174-578: Jealous Again is the second EP by American hardcore punk band Black Flag , and the third-ever release on SST Records . Although eventually released as a 12" 45 RPM extended-play, Jealous Again was initially intended to be Black Flag's first full-length album. Spurred on by the reception to their first release, the EP Nervous Breakdown , Black Flag entered the studio in late 1979 with new drummer Robo and original singer Keith Morris to begin recording their first LP. Basic tracks for all of
348-675: A mod following, during the Swinging London period of the mid-to late 1960s. The genre bridges British Invasion mod/ R&B /pop and psychedelia . The term was coined by English music journalist Phil Smee . AllMusic writes that "freakbeat" is loosely defined, but generally describes the more obscure but hard-edged artists of the British Invasion era such as the Creation , the Pretty Things or Denny Laine 's early solo work. Much of
522-602: A band which, apart from Bad Brains , has arguably had the biggest influence on the hardcore punk genre, and whose contributions to the music, ethics, aesthetic, and ethos are still widely acknowledged by hardcore bands of the 2020s. The band used faster rhythms and more aggressive, less melodic riffs than was common at the time. Minor Threat popularized the straight edge movement with its song " Straight Edge ", which spoke out against alcohol, drugs and promiscuity. MacKaye and Nelson ran their own record label, Dischord Records , which released records by D.C. hardcore bands, including
696-663: A deal with Warner Bros Records , making them the first British hardcore punk band to sign to a major label. The success of Gallows led to other British hardcore acts of the time gain notability like the Ghost of a Thousand , Heights , Dead Swans and Blackhole . The late-2000s metalcore scene was fronted by Architects and Bring Me the Horizon . The style of Bring Me the Horizon´s early work, including their debut album Count Your Blessings , has been described primarily as deathcore , but over
870-660: A decade, featured heavily on the channel. The Buggles ' " Video Killed the Radio Star " was the first music video shown on MTV . In late 1982, " I Ran (So Far Away) " by A Flock of Seagulls entered the Billboard Top Ten, arguably the first successful song that owed almost everything to video. They would be followed by bands like Duran Duran whose glossy videos would come to symbolise the power of MTV. Dire Straits ' " Money for Nothing " gently poked fun at MTV which had helped make them international rock stars. In 1983, 30% of
1044-409: A falling out with the band) to be their new vocalist; however, guitarist and band leader Greg Ginn felt he was not yet ready to record, and the tapes were put aside for several months. After several shows with Reyes, one of which was filmed for the movie The Decline of Western Civilization , the sessions resumed, first with Ginn overdubbing new guitar parts and then Reyes doing his vocals. However,
1218-518: A giant red mohawk and the band continued to wear swastikas , an approach influenced by the wearing of this symbol by 1970s punks such as Sid Vicious . Because of this, the Exploited were labeled by others in the scene as "cartoon punks". Other influential UK hardcore bands from this period included GBH , Anti-Establishment , Antisect , Broken Bones , Chaos UK , Conflict , Dogsflesh , English Dogs , and grindcore innovators Napalm Death . There
1392-513: A grand overarching theme. King Crimson 's 1969 début album, In the Court of the Crimson King , which mixed powerful guitar riffs and mellotron , with jazz and symphonic music , is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues-rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts. The term was applied to
1566-534: A hardcore scene known as "nardcore" developed with bands like Agression , Ill Repute , Dr. Know , and Rich Kids on LSD . Whilst popular traditional punk bands such as the Clash , Ramones, and Sex Pistols were signed to major record labels, the hardcore punk bands were generally not. Black Flag, however, was briefly signed to MCA subsidiary Unicorn Records but were dropped because an executive considered their music to be "anti-parent". Instead of trying to be courted by
1740-673: A hardcore style (shaved head and boots) as being based on needing more functional clothing. Skateboard culture, streetwear, and workwear are also major influences on clothing worn by participants in both past and present eras of hardcore. Music writer Barney Hoskyns attributed hardcore being younger, faster and angrier than punk rock, to adolescents who were sick of their life in a "bland Republican " America. Hardcore punk lyrics often express antiestablishment , antimilitarist , antiauthoritarian , antiviolence , and pro- environmentalist sentiments, in addition to other typically left-wing , anarchist , or egalitarian political views. During
1914-424: A heavier sound were sometimes referred to by the sobriquet 'Britrock', including Skunk Anansie , The Wildhearts , Terrorvision , Reef , and Feeder . Britpop and Britrock groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural movement called Cool Britannia . Although its more popular bands were able to spread their commercial success overseas, especially to
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#17331051818852088-449: A large British influence in the doom/gothic metal scene, pioneered by such bands as Paradise Lost , My Dying Bride and Anathema . Grindcore , or simply grind, was a hybrid of death metal and hardcore punk, characterized by heavily distorted , down-tuned guitars , high speed tempo , blast beats , songs often lasting no more than two minutes (some are seconds long), and vocals which consist of growls and high-pitched screams. Pioneers,
2262-588: A little known outfit from West London, who dropped their punk rock image and jumped on the band wagon, topping the UK charts in the summer of 1979 with the single " Are Friends Electric? ". This prompted the singer, Gary Numan to go solo and in the same year he release the Kraftwerk inspired album, The Pleasure Principle and again topped the charts for the second time with the single " Cars ". Particularly through its adoption by New Romantics , synthesizers came to dominate
2436-417: A parody of conservative bands. Another act from Massachusetts, Vile, were known to insult women, minorities and gay people in their lyrics and would even go as far as putting their albums on the windshields of people's cars. On the other hand, Tim Yohannan and the influential punk rock fanzine Maximumrocknroll were criticized by some punks for acting as the "politically correct scene police", having what
2610-568: A radio show featuring hardcore called Capital Radio, hosted by Brad Morrison, beginning in February 1979 and continuing weekly until late 1983. In New York City , Tim Sommer hosted Noise The Show on WNYU . By 1984, the Ramones , one of the original New York punk bands, were experimenting with hardcore, with two songs, "Wart Hog" and "Endless Vacation" on their album Too Tough To Die . Minneapolis hardcore consisted of bands such as Hüsker Dü and
2784-579: A radio show in 1977, but branched out into a fanzine in 1982. While not as large as the scene in Los Angeles, the hardcore scene of the early 1980s included a number of noteworthy bands originating from the San Francisco Bay Area , including Bl'ast , Crucifix , the Faction , Fang , Flipper , and Whipping Boy . Additionally, during this time, seminal Texas -based bands Dirty Rotten Imbeciles ,
2958-606: A reaction against various musical and cultural trends in the late 1980s and early 1990s, particularly the grunge phenomenon from the United States. New British groups such as Suede and Blur launched the movement by positioning themselves as opposing musical forces, referencing British guitar music of the past and writing about uniquely British topics and concerns. These bands were soon joined by others including Oasis , Pulp , Supergrass , The Boo Radleys , Kula Shaker , Ash , Ocean Colour Scene and Elastica . Other bands with
3132-748: A record label founded in 1979 by Jerry Dammers of the Specials , and references a desire to transcend and defuse racial tensions in Thatcher-era Britain : many two-tone groups, such as the Specials , the Selecter and the Beat , featured a mix of black , white , and multiracial people . Originating in the Midlands city Coventry in England in the late 1970s, it was part of the second wave of ska music, following on from
3306-449: A result, British blues helped to form many of the subgenres of rock, including psychedelic rock and heavy metal music . Since then direct interest in the blues in Britain has declined, but many of the key performers have returned to it in recent years, new acts have emerged and there has been a renewed interest in the genre. The Beatles themselves were less influenced by blues music than
3480-511: A shift into hardcore. Similar to Black Flag and Youth Brigade, Dead Kennedys released their albums on their own label, which in DK's case was Alternative Tentacles . The scene was helped in particular by the San Francisco club Mabuhay Gardens , whose promoter, Dirk Dirksen , became known as "The Pope of Punk". Another important local institution was Tim Yohannan 's Maximumrocknroll , which started as
3654-406: A single laptop computer. This resulted in a massive increase in the amount of home-produced electronic music available to the general public via the expanding internet, and new forms of performance such as laptronica and live coding . In Britain the combination of indie with American pioneered dance-punk was dubbed new rave in publicity for Klaxons and the term was picked up and applied by
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#17331051818853828-405: A string of singles hits and a quintuple platinum album with One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005), which reached number 11 in the UK charts. Bullet for My Valentine , from Wales, broke into the top 5 in both the U.S. and British charts with their metalcore, a mixture of metal and hardcore, with Scream Aim Fire (2008). Pub rock was a short-lived trend that left a lasting influence on
