include evenings and weekends. The Jefferson City station , located in

8733-493: The city is an anchor for the metro area. Fields colored light yellow denote that the population is a micropolitan statistical area. An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district. Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below. Two of the 50 U.S. states, Hawaii and Texas, were once de jure sovereign states with diplomatic recognition from

8856-453: The city was $ 21,268. About 7.3% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. Jefferson City's economy is driven by its residents, citizens of surrounding communities, and tourists. Jefferson City's economy relies on government, health care , manufacturing , retail , education , and tourism . In 2016, Jefferson City's gross metropolitan product

8979-406: The city. Lincoln University is a public historically black university with open enrollment and certificate, associate, bachelor, and graduate programs. Columbia College , William Woods University , Metro Business College, and Merrell University also have campuses in the city with varying degree levels and options. The University of Missouri , the state's flagship university, is 30 miles to

9102-404: The colonies of British America . However, these bodies did not address the question of independence from England, and therefore did not designate a national capital. The Second Continental Congress encompassed the period during which the United States declared independence, but had not yet established a permanent national capital. Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont

9225-510: The colonization of almost the entire continent by 1898. New medicines such as quinine and more advanced firearms allowed European nations to conquer native populations. Motivations for the Scramble for Africa included national pride, desire for raw materials, and Christian missionary activity. Britain seized control of Egypt to ensure control of the Suez Canal , but Ethiopia defeated Italy in

9348-463: The common name stuck. For years, this village was little more than a trading post located in the wilderness about midway between St. Louis and Kansas City . In 1825, the settlement was incorporated as a town / city and a year later, the state legislature of the General Assembly of Missouri , moved to and first met in Jefferson City. Jefferson City was also chosen by the lawmakers as the site of

9471-618: The confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers. The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex . Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as

9594-638: The countries in Central America and South America obtained independence from colonial overlords during the 19th century. In 1804, Haiti gained independence from France. In Mexico , the Mexican War of Independence was a decade-long conflict that ended in Mexican independence in 1821. Due to the Napoleonic Wars, the royal family of Portugal relocated to Brazil from 1808 to 1821, leading to Brazil having

9717-472: The creators of electrical science. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about including a rapid spread in the use of electric illumination and power in the last two decades of the century and radio wave communication at the end of the 1890s. On the literary front the new century opens with romanticism , a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along

9840-537: The earliest decades but grew to become the 2nd largest cities in the United States and British Empire respectively by the end of the century. In the 19th century, approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States. The 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development, and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States. Association football , rugby union , baseball , and many other sports were developed during

9963-517: The early 19th century . When the Missouri Territory was organized in 1812, St. Louis was Missouri's seat of government for the territorial governor and territorial legislature. Later St. Charles would serve as the next capital town of the old Territory. However, Jefferson City was chosen as the new state capital in 1821, after Missouri was admitted to the Union as the 24th State . The village on

10086-523: The east, also split by the impending conflict of civil war . Missourians were strongly divided and many people in the state—especially in St. Louis—supported the Union, while other areas of the state (such as Missouri's Little Dixie ) were strongly pro- Confederate further west along the Missouri River between Jefferson City and Kansas City. German immigrants created vineyards in small towns on either side of

10209-608: The elected state legislature of the General Assembly were driven from Jefferson City by Union Army General Nathaniel Lyon (1818-1861). Some of the rebelling legislators later reconvened in nearby Neosho and passed an ordinance of secession from the Federal Union. Missouri was claimed by both the southern Confederacy and the Federal Union of the remaining United States , as was neighboring border state of Kentucky to

10332-463: The field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals . In chemistry, Dmitri Mendeleev , following the atomic theory of John Dalton , created the first periodic table of elements . In physics, the experiments, theories and discoveries of Michael Faraday , André-Marie Ampère , James Clerk Maxwell , and their contemporaries led to the creation of electromagnetism as a new branch of science. Thermodynamics led to an understanding of heat and

10455-468: The fight against slavery. Douglass was an articulate orator and incisive antislavery writer, while Tubman worked with a network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad . The American Civil War took place from 1861 to 1865. Eleven southern states seceded from the United States , largely over concerns related to slavery. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued

10578-504: The finest naturalist novels . Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Alexander Pushkin , Nikolai Gogol , Leo Tolstoy , Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoyevsky ;

