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35-713: Moulin was born in Caen , Calvados . In his youth he was educated at the Collège des Jésuites at Caen, eventually taking employment as an engineer . He briefly joined an infantry regiment in Brittany, and then found employment as a geographer until 1788. When the Revolution began in 1789, he volunteered for the Paris National Guard. His pro-revolutionary sentiment developed into a solid political affiliation, and he became widely considered

70-703: A steady and reliable member of the Jacobins . Moulin served the French First Republic as a general during the French Revolutionary Wars . Promoted to adjutant major in 1791, he rapidly advanced to the position of divisional general by 1793. He commanded Republican forces during the war in the Vendée , and served with distinction at the Battle of Saumur . Although he was not a figure of national stature, Moulin

105-950: Is CN . Pays d%27Auge The Pays d'Auge ( French pronunciation: [pei doʒ] , literally Land of Auge ) is an area in Normandy , straddling the départements of Calvados and Orne (plus a small part of the territory of Eure ). The chief town is Lisieux . Generally it consists of the basin of the Touques River . The Pays d'Auge is divided into the following cantons : Canton of Cabourg , Canton of Dozulé , Canton of Trouville Deauville , Canton of Honfleur , Canton of Troarn , Canton of Cambremer , Canton of Pont-l'Évêque , Canton of Blangy-le-Château , Canton of Mézidon-Canon , Canton of Lisieux , Canton of Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives , Canton of Livarot , Canton of Orbec , Canton of Trun , Canton of Vimoutiers , Canton of Exmes and Canton of Gacé . The landscape of this area

140-471: Is considered typical of Normandy—agricultural and producing dairy produce and apples . It is noted for its cheeses , especially Camembert (named for a place in Pays d'Auge), Livarot and Pont-l'Évêque , also names of villages. The Pays d'Auge has been granted appellation contrôlée status for its cider and calvados . The Norman dialect of the Pays d'Auge is known as Augeron . The Pays d'Auge

175-509: Is somewhat ameliorated due to its slightly inland position. In spite of this, summers are still cool by French standards and the climate is typically maritime in terms of high precipitation, relatively modest sunshine hours and mild winters. The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Caen proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Caen absorbed the former commune of Venoix in 1952. The castle, Château de Caen , built c.  1060 by William

210-499: Is the home of the Baroque musical ensemble Les Arts Florissants . The organization was founded by conductor William Christie in 1979 and derives its name from the 1685 opera by Marc-Antoine Charpentier . Caen was the birthplace or origin of: Caen is twinned with: From 1947 to 2006, Caen was a stage of the Tour de France a total of 15 times. Further, Caen was one of the hosts of

245-654: Is widely doubted. Caen was known in Roman times as 'Catumagos', from the Gaulish roots magos meaning 'field' and catu meaning 'combat'. It remained a minor settlement throughout the Roman period and began to see major development commence in the 10th century, under the patronage of the Dukes of Normandy. Around 1060, William the Conqueror began construction of the Château de Caen , which became

280-602: The Caen Guided Light Transit ( French : TVR de Caen but known locally as the "tram"), a guided trolleybus network which operated from 2002 to 2017, which was closed due to reliability issues. The city previously had a tramway which operated from 1860 to 1937. Caen also had several main and branch railway lines linking Caen railway station ( French : Gare de Caen ) to all parts of Normandy with lines to Paris , Vire , Flers , Cabourg , Houlgate , Deauville , Saint-Lô , Bayeux and Cherbourg . Now

315-603: The EuroBasket 1983 . The city has a football team, SM Caen , who as of 2024 are owned by superstar footballer Kylian Mbappé . The Drakkars de Caen play ice hockey in the FFHG Division 1 . In 2014, Caen was the location of the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games . Current arms: Gules, a single-towered open castle Or, windowed and masoned sable. Under the Ancien Régime : Per fess, gules and azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or. During

350-565: The First French Empire : Gules, a single-towered castle Or, a chief of Good Imperial Cities (gules, 3 bees Or). Today, Caen has no motto, but it used to have one, which did not survive the French Revolution . As a result, its spelling is archaic and has not been updated: Un Dieu, un Roy, une Foy, une Loy. (One God, one King, one Faith, one Law.) This motto is reflected in a notable old Chant royal . Caen's home port code

385-633: The Napoleonic Wars until his health began to decline and he returned to France. He died in Pierrefitte , Seine , on 12 March 1810. Caen Caen ( UK : / ˈ k ɒ̃ ˈ k ɒ n / ; French: [kɑ̃] ; Norman : Kaem ) is a commune 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the northwestern coast of France. It is the prefecture of the department of Calvados . The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (as of 2018 ), while its functional urban area has 470,000, making Caen