4002-459: A style of dance in which participants push or slam into each other, and stage diving . Moshing works as a vehicle for expressing anger by "represent[ing] a way of playing at violence or roughness that allowed participants to mark their difference from the banal niceties of middle-class culture". Moshing is in another way a " parody of violence", that nevertheless leaves participants bruised and sometimes bleeding. The term mosh came into use in
4176-486: A thick, powerful sound, characterised by overt rhythmic basslines, highly amplified distortion , extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles often incorporated elements of fantasy and science fiction, and are generally associated with masculinity and machismo . The three pioneering heavy metal bands, Led Zeppelin , Black Sabbath , and Deep Purple , were all British and, while gaining little critical acclaim, they and
4350-541: A wide variety of forms of music made in the United Kingdom. Since around 1964, with the " British Invasion " of the United States spearheaded by the Beatles , British rock music has had a considerable impact on the development of American music and rock music across the world. Initial attempts to emulate American rock and roll took place in Britain in the mid-1950s, but the terms "rock music" and "rock" usually refer to
4524-408: Is "usually associated with the further evolution of California's L.A. Punk Rock scene", which included young skateboarders. A September 1981 article by Tim Sommer shows the author applying the term to the "15 or so" punk bands gigging around the city at that time, which he considered a belated development relative to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. Blush said that the term "hardcore"
4698-556: Is also a reference to the sense of being "fed up" with the existing punk and new wave music . Blush also states that the term refers to "an extreme: the absolute most Punk". Kelefa Sanneh states that the term "hardcore" referred to an attitude of "turning inwards" towards the scene and "ignoring broader society", all with the goal of achieving a sense of "shared purpose" and being part of a community. Sanneh cites Agnostic Front 's band member selection approach as an example of hardcore's emphasis on "scene citizenship"; prospective members of
4872-508: Is essentially an attack on Morris and the Circle Jerks. "You Bet..." is also the only time Dukowski sings lead vocals on a Black Flag song. Outtakes from all three vocalist's attempts at recording for the EP, including Cadena's version of the title track, dominate the band's 1982 compilation double album Everything Went Black . The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau wrote in his review of
5046-469: Is important in hardcore. Noisey magazine describes one hardcore band as "an all-encompassing, full-volume assault" in which "[e]very instrument sounds like it's competing for the most power and highest volume". Scott Wilson states that the hardcore of the Bad Brains emphasized two elements: "off-the-charts" loudness which reached a level of threatening, powerful "uncompromising noise" and rhythm, in place of
5220-434: Is supposed to be. It's its own form." According to AllMusic , the overall blueprint for hardcore was playing louder, harder and faster. Hardcore was a reaction to the "cosmopolitan art-school" style of new wave music . Hardcore "eschew[ed] nuance, technique, [and] the avant-garde ", and instead emphasized "speed and rhythmic intensity" using unpredictable song forms and abrupt tempo changes. The impact of powerful volume
5394-804: Is the true spirit of punk, because "all the poseurs and fashionistas fucked off to the next trend of skinny pink ties with New Romantic haircuts, singing wimpy lyrics" and the punk scene now consisted of people like Minor Threat, Bad Brains , Black Flag , and Circle Jerks , dedicated to the DIY ethics. Other writers have also attributed hardcore to a reaction against artsy and mellower sub-genres that punk grew into, such as post-punk and new wave . Hardcore punk additionally broke with original punk rock song patterns and visuals, favoring lower-key aesthetics. According to Eli Enis of Billboard magazine , hardcore shows are known to be violent. In 2002, during an interview with Nardwuar , Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra
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5568-516: Is usually thought to be the Ramones from 1976. This was taken up in Britain by bands also influenced by the pub rock scene, like the Sex Pistols , The Clash and The Damned , particularly in London, who became the vanguard of a new musical and cultural movement, blending simple aggressive sounds and lyrics with clothing styles and a variety of anti-authoritarian ideologies . Punk rock bands eschewed
5742-686: The Celtic diaspora in North America and Australia and by many bands in continental central and eastern Europe. Unlike earlier Celtic rock and electric folk groups, folk punk groups tend to include relatively little traditional music in their repertoire, but instead usually performed their own compositions, often following the form of punk rock, using additional folk instrumentation, including, mandolin , accordion , banjo and particularly violin. Other bands adopted some traditional forms of music, including sea shanties and eastern European gypsy music . Among
5916-727: The Kensington Market neighbourhood of Toronto , Ontario , formed in November 1983 as a response to "a local war with glue huffing Nazi skinheads". In Montreal , The Asexuals helped fertilize a scene that became a necessary tour stop for punk and hardcore bands headed to the Northeast. In the United Kingdom , a fertile hardcore scene took root early on. Referred to under a number of names including "U.K. Hardcore", " UK 82 ", "second wave punk", "real punk", and "No Future punk", it took
6090-618: The Minutemen , with whom they shared a practice space until both bands were evicted, as well as the Circle Jerks (which featured Black Flag's original singer, Keith Morris ). From Hollywood , two other bands playing hardcore punk, Fear and the Germs , were featured with Black Flag and the Circle Jerks in Penelope Spheeris ' 1981 documentary The Decline of Western Civilization . By the time
6264-629: The NME to a number of bands, including Trash Fashion , New Young Pony Club , Hadouken! , Late of the Pier , Test Icicles , and Shitdisco forming a scene with a similar visual aesthetic to earlier raves . In the mid-to-late 2010s and early 2020s, a new wave of post-punk bands from Britain and Ireland emerged. The groups in this scene have been described with the term "Crank Wave" by NME and The Quietus in 2019, and as "Post- Brexit New Wave" by NPR writer Matthew Perpetua in 2021. Perpetua describes
6438-481: The Outpatients , both of whom would come to Boston to play shows. From nearby Manchester , New Hampshire, was G.G. Allin , a solo singer who, contrary to straight edge, used large amounts of drugs and alcohol, eventually dying of a heroin overdose. Allin's stage show included defecating on stage and then throwing his feces at the audience. The New York City hardcore scene emerged in 1981 when Bad Brains moved to
6612-607: The electronic rock of Gary Numan as well as songwriters like Elvis Costello , rock & roll influenced bands like the Pretenders, the reggae influenced music of bands like The Police , as well as bands of the mod revival like The Jam and of the ska revival like The Specials and Madness . By the end of the decade many of these bands, most obviously the Police, were beginning to make an impact in American and world markets. Beside
6786-457: The far-right Proud Boys during their sedition trial for their role in attacking the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. While the early hardcore scene was mostly young white males, both onstage and in the audience, there are notable exceptions. Black musicians include Bad Brains, Fred "Freak" Smith of Beefeater , Dead Kennedys drummer D.H. Peligro , and Scream bassist Skeeter Thompson . Numerous Black and Latino members have been in
6960-448: The new wave music movement in London nightclubs including Billy's and The Blitz Club towards the end of the 1970s. Influenced by David Bowie and Roxy Music , it developed glam rock fashions, gaining its name from the frilly fop shirts of early Romanticism . New Romantic music often made extensive use of synthesizers. Pioneers included Visage , Japan and Ultravox and among the commercially most successful acts associated with
7134-467: The " Counterculture ". In particular, the Beatles' movie A Hard Day's Night and fashions from Carnaby Street led American media to proclaim England as the centre of the music and fashion world. The success of British acts of the time, particularly that of the Beatles themselves, has been seen as revitalising rock music in the US and influenced many American bands to develop their sound and style. The growth of
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7308-520: The 1950s, Britain was well placed to receive American rock and roll music and culture. It shared a common language, had been exposed to American culture through the stationing of troops in the country, and shared many social developments, including the emergence of distinct youth sub-cultures, which in Britain included the Teddy Boys . Trad jazz became popular, and many of its musicians were influenced by related American styles, including boogie-woogie and
7482-625: The 1960s and early '70s soon formed influential bands like Brinsley Schwarz , Ducks Deluxe and Bees Make Honey . Brinsley Schwarz was probably the most influential group, achieving some mainstream success both in the UK and in the States. The second wave of pub rock included Kilburn and the High Roads , Ace , Johnny Kid & the Pirates, and Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers ; these were followed by