10701-530: The first half of the century, especially with the expansion of vast territories in Canada, Australia, India, and in the last two decades of the century in Africa. By the end of the 19th century, the British controlled a fifth of the world's land and a quarter of the world's population. By the end of the century, Britain, France, Germany, and the United States had colonized almost all of Oceania . In East Asia , China under

10824-419: The first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fuelling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century. London became the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million

10947-549: The former Union Hotel at Jefferson Landing State Historic Site , is one of the Missouri River Runner train stops between Kansas City and St. Louis , provided by Amtrak , the sole intercity passenger railroad service in the United States . A Greyhound bus stop near the Eastland Drive Convenient Food Mart also provides intercity transit. Jefferson City Memorial Airport , which is located in

11070-405: The independent researches of Alfred Russel Wallace ), who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species , which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection . Another important landmark in medicine and biology were the successful efforts to prove the germ theory of disease . Following this, Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies , and also made many discoveries in

11193-408: The last state to move its capital city was Oklahoma in 1910. In the following table, the "Since" column shows the year that the city began serving as the state's capital (or the capital of the entities that preceded it). The MSA/μSA and CSA columns display the population of the metro area the city is a part of, and should not be construed to mean the population of the city's sphere of influence or that

11316-834: The lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain. French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began. The Goncourts and Émile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of

11439-400: The major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class, the upsurge of nationalism, and the regrouping of established government forces. The abolitionism movement achieved success in the 19th century. The Atlantic slave trade

11562-610: The name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings. And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants. Be it therefore resolved by both houses of

11685-595: The north in Columbia. Jefferson City has a public library , the Missouri River Regional Library. The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Jefferson City News Tribune . Several monthly magazines cover Jefferson City and/or the surrounding areas: Jefferson City Magazine , Her Magazine , Capital Lifestyles , and Professional Day . Jefferson City, along with Columbia,

11808-537: The north; Lewis and Clark with their Corps of Discovery passed the bluff here on their historic expedition upriver in 1804, eventually journeying westward to the Pacific Northwest region and the Pacific Ocean , before Europeans or Americans established any settlement there. Many of Jefferson City's primary employers are in service and manufacturing industries. Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University ,

11931-437: The notion of energy was defined. Other highlights include the discoveries unveiling the nature of atomic structure and matter, simultaneously with chemistry – and of new kinds of radiation. In astronomy, the planet Neptune was discovered. In mathematics, the notion of complex numbers finally matured and led to a subsequent analytical theory; they also began the use of hypercomplex numbers . Karl Weierstrass and others carried out

12054-415: The population was under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 106.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 110.9 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $ 54,003 (with

12177-492: The same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U.S.A.), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies . In 1863 and 1864, Jones County, Mississippi revolted against Confederate rule and became practically independent under the name Free State of Jones . The Free State fought

12300-550: The situation difficult to assess. The rebellion in Jones County has been variously characterized as consisting of local skirmishes to being a full-fledged war of independence. Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War . State governments operated where and as they could. The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783. A similar situation occurred during

12423-503: The southern banks of the Missouri River, first was called "Lohman's Landing", and when the new state legislature decided to relocate there, they proposed the name "Missouriopolis" before settling on the city of "Jefferson" to honor former third President Thomas Jefferson (who was still living at his Virginia home estate of Monticello for the next five years). Over the years, the city was most often referred to as "Jefferson City" and

12546-624: The state of Tennessee. Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years. The State of Muskogee was a Native American state in Spanish Florida created by the Englishman William Augustus Bowles , who was its "Director General", author of its Constitution, and designer of its flag. It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles . It existed from 1799 to 1803. It had one capital: The Republic of West Florida

12669-556: The state. Most of the city is in Cole County, with a small northern section extending into adjacent Callaway County . Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), the third President of the United States , 1801-1809, and earlier major author of the Declaration of Independence of the United States on July 4, 1776. He also served several diplomatic posts overseas in Europe and

12792-526: The way for the growing influence of the British , French , German , Russian , Austro-Hungarian , Italian , and Japanese empires along with the United States . Following the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars , the British and Russian empires expanded considerably, becoming two of the world's leading powers. Russia expanded its territory to the Caucasus and Central Asia . The Ottoman Empire underwent

12915-508: The west and St. Louis in the east (along the west bank of the Mississippi River ). It is 29 miles (47 km) south of Columbia, Missouri , and sits at the western edge of the Missouri Rhineland , one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest . The city is dominated by the monumental domed Missouri State Capitol , which rises from a bluff overlooking the nearby Missouri River to