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420-616: The A84 is a toll-free motorway. The city is encircled by the N814 ring-road (Boulevard Périphérique) that was completed in the late 1990s. The N13 connects Caen to Cherbourg and to Paris. A section of the former N13 (Caen-Paris) is now D613 (in Calvados) following road renumbering. The Boulevard Périphérique includes a viaduct called the Viaduc de Calix that goes over the canal and River Orne . The canal links

455-463: The British Second Army fought the battle of Caen to dislodge German forces from the city. During the battle, Allied bombing raids heavily damaged the city and caused numerous French civilian casualties. After the battle, little of prewar Caen remained, and reconstruction efforts in the city continued until 1962. Postwar work included the reconstruction of complete districts of the city and

490-497: The Conqueror, who successfully conquered England in 1066, is one of the largest medieval fortresses of Western Europe. It remained an essential feature of Norman strategy and policy. At Christmas 1182, a royal court celebration for Christmas in the aula of Caen Castle brought together Henry II and his sons, Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland , receiving more than a thousand knights. Caen Castle, along with all of Normandy,

525-657: The English left, marching to the east and on to their victory at the Battle of Crécy . It was later captured following a siege by Henry V in 1417 and treated harshly for being the first town to put up any resistance to his invasion. In 1450 towards the end of the war, French forces recaptured Caen . During World War II , Caen was captured by German forces during the Battle of France in 1940 and placed under military occupation . In 1944, Allied forces launched Operation Overlord , invading German-occupied France and rapidly advancing through Normandy . From 6 June to 6 August 1944,

560-504: The Kingdom of France. In 1346, King Edward III of England led his army against the city, hoping to loot it. It was expected that a siege of perhaps several weeks would be required, but the army took the city in less than a day, on 26 July 1346, storming and sacking it , killing 3,000 of its citizens, and burning much of the merchants' quarter on the Île St-Jean. Only the castle of Caen held out, despite attempts to besiege it. A few days later,

595-597: The SNCF operates the Paris-Caen-Cherbourg, Caen-Rouen, Caen- Le Mans -Tours, Caen- Rennes services and some others small lines, while Railcoop will soon open new lines such as Lille-Amiens-Rouen-Caen-Rennes-Nantes and Paris-Caen-Brest making Caen railway station its north-western hub. Caen station is the second busiest in Normandy, after Rouen station. Caen - Carpiquet Airport is the biggest airport in Normandy considering

630-529: The abrogation of the Directory's powers by the ascendant supporters of Napoleon Bonaparte, but his efforts were ignored. Moulin and Gohier were held prisoners by troops led by General Jean Victor Marie Moreau until the two signed papers of resignation (10 November 1799). Moulin eventually became reconciled to Napoleon and returned to military life as a commander in the Grande Armée . He served for several years in

665-462: The bustling resorts of Deauville and Cabourg , as well as Norman Switzerland and the Pays d'Auge , Caen is often considered the archetype of Normandy. Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror , who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen , heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of

700-469: The centre of the ducal court. Duchess Matilda of Flanders also founded the Benedictine Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen around the same time, eventually being buried in the abbey. Caen succeeded Bayeux as the capital of Lower Normandy , complementing the second ducal capital of Rouen . Caen fell to Philip II of France on 21 May 1204, and was incorporated along with the remainder of Normandy into

735-576: The city to the sea to permit cargo ships and ferries to dock in the port of Caen . Ferries which have docked include the Quiberon and the Duc de Normandie . The agricultural and food-processing Agrial cooperative has its head office in Caen. Agrial group processes vegetables , cider apples , milk , poultry and meat with the help of its 12,000 employees and all its partners. The Théâtre de Caen (1963)

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770-474: The city's recovery efforts. The resulting film, You Can't Kill a City , is preserved in the National Archives of Canada . Caen is in an area of high humidity. The river Orne flows through the city, as well as small rivers known as les Odons , most of which have been buried under the city to improve urban hygiene. Caen has a large flood zone, named "La prairie", located around the hippodrome, not far from

805-633: The city. The city has now preserved the memory by erecting a memorial and a museum dedicated to peace, the Mémorial de Caen . The first references to the name of Caen are found in different acts of the dukes of Normandy : Cadon 1021/1025, Cadumus 1025, Cathim 1026/1027. Year 1070 of the Parker manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to Caen as Kadum , and year 1086 of the Laud manuscript gives