7656-460: The 1960s, when it developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric guitar and made international stars of several proponents of the genre including The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds , Eric Clapton , Cream , Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin (who morphed out of The Yardbirds). A number of these moved through Blues-rock to different forms of rock music, with increasing emphasis on technical virtuosity and improvisational skills. As
7830-615: The 1970s, when it was taken up by groups such as Pentangle , Steeleye Span and the Albion Band . It was rapidly adopted and developed in the surrounding Celtic cultures of Brittany , where it was pioneered by Alan Stivell and bands like Malicorne ; in Ireland by groups such as Horslips ; and also in Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man and Cornwall , to produce Celtic rock and its derivatives. It
8004-411: The 1970s. Shock rock pioneer Arthur Brown performed his 1968 hit song "Fire" wearing black and white makeup ( corpse paint ) and a burning headpiece. He has been a significant influence on extreme acts that have followed. By the early 1970s, rock music had become more mainstream, and internationalised, with many British acts becoming massively successful in the United States and globally. Some of
8178-410: The 1980s, eschewing the major record labels for control of their own music and relying on local scenes or national sub-cultures to provide an audience. Having enjoyed some success a number of indie acts were able to move into the mainstream, including early indie bands Aztec Camera , Orange Juice and The Smiths , followed by The Housemartins and James . Other forms of alternative rock developed in
8352-554: The 1980s, the subculture often rejected what was perceived to be " yuppie " materialism and interventionist American foreign policy. Numerous hardcore punk bands have taken far-left political stances, such as anarchism or other varieties of socialism , and in the 1980s expressed opposition to political leaders such as then US president Ronald Reagan and British prime minister Margaret Thatcher . Reagan's economic policies, sometimes dubbed Reaganomics , and social conservatism were common subjects for criticism by hardcore bands of
8526-415: The 1986 NME tape, and also known as "cutie", "shambling bands" and later as "twee pop", indie pop was characterised by jangling guitars, a love of sixties pop and often fey, innocent lyrics. It was also inspired by the DIY scene of punk and there was a thriving fanzine, label and club and gig circuit. Early bands included The Pastels , The Shop Assistants and Primal Scream . Scenes later developed in
8700-567: The 2000s include: Editors , The Fratellis , Lostprophets , Razorlight , Keane , Kaiser Chiefs , Muse , Kasabian , The Cribs , The Maccabees , The Kooks and Arctic Monkeys (the last being the most prominent act to gain their initial fan base through the use of internet social networking ). In 1996, a hardcore scene in London began around the informal collective "London Black-Up", which include bands like Knuckledust , Ninebar and Bun Dem Out. Bands in this scene often incorporated elements of grime , hip hip and metal into their sounds and
8874-728: The Banshees , The Lords of the New Church , Joy Division , Killing Joke , Echo & the Bunnymen , Gang of Four , The Cure , Bauhaus , Magazine , Wire , The Jesus and Mary Chain , and Tubeway Army . Post-punk would be a major element in the creation of the alternative rock and gothic rock genres. Two-tone or 2 tone is a genre of British popular music of the late 1970s and early 1980s that focused traditional Jamaican ska , rocksteady and reggae music with elements of punk rock and new wave music . Its name derives from 2 Tone Records ,
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#17331051818859048-512: The British band Napalm Death inspired other British grindcore groups in the 1980s, among them Extreme Noise Terror , Carcass and Sore Throat . Probably the most successful British metal band since the days of NWOBHM were Cradle of Filth , formed in 1991, and pursuing a form of extreme metal that is difficult to categorise. The term "retro-metal" has been applied to such bands as The Darkness , whose mix of glam rock and heavy riffs earned them
9222-545: The British charts. The initial response of the British music industry was to attempt to produce copies of American records, recorded with session musicians and often fronted by teen idols. British rock and rollers soon began to appear, including Wee Willie Harris and Tommy Steele . The bland or wholly imitative form of much British rock and roll in this period meant that the American product remained dominant. However, in 1958 Britain produced its first "authentic" rock and roll song and star, when Cliff Richard reached number 2 in
9396-431: The British music industry itself, and its increasingly prominent global role in the forefront of changing popular culture, also enabled it to discover and first establish the success of new rock artists from elsewhere in the world, notably Jimi Hendrix and, in the early 1970s, Bob Marley . Freakbeat is a loosely defined subgenre of rock and roll music developed mainly by harder-driving British groups, often those with
9570-593: The British music scene, especially in punk rock . It was a back-to-basics movement that reacted against the glittery glam rock of David Bowie and Gary Glitter , and peaked in the mid-1970s. Pub rock developed in large north London pubs. It is said to have begun in May 1971 with Eggs over Easy , an American band, playing in the Tally Ho! in Kentish Town . A group of musicians who had been playing in blues and R&B bands during
9744-505: The Britpop groups that had preceded them, and were some of the most commercially successful acts of the late 1990s and early 2000s. In the 2000s British indie rock experienced a resurgence. Like modern American alternative rock , many British indie bands such as Franz Ferdinand , The Libertines and Bloc Party drew influences from post-punk groups such as Joy Division , Wire , and Gang of Four . Other prominent independent rock bands in
9918-411: The Circle Jerks were so far from that. We looked like the kid who worked at the gas station or sub. shop." Henry Rollins stated that for him, getting dressed up meant putting on a black shirt and some dark pants; taking an interest in fashion as being a distraction. Jimmy Gestapo from Murphy's Law describes his own transition from dressing in a punk style (spiked hair and a bondage belt) to adopting
10092-601: The Clock (1955). Both films contained the Bill Haley & His Comets hit " Rock Around the Clock ", which first entered the British charts in early 1955 – four months before it reached the US pop charts – topped the British charts later that year and again in 1956, and helped identify rock and roll with teenage delinquency. American rock and roll acts such as Elvis Presley , Little Richard and Buddy Holly thereafter became major forces in
10266-741: The Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher in the same way that American hardcore punk bands addressed the Ronald Reagan administration. In the second half of the 1980s, it became increasingly normalised for UK hardcore bands to be influenced by heavy metal styles. Crust punk is a form of music influenced by punk rock and extreme metal . Founded by the English bands Amebix and Antisect , taking its name from Newcastle band Hellbastard 's 1986 Ripper Crust demo. Crust punk influenced further developments into UK hardcore, specifically in its contribution to
10440-797: The Dicks , Dirty Rotten Imbeciles (D.R.I.), Really Red , Verbal Abuse and MDC were from Texas . Portland , Oregon, hardcore punk bands included Poison Idea and Final Warning , while north of there, Washington state included the Accüsed , Melvins , the Fartz , and 10 Minute Warning (the latter two included future Guns N' Roses member Duff McKagan ). Other prominent hardcore bands from this time that came from areas without large scenes include Raleigh , North Carolina's Corrosion of Conformity . D.O.A. formed in Vancouver , British Columbia in 1978 and were one of
10614-626: The Dicks , MDC , Rhythm Pigs , and Verbal Abuse all relocated to San Francisco. Further out of the Bay Area, Sacramento 's Tales of Terror were cited by many, including Mark Arm , as a key inspiration for the grunge movement. The first hardcore punk band to form on the East Coast of the United States was Washington, D.C.'s Bad Brains . Initially formed in 1977 as a jazz fusion ensemble called Mind Power, and consisting of all African-American members, their early foray into hardcore featured some of
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#173310518188510788-595: The EP: "Black Flag are committed to rage, not in itself—I don't believe their 'I've got something personal against you' even though I know it's true—but as a musical principle. Five songs, seven minutes, as arty as no wave, with a comparable relationship to punk precedents, which for L.A. are basic Brit . The sound is extreme and unique, all forced rhythm and guitar blur with no ingratiating distractions—no humor, irony, hooks, or (God knows) melody. Well, maybe irony." All tracks are written by Greg Ginn , except where noted Adapted from
10962-584: The F.U.'s , the Freeze , Gang Green , Jerry's Kids , Siege , DYS , Negative FX , and SS Decontrol . Members of the latter three bands were influenced by D.C.'s straight edge scene, and were part of "the Boston Crew", a mostly straight edge group of friends known to physically fight people who used alcohol or drugs. Members of the Boston Crew would later go on to form the band Slapshot , and also included future Mighty Mighty Bosstones singer Dicky Barrett , who
11136-704: The Faith , Iron Cross , Scream , State of Alert , Government Issue , Void , and D.C.'s Youth Brigade . The Flex Your Head compilation was a seminal document of the early 1980s D.C. hardcore scene. The record label was run out of the Dischord House, a Washington, D.C., punk house . Henry Rollins , who would come to prominence as the lead singer of the California-based Black Flag, as well as his own later Rollins Band , grew up in Washington, D.C., singing for