13038-715: The world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti , Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UK's Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the global slave trade . The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, who did so in 1834. America's Thirteenth Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery

13161-423: Was $ 7.366 billion and Missouri's real total gross domestic product was $ 260.309 billion, making Jefferson City's economy 2.829% of the total gross state product of Missouri. Central Bancompany, Hawthorn Bancshares, Capital Region Medical Center, and Arris Pizza all have their headquarters in Jefferson City. Jefferson City is also home to Central Dairy, whose products are shipped statewide. Tourists are drawn to

13284-419: Was 1,454.4 inhabitants per square mile (561.5/km). There were 16,987 housing units at an average density of 623.3 units per square mile (240.7 units/km). The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% White, 14.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. 1.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of

13407-405: Was 2.89. The age distribution was 20.9% of residents under the age of 18, 10.3% between the ages of 18 and 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% 65 or older. The median age was 37.5 years. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female. At the 2000 census , there were 39,636 people in 15,794 households, including 9,207 families, in the city. The population density

13530-405: Was 3.6% (1,523) of the population. Of the 16,882 households, 25.7% had children under the age of 18; 40.2% were married couples living together; 34.4% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 39.6% consisted of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 3.0. 20.0% of

13653-572: Was a short-lived nation that broke away from the territory of Spanish West Florida in 1810. It comprised the Florida Parishes of the modern state of Louisiana and the Mobile District of the modern states of Mississippi and Alabama . (The Republic of West Florida did not include any part of the modern state of Florida .) Ownership of the area had been in dispute between Spain and the United States, which claimed that it had been included in

13776-558: Was abolished in 1888 (see abolitionism ). Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia in 1861. The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. Chicago in the United States and Melbourne in Australia were non-existent in

13899-597: Was abolished in the United States in 1808, and by the end of the century, almost every government had banned slavery. The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 banned slavery throughout the British Empire , and the Lei Áurea abolished slavery in Brazil in 1888. Abolitionism in the United States continued until the end of the American Civil War . Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman were two of many American abolitionists who helped win

14022-430: Was an era of change and reform. The Islamic gunpowder empires fell into decline and European imperialism brought much of South Asia , Southeast Asia , and almost all of Africa under colonial rule . Reformers were opposed at every turn by conservatives who strove to maintain the centuries-old Islamic laws and social order. The 19th century also saw the collapse of the large Spanish and Mughal empires, which paved

14145-675: Was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic (1777–1791). Three cities served as the capital of the Republic: The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier . The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created not long after the end of the American Revolution from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government. Franklin's territory later became part of

14268-694: Was assassinated by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth . In 1830, Greece became the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence . In 1831, the Bosnian Uprising against Ottoman rule occurred. In 1817, the Principality of Serbia became suzerain from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1867, it passed a constitution that defined its independence from

14391-526: Was discovered in Transvaal . This led to colonization in Southern Africa by the British and business interests, led by Cecil Rhodes . The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell , which soon replaced the older term of natural philosopher . Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin (alongside

14514-593: Was dissolved. Later efforts were less successful. In the Peninsular War , France unsuccessfully attempted to establish Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain. In 1812, the French invasion of Russia had massive French casualties, and was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars . In 1814, after defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition , Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba . Later that year, he escaped exile and began

14637-670: Was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir . The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital. Window Rock ( Navajo : Tségháhoodzání ), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America. It lies within

14760-551: Was home of an ancient people known only as the "Mound Builders" , being replaced by Osage Native Americans. In the late 17th century, frontiersmen started to inhabit the area, including Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac , Louis Jolliet , Jacques Marquette , Robert de LaSalle , and Daniel Boone , with the latter having the greatest influence on the region. Famed Western explorer and settler Daniel Boone 's son, Daniel Morgan Boone (1769-1839), would later lay out and plat Jefferson City in

14883-529: Was probably named after Ocmulgee , on the Ocmulgee river in Macon , a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex . However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal. The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs . The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee , which means "People of

15006-632: Was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation ; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians . Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas , along the Oconaluftee River deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. Some Cherokees fleeing

15129-505: Was the first U.S. Secretary of State (1790-1793) in the first President's Cabinet of George Washington , and subsequently the second Vice President (1797-1801) under second chief executive John Adams . Jefferson City is located on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri , that is roughly mid-way between the state's two large urban areas of Kansas City to

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