840-422: The latter making crossing from March to November. The ferry terminal is 15 km (9.3 mi) from Caen with a daytime shuttle bus service for foot passengers. There is also a cyclist road from Caen to Ouistreham. Caen is connected to the rest of France by motorways to Paris ( A13 ), Brittany and Southern France ( A84 ) and to Le Mans and central France ( A88 – A28 ). The A13 and A88 are toll roads while

875-406: The name as Caþum . Despite a lack of sources as to the origin of the settlements, the name Caen would seem to be of Gaulish origin, from the words catu- , referring to military activities and magos , field, hence meaning "manoeuvre field" or "battlefield". In Layamon 's Brut , the poet asserts that King Arthur named the city in memory of Sir Kay , although the historicity of King Arthur

910-743: The number of passengers and flights that it serves every year. Most flights are operated by HOP! , Volotea and the French national airline Air France operates flights to the French cities of Lyon , Nice, Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseille, Biarritz, Ajaccio, Figari, Bastia and Calvi. Caen is served by the large port of Ouistreham , lying at the mouth of the Caen Canal where it meets the English Channel . A cruise/ferry service operates between Portsmouth , England, and Caen/Ouistreham running both standard roll-on-roll-off car ferries and supercat fast ferries, with

945-505: The original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2004 . ) In repentance for marrying his cousin Mathilda of Flanders , William ordered two abbeys to be built on the Pope 's encouragement: Mayors of Caen have included: Joël Bruneau was re-elected mayor in the 2020 municipal elections . In 1952, the small commune of Venoix became part of Caen. In 1990, the agglomeration of Caen

980-548: The river Orne, which is regularly submerged. Caen is 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Channel . A canal ( Canal de Caen à la Mer ) parallel to the Orne was built during the reign of Napoleon III to link the city to the sea at all times. The canal reaches the English Channel at Ouistreham . A lock keeps the tide out of the canal and lets large ships navigate up the canal to Caen's freshwater harbours. Caen has an oceanic climate that

1015-501: The second largest urban area in Normandy and the 19th largest in France. It is also the third largest commune in all of Normandy after Le Havre and Rouen . It is located 200 km (120 mi) northwest of Paris, connected to the South of England by the Caen ( Ouistreham ) to Portsmouth ferry route through the English Channel . Situated a few miles from the coast, the landing beaches,

1050-468: The simultaneous elevation of Roger Ducos , a Council deputy supported by the Abbé Sieyès – the Directory assumed its final incarnation. Moulin, Ducos, Barras, Sieyès, and Louis-Jérôme Gohier led the Directory until its dissolution after the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire . When the coup d'état occurred, the senior member Barras submitted and the Directory officially resigned. Moulin strongly protested

1085-503: The university campus. It took 14 years (1948–1962) and led to the current urbanization of Caen. Having lost many of its historic quarters and its university campus in the war, Caen does not have the atmosphere of a traditional Norman town such as Honfleur , Rouen , Cabourg , Deauville or Bayeux . The Canadian Army Film and Photo Unit filmed the D-Day offensive and Orne breakout several weeks later. It returned several months later to document

Jean-François-Auguste Moulin - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-443: Was a part of 9 cantons , of which it was the chief town. These cantons contained a total of 13 towns. Caen gave its name to a 10th canton, of which it was not part. Since the 2015 canton reorganization, Caen is part of the cantons of Caen-1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 . Twisto is the urban transport network of Caen, including about sixty bus lines and 3 tramway lines. The present tram network officially opened on 27 July 2019 replacing

1155-876: Was handed over to the French Crown in 1204. The castle saw several engagements during the Hundred Years' War (1346, 1417, 1450) and was in use as a barracks as late as the Second World War. Bullet holes are visible on the walls of the castle where members of the French Resistance were shot during the Second World War. Today, the castle serves as a museum that houses the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen (Museum of Fine Arts of Caen) and Musée de Normandie (Museum of Normandy) along with many periodical exhibitions about arts and history. (See "Timeline of Caen Castle" . Archived from

1190-643: Was nonetheless elevated to the French executive branch of government by fortuitous circumstances. He happened to be in the capital with his army at a critical moment of political upheaval, the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII . Presented as an acceptable alternative to the Directors who were purged in the coup, Moulin was supported by his friend the vicomte de Barras , and he was appointed to the Directory in June 1799. Moulin did not remain in office for very long. With his appointment – and

1225-491: Was organized into a district, transformed in 2002 into a Communauté d'agglomération ( Grand Caen (Greater Caen), renamed Caen la Mer in 2004), gathers 29 towns and villages, including Villons-les-Buissons , Lion-sur-Mer , Hermanville-sur-Mer , which joined the Communauté d'agglomération in 2004. The population of the "communauté d'agglomération" is around 220,000 inhabitants. In the former administrative organisation, Caen

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