11310-457: The Happy Mondays having difficulty in producing a second album and Factory Records going bankrupt in 1992. Local bands catching the tail-end of Madchester, such as The Mock Turtles , became part of a wider baggy scene. The music press in the UK began to place more focus on shoegazing bands from the south of England and bands emerging through US grunge . Dream pop had developed out of
11484-507: The Hoople , Marc Bolan and T. Rex . These, and many other acts straddled the divide between pop and rock music, managing to maintain a level of respectability with rock audiences, while enjoying success in the UK singles chart, including Queen and Elton John . Other performers aimed much more directly for the popular music market, where they were the dominant groups of their era, including Slade , Wizzard , Mud and Sweet . The glitter image
11658-462: The Los Angeles scene from 1981 to 1984, and it included show reviews and band interviews with groups including D.O.A., the Misfits, Black Flag, Suicidal Tendencies and the Circle Jerks. Shortly after Black Flag debuted in Los Angeles, Dead Kennedys were formed in San Francisco. While the band's early releases were played in a style closer to traditional punk rock, In God We Trust, Inc. (1981) marked
11832-553: The Misfits "crucial to the rise of hardcore." New York hardcore had more emphasis on rhythm, in part due to the use of palm-muted guitar chords, an approach called the NY hardcore "chug". The New York scene was known for its tough ethos, its "thuggery", and club shows that were a chaotic "proving ground" or even a "battleground". In the early 1980s, the New York hardcore scene centered around squats and clubhouses. After these were closed down,
12006-635: The Nephilim . Gothic rock gave rise to a broader goth subculture that included clubs, various fashion trends and numerous publications that grew in popularity in the 1980s, gaining notoriety by being associated with several moral panics over suicide and Satanism. The independent rock scene that had developed in Manchester in the second half of the 1980s, based in The Haçienda nightclub and Factory Records and dubbed Madchester, came to national prominence at
12180-507: The Replacements , while Chicago had Articles of Faith , Big Black and Naked Raygun . The Detroit area was home to Crucifucks , Degenerates , the Meatmen , Negative Approach , Spite and Violent Apathy . From Ohio was Maumee 's Necros and Dayton 's Toxic Reasons . The zine Touch and Go covered this Midwest hardcore scene from 1979 to 1983. JFA and Meat Puppets were both from Phoenix , Arizona; 7 Seconds were from Reno , Nevada; and Butthole Surfers , Big Boys ,
12354-424: The State of Alert, and was influenced by the music of Bad Brains and the bands of his childhood friend Ian MacKaye. The tradition of holding all-ages shows at small DIY spaces, has roots in the early Washington, D.C., straight edge movement. It emerged from the idea that people of all ages should have access to music, regardless of if they're old enough to drink alcohol. Seminal Boston-area hardcore bands included
12528-457: The Top 10 singles in a May 1985 survey were of British origin. Veteran music journalist Simon Reynolds theorised that similar to the first British Invasion the use of black American influences by the British acts helped to spur success. Commentators in the mainstream media credited MTV and the British acts with bringing colour and energy back to pop music while rock journalists were generally hostile to
12702-400: The UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain wrapped their pop melodies in walls of guitar noise, while New Order emerged from the demise of post-punk band Joy Division and experimented with techno and house music , forging the alternative dance style. The Mary Chain, along with Dinosaur Jr and the dream pop of Cocteau Twins , were the influences for the shoegazing movement of
12876-450: The UK in the post- hippie early 1970s. It was characterised by "outrageous" clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots. The flamboyant lyrics, costumes, and visual styles of glam performers were a campy , playing with categories of sexuality in a theatrical blend of nostalgic references to science fiction and old movies, all over a guitar-driven hard rock sound. Pioneers of the genre included David Bowie , Roxy Music , Mott
13050-563: The UK were Freddie and the Dreamers , who were based in Manchester, as were Herman's Hermits and The Hollies . The beat movement provided most of the bands responsible for the British invasion of the American pop charts in the period after 1964, and furnished the model for many important developments in pop and rock music, particularly through their small group format – typically lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar, and drums, sometimes replacing
13224-454: The US. Other acts that were part of the "invasion" included The Who , The Kinks , and The Dave Clark Five ; these acts were also successful within the UK, although clearly the term "British Invasion" itself was not applied there except as a description of what was happening in the USA. So-called "British Invasion" acts influenced fashion, haircuts and manners of the 1960s of what was to be known as
13398-728: The United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Los Angeles , San Francisco , Washington, D.C. , Boston , and New York , as well as in Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight edge movement and its associated sub-movements, hardline and youth crew . Hardcore was heavily involved in the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and with the DIY ethics in underground music scenes. It has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including grunge and thrash metal . Although
13572-418: The United States particularly around labels such as K Records . Genres such as Riot Grrrl and bands as diverse as Nirvana , Manic Street Preachers , and Belle and Sebastian have all acknowledged its influence. Britpop emerged from the British independent music scene of the early 1990s and was characterised by bands influenced by British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. The movement developed as
13746-405: The United States, and rapidly moved into rock and pop music being taken up by acts including the Beatles , The Yardbirds , The Moody Blues , Small Faces , The Move , Traffic , Cream and Pink Floyd . Psychedelic rock bridged the transition from early blues-rock to progressive rock , art rock , experimental rock , hard rock and eventually heavy metal that would become major genres in
13920-624: The United States, the movement largely fell apart by the end of the decade. From about 1997, as dissatisfaction grew with the concept of Cool Britannia, and Britpop as a movement began to dissolve, emerging bands began to avoid the Britpop label while still producing music derived from it. Many of these bands tended to mix elements of British traditional rock (or British trad rock), with American influences, including grunge. Radiohead , Placebo and Post-Britpop bands like The Verve , Travis , Stereophonics , Feeder , and particularly Coldplay , achieved much wider international success than most of
14094-456: The album liner notes. Hardcore punk Hardcore punk (commonly abbreviated to hardcore or hXc ) is a punk rock subgenre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock. Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against
14268-423: The all-Latino punk band Manic Hispanic , which also featured Efrem Schulz from Death By Stereo . There are also notable women such as Crass singers Joy de Vivre and Eve Libertine , Black Flag bassist Kira Roessler , and Germs bassist Lorna Doom . Several documentaries, including 2003's Afro-Punk and 2016's Los Punks , chronicle these subcultures within American punk and hardcore. As of 2019,
14442-493: The anti-Bush political activist group PunkVoter. A minority of hardcore musicians have expressed right-wing views, such as the band Antiseen , whose guitarist Joe Young ran for public office as a North Carolina Libertarian . Former Misfits singer Michale Graves appeared on an episode of The Daily Show , voicing support for George W. Bush, on behalf of the Conservative Punk website, and in 2023 testified on behalf of
14616-581: The band Suicidal Tendencies , including Mike Muir , Rocky George , R.J. Herrera, Louiche Mayorga, Robert Trujillo , Thundercat , Dean Pleasants , Ra Díaz, Dave Lombardo , Eric Moore, Tim "Rawbiz" Williams, David Hidalgo Jr. , and Ronald Bruner Jr. Other Latinos in early hardcore bands include Black Flag members Ron Reyes , Dez Cadena , Robo , and Anthony Martinez, Agnostic Front singer Roger Miret , his brother Madball singer Freddy Cricien , Adolescents guitarist Steve Soto , and Wasted Youth drummer Joey Castillo . Soto would later form
14790-454: The band before this?" Ginn and Dukowski decided to release five tracks from the finished Reyes sessions as the 12" EP known to Black Flag fans today, and elected to make a second attempt at a debut album with Cadena as lead vocalist. Early versions of "Revenge" and "White Minority" with Reyes on vocals, along with an early version of the later Damaged track "Depression", were recorded and filmed for The Decline of Western Civilization . In
14964-492: The band were chosen based on being part of the local hardcore scene and being regularly in the moshing pit at shows, rather than based on a musical audition . Michael Azerrad states that "[by] 1979 the original punk scene [in Southern California] had almost completely died out" and was replaced by punk music boiled down to its essence, but with faster tempos, which became known as "hardcore". Steven Blush states that
15138-414: The blues . The skiffle craze, led by Lonnie Donegan , utilised mostly amateurish versions mainly of American folk songs and encouraged many of the subsequent generation of rock and roll, folk, R&B and beat musicians to start performing. At the same time British audiences were beginning to encounter American rock and roll, initially through films including Blackboard Jungle (1955) and Rock Around
15312-475: The charts with " Move It ". British impresario Larry Parnes fashioned young singers to the new trend, giving them corny names such as Billy Fury , Marty Wilde and Vince Eager . At the same time, TV shows such as Six-Five Special and Oh Boy! , both produced by Jack Good , promoted the careers of British rock and rollers like Marty Wilde and Adam Faith . Cliff Richard and his backing band The Drifters, who quickly changed their name to The Shadows , were
15486-548: The city from Washington, D.C. Starting in 1981, there was an influx of new hardcore bands in the city including Agnostic Front , Beastie Boys , Cro-Mags , Cause for Alarm, the Mob , Murphy's Law , Reagan Youth , and Warzone . A number of other bands associated with New York hardcore scene came from New Jersey , including the Misfits , Adrenalin OD and Hogan's Heroes . Steven Blush calls
15660-409: The community. Largely inspired by early labels like Dischord Records , Alternative Tentacles , Epitaph Records , SST Records , Revelation Records , and Touch & Go Records , record labels are usually run on DIY ethic, collaboration, financial trust, and an emphasis on creative control. Labels within hardcore are seldom large, profit-making operations, but rather collaborative music partners with
15834-403: The correspondent said "The British Invasion this time goes by the code name Beatlemania ". A few days later, they appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show . Seventy five per cent of Americans watching television that night viewed their appearance thus "launching" the invasion with a massive wave of chart success that would continue until the Beatles broke up in 1970. On 4 April 1964, the Beatles held
16008-512: The course of several albums, the band has shifted its style and moved in a more melodically-oriented direction by combining their approach to metalcore with elements of electronica , pop and hip hop . Asking Alexandria from York were the most successful bands to originate from the MySpace metalcore scene. With developments in computer technology and music software advanced, it became possible to create high quality music using little more than
16182-494: The creation of grindcore . Grindcore, developed during the mid-1980s in the United Kingdom by Napalm Death , a group who emerged from the anarcho-punk scene in Birmingham, England. Napalm Death's seismic impact inspired other British grindcore groups in the 1980s, among them Carcass and Sore Throat . Extreme Noise Terror , from Ipswich, formed in 1984 with the goal of becoming "the most extreme hardcore punk band of all time,"
16356-541: The crowd was singing the lyrics so loud they could be heard over the PA system. Hardcore vocal lines are often based on minor scales and songs may include shouted background vocals from the other band members. Hardcore lyrics expressed the "frustration and political disillusionment" of youth who were against 1980s-era affluence , consumerism , greed, Reagan politics and authority. The polarizing sociopolitical messages in hardcore lyrics (and outrageous on-stage behaviour) meant that
16530-446: The development of mainstream new wave, there were also less commercial, darker and sub-culture acts, often classified as post-punk. Like new wave they incorporated a range of influences, including electronic music, Jamaican dub music (specifically in bass guitar), and American funk . Examples of post-punk outfits in Britain included The Smiths , Orange Juice , The Psychedelic Furs , Television Personalities , The Fall , Siouxsie and
16704-446: The dream is now 35 years old, so they can go fuck themselves." Steven Blush states that the Vancouver -based band D.O.A. 's 1981 album, Hardcore '81 , "was where the genre got its name". This album also helped to make people aware of the term "hardcore". Konstantin Butz states that while the origin of the expression "hardcore" "cannot be ascribed to a specific place or time", the term
16878-421: The drummer should have listened to a lot of hardcore, so that they can understand the "raw emotions" it expresses. Lucky Lehrer , the drummer and co-founder of the Circle Jerks in 1979, was an early developer of hardcore drumming; he has been called the "Godfather of hardcore drumming" and Flipside zine calls him the best punk drummer. According to Tobias Hurwitz, "[h]ardcore drumming falls somewhere between
17052-485: The early 1980s American hardcore scene in Washington, D.C. A performance by Fear on the 1981 Halloween episode of Saturday Night Live was cut short when moshers, including John Belushi and members of a few hardcore punk bands, invaded the stage, damaged studio equipment and used profanity. Many North American hardcore punk fans adopted a dressed-down style of T-shirts , jeans or work chinos , combat boots or sneakers , and crew cut -style haircuts. Women in
17226-742: The early Los Angeles hardcore scene increasingly became sites of violent battles between police and concertgoers. Another source of violence in L.A. was tension created by what one writer calls the invasion of "antagonistic suburban poseurs " into hardcore venues. Violence at hardcore concerts was portrayed in episodes of the popular television shows CHiPs and Quincy, M.E. . In the pre-Internet era, fanzines, commonly called zines , enabled hardcore scene members to learn about bands, clubs, and record labels. Zines typically included reviews of shows and records, interviews with bands, letters, ads for records and labels, and were DIY products, "proudly amateur, usually handmade. A zine called We Got Power described
17400-627: The end of the decade, with the Happy Mondays , the Inspiral Carpets , and Stone Roses charting late in 1989. The scene became the centre of media attention for independent rock in the early 1990s, with bands like World of Twist , New Fast Automatic Daffodils , The High , Northside , Paris Angels , and Intastella also gaining national attention. The period of dominance was relatively short lived with The Stone Roses beginning to retreat from public performance while engaged in contractual disputes,
17574-450: The era, such as Buddy Holly and the Crickets (from which groups the Beatles and The Hollies derived their names), as well as earlier British groups such as The Shadows . After the national success of the Beatles in Britain from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & The Pacemakers , The Searchers , and Cilla Black . Among
17748-431: The fastest tempos in rock music . The band released its debut single, " Pay to Cum ", in 1980, and were influential in establishing the D.C. hardcore scene. Hardcore historian Steven Blush calls the single the first East Coast hardcore record. Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson , influenced by Bad Brains , formed the band Teen Idles in 1979. The group broke up in 1980, and MacKaye and Nelson went on to form Minor Threat ,
17922-520: The film was released, other hardcore bands from Los Angeles County were also making a name for themselves including Bad Religion , Descendents , Red Kross , Rhino 39 , Suicidal Tendencies , Wasted Youth , Youth Brigade , and Youth Gone Mad . Neighboring Orange County had the Adolescents , Agent Orange , China White , Social Distortion , Shattered Faith , T.S.O.L. , and Uniform Choice , while north of Los Angeles, around Oxnard , California,
18096-511: The fingers, some bassists use a pick. Some bassists play fuzz bass by overdriving their bass tone. Hardcore drumming, typically played fast and aggressively, has been called the "engine" and most essential element of the genre's aggressive sound of "unrelenting anger". Two other key elements for hardcore drummers are playing "tight" with the other musicians, especially the bassist (this does not mean metronomic time; indeed, coordinated tempo shifts are used in many important hardcore albums) and
18270-599: The first bands to refer to its style as "hardcore", with the release of their album Hardcore '81 . Other early hardcore bands from British Columbia included Dayglo Abortions who formed in 1979, the Subhumans and the Skulls . Nomeansno is a hardcore band originally from Victoria , British Columbia , and now located in Vancouver . SNFU formed in Edmonton in 1981 and also later relocated to Vancouver . Bunchofuckingoofs , from
18444-530: The first hardcore record to come out of the West Coast was Out of Vogue by the Santa Ana band Middle Class . The band pioneered a shouted, fast version of punk rock which would shape the hardcore sound that would soon emerge. In terms of impact upon the hardcore scene, Black Flag has been deemed the most influential group. Azerrad calls Black Flag the "godfathers" of hardcore punk and states that even "...more than
18618-533: The first ska music that developed in Jamaica in the 1950s and 1960s, and infused with punk and new wave textures. Folk punk or rogue folk is a fusion of folk music and punk rock , or occasionally other genres, which was pioneered by the London-based band The Pogues in the 1980s. It achieved some mainstream success in the 1980s and, particularly as the subgenre of Celtic punk , has been widely adopted in areas of
18792-612: The flagship band of American hardcore", they were "...required listening for anyone who was interested in underground music." Blush states that Black Flag were to hardcore what the Sex Pistols and Ramones were to punk. Formed in Hermosa Beach , California by guitarist and primary songwriter Greg Ginn , they played their first show in December 1977. Originally called Panic, they changed their name to Black Flag in 1978. By 1979, Black Flag were joined by another South Bay hardcore band,
18966-515: The genre garnered no mainstream popularity. In hardcore, guitarists frequently play fast power chords with a heavily distorted and amplified tone, creating what has been called a "buzzsaw" sound. Guitar parts can sometimes be complex, technically versatile, and rhythmically challenging. Guitar melody lines usually use the same minor scales used by vocalists (although some solos use pentatonic scales). Hardcore guitarists sometimes play solos , octave leads and grooves , as well as tapping into
19140-511: The genre is still overwhelmingly represented by white males. However, as sonic diversity has increased in the genre, so too has its fanbase. This has helped bring greater attention to inclusivity within the scene. Bands like War On Women , Limp Wrist , Gouge Away , and G.L.O.S.S. have helped bring attention to subjects like women's rights, transphobia, rape, mental health, queer rights, and misogyny. Record labels in hardcore are often DIY endeavors, run by musicians or participants within
19314-473: The genre's blues influences, particularly on their 1980 album British Steel , which opened the door for the new wave of British heavy metal (NWOBHM) including Iron Maiden , Vardis , Saxon and Def Leppard , and a return to popularity in the 1980s. Although NWOBHM inspired many new bands, in the late 1980s much of the creative impetus in the genre shifted towards America and continental Europe (particularly Germany and Scandinavia), which produced most of
19488-640: The genre. A louder, more aggressive strain of dream pop came to be known as shoegazing ; key bands of this style were Lush , Slowdive , My Bloody Valentine , Ride , Chapterhouse , Curve and Levitation . These bands kept the atmospheric qualities of dream pop, but added the intensity of post-punk-influenced bands such as The Chameleons and Sonic Youth . Post-rock originated in the release of Talk Talk 's album Laughing Stock and US band Slint 's Spiderland , both in 1991, which produced experimental work influenced by sources as varied as electronica , jazz , and minimalist classical music, often abandoning
19662-482: The group took Mick Harris from Napalm Death in 1987. Ian Glasper describes the group as "pissed-off hateful noise with its roots somewhere between early Discharge and Disorder , with [vocalists] Dean [Jones] and Phil [Vane] pushing their trademark vocal extremity to its absolute limit." Indie or independent rock, particularly in America often known as alternative rock, was a scene that emerged from post-punk and new wave in
19836-426: The group, Cadena was invited to take his place. The band's producer / engineer Spot took an incentive and brought Cadena into the studio to record his own vocals for the album. Several tracks were done in one night with Cadena, but were shelved when Reyes agreed to complete the project. These new vocal sessions, according to Spot, went so smoothly that he could not resist jokingly asking Reyes, "Why didn't you quit
20010-575: The groups in the scene as "U.K. bands that kinda talk-sing over post-punk music, and sometimes it's more like post-rock ." Many of the acts are associated with producer Dan Carey and his record label Speedy Wunderground, and with The Windmill , an all-ages music venue in Brixton, London . Artists that have been identified as part of the style include Black Midi , Squid , Black Country, New Road , Dry Cleaning , Shame , Sleaford Mods , Fontaines D.C. , The Murder Capital , Idles and Yard Act . At
20184-427: The hardcore scene typically wore army pants, band T-shirts and hooded sweatshirts. The clothing style was a reflection of hardcore ideology, which included dissatisfaction with suburban America and the hypocrisy of American culture. It was essentially a deconstruction of American fashion staples—ripped jeans, holey T-shirts, torn stockings for women, and work boots. The style of the 1980s hardcore scene contrasted with
20358-467: The indie rock scene of the 1980s, when bands like Cocteau Twins , The Chameleons , The Passions , Dif Juz , Lowlife and A.R. Kane began fusing post-punk and ethereal experiments with bittersweet pop melodies into sensual, sonically ambitious soundscapes. The 4AD record label is the one most associated with dream pop, though others such as Creation , Projekt , Fontana, Bedazzled , Vernon Yard, and Slumberland also released significant records in
20532-433: The initial attempts to record with Reyes proved fruitless when he started walking out of the vocal booth, and sometimes the studio entirely, in the middle of takes. Reyes later quit the band in the middle of a live performance, derailing the sessions entirely for a second time. Ginn and Dukowski were already talking with another former Redd Kross member, Dez Cadena, about joining the band as a second guitarist; when Reyes quit
20706-437: The initial impulse had subsided and punk had morphed into the wider and more diverse new wave and post-punk movements. As the initial punk impulse began to subside, with the major punk bands either disbanding or taking on new influences, the term "New Wave" began to be used to describe particularly British bands that emerged in the later 1970s with mainstream appeal. These included pop bands like XTC , Squeeze and Nick Lowe ,
20880-422: The intent to document and release music for the underground community. Ian Mackaye , co-founder of Dischord Records claimed, "We don't use contracts, lawyers, any of those kinds of things. We are partners – they make the music, and we make the records. From the beginning of this label, people have said that the way we do things is unsustainable, unrealistic, idealistic, and we were just dreaming", he said. "Well,
21054-433: The late 1980s. Gothic rock, often shortened to goth, developed out of the post-punk scene in the later 1970s. It combines dark, often keyboard-heavy music with introspective and depressing lyrics. Notable early gothic rock bands include Bauhaus (whose " Bela Lugosi's Dead " is often cited as the first goth record), Siouxsie and the Banshees (who may have coined the term), The Cure , The Sisters of Mercy , and Fields of
21228-461: The look that was common in the San Francisco hardcore scene as consisting of biker-style leather jackets, chains, studded wristbands, multiple piercings, painted or tattooed statements (e.g., an anarchy symbol) and hairstyles ranging from military-style haircuts dyed black or blonde to mohawks and shaved heads. Circle Jerks frontman Keith Morris wrote: "[Punk] was basically based on English fashion. But we had nothing to do with that. Black Flag and
21402-450: The major labels, hardcore bands started their own independent record labels and distributed their records themselves. Ginn started SST Records , which released Black Flag's debut EP Nervous Breakdown in 1979. SST went on to release a number of albums by other hardcore artists, and was described by Azerrad as "easily the most influential and popular underground indie of the Eighties." SST
21576-425: The major new subgenres of metal, which were then taken up by British acts. These included thrash metal and death metal , both developed in the USA; black metal and power metal , both developed in continental Europe, but influenced by the British band Venom ; and doom , which was developed in the USA but which soon had a number of bands from England, including Pagan Altar and Witchfinder General . There's also
21750-463: The material collected on Rhino Records 's 2001 box-set compilation Nuggets II: Original Artyfacts from the British Empire and Beyond, 1964–1969 can be classified as freakbeat. Other bands include The Smoke , The Eyes , The Birds , The Action and The Sorrows . Psychedelic music is a style of music that is inspired or influenced by psychedelic culture and attempts to replicate and enhance
21924-560: The mid to late 1960s by the bands Fairport Convention , and Pentangle which built on elements of American folk rock , and on the second British folk revival . Using traditional English music as its basis, these bands drew heavily on the Child Ballads , ballads of the British Isles from the medieval period until the 19th century. An early success was Fairport Convention's 1969 album Liege and Lief , but it became more significant in
22098-417: The mind-altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs . It particularly grew out of blues-rock and progressive folk music and drew on non-Western sources such as Indian music's ragas and sitars as well as studio effects and long instrumental passages and surreal lyrics. It emerged during the mid-1960s among progressive folk acts in Britain such as The Incredible String Band and Donovan , as well as in
22272-602: The more provocative fashion styles of late 1970s punk rockers. Siri C. Brockmeier writes that "hardcore kids do not look like punks", since hardcore scene members wore basic clothing and short haircuts, in contrast to the "embellished leather jackets and pants" worn in the punk scene. Lauraine Leblanc, however, claims that the standard hardcore punk clothing and styles included torn jeans, leather jackets, spiked armbands, dog collars, mohawk hairstyles , DIY ornamentation of clothes with studs, painted band names, political statements, and patches. Tiffini A. Travis and Perry Hardy describe
22446-645: The most successful British rock acts by presenting an apparently unsophisticated style of boogie -based rock music; and Van Morrison gained international critical acclaim through a blend of rock, jazz and blues styles. Some well-established British bands that began their careers in the British Invasion, notably The Rolling Stones , The Who and The Kinks , also developed their own particular styles and expanded their international fan base during that period, but would be joined by new acts in new styles and subgenres. British folk rock developed in Britain during
22620-445: The most successful artists, such as the individual members of The Beatles, Elton John , David Bowie , and Rod Stewart performed their own songs (and in some cases those written by others) in an eclectic variety of styles, in which the presentation of the performance itself became increasingly important. By way of contrast, the former psychedelic-pop act, The Status Quo , dropped the definite article from their name and became one of
22794-547: The most successful beat acts from Birmingham were The Spencer Davis Group and The Moody Blues ; The Animals came from Newcastle , and Them , featuring Van Morrison , from Belfast . From London, the term Tottenham Sound was largely based around The Dave Clark Five , but other London bands that benefited from the beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones , The Kinks and The Yardbirds . The first non- Liverpool , non- Brian Epstein -managed band to break through in
22968-456: The most successful home grown rock and roll based acts of the era. Other leading acts included Joe Brown , and Johnny Kidd & The Pirates , whose 1960 hit song " Shakin' All Over " became a rock and roll standard. The first American rock and roll artist to hit British stages and appear on television was Charlie Gracie , quickly followed by Gene Vincent in December 1959, soon joined on tour by his friend Eddie Cochran . The producer Joe Meek
23142-408: The most successful performers were The Men They Couldn't Hang , New Model Army , Oysterband , The Levellers , and singer-songwriter Billy Bragg , who enjoyed a series of hits in the 1980s. Many progressive rock bands had incorporated synthesizers into their sound, including Pink Floyd , Yes and Genesis . In 1977, Ultravox member Warren Cann purchased a Roland TR-77 drum machine, which
23316-511: The movement were Adam and the Ants , Culture Club , The Human League , Spandau Ballet and Duran Duran . By about 1983 the original movement had dissolved, with surviving acts dropping most of the fashion elements to pursue mainstream careers. From its inception in 1981, the cable music channel MTV featured a disproportionate amount of music videos from image conscious British acts. British acts, who had been accustomed to using music videos for half
23490-483: The movie and on the soundtrack album, Reyes defiantly dedicates the former song to the LAPD . Already, Black Flag (and many other Los Angeles punk bands) were getting harassed by police; "Revenge" was undoubtedly inspired at least in part by the band's unprovoked encounters with them. "You Bet We've Got Something Personal Against You!" initially started life as a Greg Ginn/Keith Morris composition, "I Don't Care", recorded during
23664-440: The music derived from the blues rock and other genres that emerged during the 1960s. The term is often used in combination with other terms to describe a variety of hybrids or subgenres, and is often contrasted with pop music , with which it shares many structures and instrumentation. Rock music has tended to be more orientated toward the albums market, putting an emphasis on innovation, virtuosity , performance and song writing by
23838-651: The music genre started in English-speaking Western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy , Japan and Brazil . Hardcore historian Steven Blush credits Minor Threat 's Ian MacKaye with starting a "die-hard mindset that begat almost everything we now call Hardcore", which was virulently anti-music industry and anti- rock star . An article in Drowned in Sound argues that late 1970s/early 1980s-era hardcore
24012-551: The music of bands such as Yes , Genesis , Pink Floyd , Jethro Tull , Soft Machine , Electric Light Orchestra , Procol Harum , Hawkwind , and Emerson, Lake & Palmer . It reached its peak of popularity in the mid-1970s, but had mixed critical acclaim and the punk movement can be seen as a reaction against its musicality and perceived pomposity. Many bands broke up, but some, including Genesis, ELP, Yes, and Pink Floyd, regularly scored Top Ten albums with successful accompanying worldwide tours. Glam or glitter rock developed in
24186-479: The music of later American genres such as soul and Motown . Their popular success in Britain in the early 1960s was matched by their new and highly influential emphases on their own song writing, and on technical production values, some of which were shared by other British beat groups. On 7 February 1964, the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite ran a story about the Beatles' United States arrival in which
24360-518: The name from the garbled " Oi !" that Stinky Turner of Cockney Rejects used to introduce the band's songs. The word is a British expression meaning hey or hey there! In addition to Cockney Rejects, other bands to be explicitly labeled Oi! in the early days of the genre included Angelic Upstarts , the 4-Skins , the Business , Anti-Establishment , Blitz , the Blood and Combat 84 . A related scene
24534-421: The next generation of metal groups, which included American, Australian and continental bands beside British acts Judas Priest , Motörhead and Rainbow , attracted large audiences and record sales. Rainbow moved heavy metal into stadium rock while Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility and an increasing emphasis on speed. After a decline in popularity in the late 1970s Judas Priest discarded most of
24708-542: The original album sessions with Morris on vocals. When Morris quit the band, however, he took both "I Don't Care" and Nervous Breakdown 's "Wasted" (the only other Morris/Ginn songwriting collaboration under the Black Flag moniker) with him and recorded them with his new band The Circle Jerks on their debut album Group Sex . Offended by what they saw as the misappropriation of two Black Flag songs, Dukowski wrote new lyrics to Ginn's music for "I Don't Care" and recorded what
24882-457: The perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock, creating fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraced a DIY (do it yourself) ethic, with many bands self-producing their recordings and distributing them through informal channels. 1977 saw punk rock spreading around the world, and it became a major international cultural phenomenon. However, by 1978,
25056-402: The performers. Although much too diverse to be a genre in itself, British rock has produced many of the most significant groups and performers in rock music internationally, and has initiated or significantly developed many of the most influential subgenres, including beat music , progressive rock , art rock , hard rock , heavy metal , punk , post-punk , new wave , and indie rock . In
25230-420: The phenomenon because they felt it represented image over content. Oi! is a subgenre of punk rock that originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. The music and its associated subculture had the goal of bringing together punks , skinheads , and other disaffected working-class youth. The movement was partly a response to the perception that many participants in the early punk rock scene were, in
25404-440: The pop and rock music of the early 80s. Albums such as Visage 's Visage (1980), John Foxx 's Metamatic (1980), Gary Numan's Telekon (1980), Ultravox 's Vienna (1980), The Human League 's Dare (1981) and Depeche Mode 's Speak & Spell (1981), established a sound that influenced most mainstream pop and rock bands, until it began to fall from popularity in the mid-1980s. New Romantic emerged as part of
25578-473: The previous punk sound and added the incessant, heavy drumbeats and heavily distorted guitar sound of new wave of British heavy metal bands, especially Motörhead . Formed in 1977 in Stoke-on-Trent , Discharge played a large role in influencing other European hardcore bands. AllMusic calls the band's sound a "high-speed noise overload" characterized by "ferocious noise blasts." Their style of hardcore punk
25752-435: The record sales were from British acts. 18 of the Top 40 and 6 of the Top 10 singles on 18 July were by British artists. Overall record sales would rise by 10% from 1982. Newsweek featured Annie Lennox of Eurythmics and Boy George of Culture Club on the cover of one of its issues, while Rolling Stone would release an "England Swings" issue. In April 1984, 40 of the Top 100 singles were from British acts while 8 of
25926-530: The rhythm guitar with keyboards, either with a lead singer or with one of the musicians taking lead vocals and the others providing vocal harmonies. In parallel with beat music, in the late 1950s and early 1960s a British blues scene was developing recreating the sounds of American R&B and later particularly the sounds of bluesmen Robert Johnson , Howlin' Wolf , and Muddy Waters . Initially led by purist blues followers such as Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies , it reached its height of mainstream popularity in
26100-545: The scene was emanating in a small after-hours bar, A7 , on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, and later around the famous bar CBGB . For several years, CBGB held weekly hardcore matinées on Sundays, but they stopped in 1990 when violence led Kristal to ban hardcore shows at the club. Early radio support in New York's surrounding Tri-State area came from Pat Duncan, who had hosted live punk and hardcore bands weekly on WFMU since 1979. Bridgeport , Connecticut's WPKN had
26274-400: The songs were cut live in the studio with Morris singing temporary vocal parts. Almost without warning, however, according to bassist Chuck Dukowski , Morris "smashed his records and guitar and walked out screaming for a week," quitting the band and refusing to complete the album. The band then recruited former Redd Kross member Ron Reyes , (credited on the record as "Chavo Pederast" after
26448-430: The starting point. In the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The song-writing has more emphasis on rhythm rather than melody . Blush writes "The Sex Pistols were still rock'n'roll...like the craziest version of Chuck Berry . Hardcore was a radical departure from that. It wasn't verse-chorus rock. It dispelled any notion of what songwriting
26622-452: The still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time. It was also inspired by Washington, D.C. , and New York punk rock and early proto-punk . Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism , the established music industry and "anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock " and often addresses social and political topics with "confrontational, politically charged lyrics". Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across
26796-470: The straight-ahead rock styles of old-school punk and the frantic, warp-speed bashing of thrash." Some hardcore punk drummers play fast D-beat one moment and then drop tempo into elaborate musical breakdowns in the next. Drummers typically play eighth notes on the cymbals, because at the tempos used in hardcore, it would be difficult to play a smaller subdivision of the beat. The early 1980s hardcore punk scene developed slam dancing (also called moshing),
26970-556: The third and final wave of pub rock, including Dr. Feelgood , and Sniff 'n' the Tears . Several pub rock musicians joined the new wave acts such as Graham Parker 's backing band, The Rumour , Elvis Costello & the Attractions and even The Clash . Punk rock developed between 1974 and 1976, originally in the United States, where it was rooted in garage rock , and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music. The first punk band
27144-862: The time. Jimmy Gestapo of Murphy's Law , however, endorsed Reagan and even went as far to call then former president Jimmy Carter a "pussy" in a 1986 New York Magazine cover story. Shortly after Reagan's death in 2004, the Maximumrocknroll radio show aired an episode composed of anti-Reagan songs by early hardcore punk bands. Certain hardcore punk bands have conveyed messages sometimes deemed " politically incorrect " by placing offensive content in their lyrics and relying on stage antics to shock listeners and people in their audience. Boston band The F.U.'s generated controversy with their 1983 album, My America , whose lyrics contained what appeared to be conservative and patriotic views. Its messages were sometimes taken literally, when they were actually intended as
27318-507: The top 5 positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, the only time to date that any act has accomplished this. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon , The Animals , Manfred Mann , Petula Clark , Freddie and the Dreamers , Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders , Herman's Hermits , The Rolling Stones , The Troggs , and Donovan would have one or more number one singles in
27492-442: The traditional song format in favour of instrumental and ambient music. The term was first used to describe the band Bark Psychosis and their album Hex (1994), but was soon employed for bands such as Stereolab , Laika , Disco Inferno and Pram and other acts in America and Canada. Scottish group Mogwai are one of the influential post-rock groups to arise at the turn of the 21st century. Initially dubbed as ' C86 ' after
27666-467: The typically focused-on elements in mainstream rock music, harmony and pitch (i.e., melody ). Hardcore vocalists often shout, scream or chant along with the music, using "vocal intensity" and an abrasive tone. The shouting of hardcore vocalists is often accompanied by audience members who are singing along, making the hardcore vocalist like the "leader of a mob" commonly known as "gang vocals". Steven Blush describes one early Minor Threat show where
27840-488: The various feedback and harmonic noises available to them. There are generally fewer guitar solos in hardcore than in mainstream rock, because solos were viewed as representing the "excess and superficiality" of mainstream commercial rock. Hardcore bassists use varied rhythms in their basslines , ranging from longer held notes (whole notes and half notes) to quarter notes, to rapid eighth note or sixteenth note runs. To play rapid bass lines that would be hard to play with
28014-459: The words of The Business guitarist Steve Kent, "trendy university people using long words, trying to be artistic... and losing touch." First-generation Oi! bands such as Sham 69 and Cock Sparrer were around for years before the word Oi! was used retroactively to describe their style of music. In 1980, writing in Sounds magazine, rock journalist Garry Bushell labelled the movement Oi! , taking
28188-439: Was street punk which emerged from the style of Oi! and hardcore punk bands. A key band in defining the aesthetic was the Exploited . The three most prominent UK82 bands, according to Ian Glasper , are the Exploited , Discharge , and GBH . Street punks generally have a much more ostentatious and flamboyant appearance than the working class or skinhead image cultivated by many Oi! groups. Lyrics frequently denounced
28362-501: Was also influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to the UK, such as the US and Canada and gave rise to the subgenre of Medieval folk rock and the fusion genres of folk punk and folk metal . By the end of the 1970s the genre was in steep decline in popularity, as other forms of music, including punk and electronic began to be established. Progressive or prog rock developed out of late 1960s blues-rock and psychedelic rock . Dominated by British bands, it
28536-588: Was an Italian hardcore punk scene in the 1980s that included groups like Wretched , Raw Power , and Negazione . Sweden developed several influential hardcore bands, including Anti Cimex , Disfear , and Mob 47 . Finland produced some influential hardcore bands, including Terveet Kädet , one of the first hardcore groups to emerge in the country. In Eastern Europe, notable hardcore bands included Hungary's Galloping Coroners from 1975, Yugoslavia's 1980s-era Niet from Ljubljana, and KBO! British rock music#Proto-punk, punk and new wave British rock describes
28710-481: Was asked what he believed to be the first hardcore record, he remarked: "Sound Of Imker Train of Doomsday single in the late '60s in Holland. The only true '60s hardcore record I know." One definition of the genre is "a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock". Hardcore has been called a faster, meaner genre of punk rock, that was a stern refutation against it, being more primal and immediate, with speed and aggression as
28884-614: Was based around venues such as the Camden Underworld , New Cross Inn and the Dome in Tufnell Park . The 2000s saw the rise in prominent of a number of UK post-hardcore bands, the most prominent of which was Bridgend's Funeral for a Friend , whose 2003 debut album Casually Dressed & Deep in Conversation peaked at number 12 on the UK singles chart. In March 2007, Gallows signed
29058-548: Was coined as D-beat , a term referring to a distinctive drum beat that a number of 1980s imitators of Discharge are associated with. Another UK band, the Varukers , were one of the original D-beat bands, Scottish band the Exploited were also influential, with the term "UK 82" (used to refer to UK hardcore in the early 1980s) being taken from one of their songs. They contrasted with early American hardcore bands by placing an emphasis on appearance. Frontman Walter "Wattie" Buchan had
29232-472: Was first featured in their October 1977 single release "Hiroshima Mon Amour". The ballad arrangement, metronome-like percussion and heavy use of the ARP Odyssey synthesizer was effectively a prototype for nearly all synthpop and rock bands that were to follow. In 1978, the first incarnation of The Human League released their début single " Being Boiled ". Others were soon to follow, including Tubeway Army ,
29406-659: Was followed by a number of other successful artist-run labels—including BYO Records (started by Shawn and Mark Stern of Youth Brigade), Epitaph Records (started by Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion), New Alliance Records (started by the Minutemen's D. Boon and Mike Watt ), as well as fan-run labels like Frontier Records and Slash Records . Bands also funded and organized their own tours. Black Flag's tours in 1980 and 1981 brought them in contact with developing hardcore scenes in many parts of North America, and blazed trails that were followed by other touring bands. Concerts in
29580-618: Was part of an attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. Progressive rock bands attempted to push the technical and compositional boundaries of rock by going beyond the standard verse- chorus -based song structures . The arrangements often incorporated elements drawn from classical , jazz , and international sources later called " world music ". Instrumentals were common, while songs with lyrics were sometimes conceptual, abstract, or based in fantasy. Progressive rock bands sometimes used concept albums that made unified statements, usually telling an epic story or tackling
29754-410: Was perceived to be "a very narrow definition of what fits into Punk", apparently being "authoritarian and trying to dominate the scene" with their views. During the 2001–2009 United States presidency of George W. Bush , it was not uncommon for hardcore bands to express anti-Bush messages. During the 2004 United States presidential election , several hardcore punk artists and bands were involved with
29928-419: Was pushed to its limits by Gary Glitter and The Glitter Band . Largely confined to the British music scene where it originated, glam rock peaked during the mid-1970s, before it declined in the face of punk rock and new wave trends. It has had a direct influence on acts that rose to prominence later. With roots in blues-rock , psychedelic rock and garage rock the bands that created heavy metal developed
30102-711: Was the first to produce sizeable rock hits in England , culminating with The Tornados ' instrumental " Telstar ", which went to number one in both the UK and USA. In late 1950s Britain a flourishing culture of groups began to emerge, often out of the declining skiffle scene, in major urban centres in the UK like Liverpool , Manchester , Birmingham and London . This was particularly true in Liverpool, where it has been estimated that there were around 350 different bands active, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs. These beat bands were heavily influenced by American groups of
30276-603: Was then a member of the band Impact Unit, and drew the artwork for the DYS album Brotherhood . In 1982, Modern Method Records released This Is Boston, Not L.A. , a compilation album of the Boston hardcore scene. In addition to Modern Method was Taang! Records , who released material by a number of the aforementioned Boston hardcore bands. Further outside of Boston were Western Massachusetts bands Deep Wound (which featured future Dinosaur Jr. members J Mascis and Lou Barlow ) and
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