The Child Ballads is the colloquial name given to a collection of 305 ballads collected in the 19th century by Francis James Child and originally published in ten volumes between 1882 and 1898 under the title The English and Scottish Popular Ballads.
71-399: The Child Ballads are 305 traditional ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, anthologized by Francis James Child during the second half of the 19th century. Their lyrics and Child's studies of them were published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads . The tunes of most of the ballads were collected and published by Bertrand Harris Bronson in and around
142-485: A common comorbidity, with schizotypal and OCPD having poor treatment response. The condition is also associated with a general increase in suicidality . The phrase obsessive–compulsive is sometimes used in an informal manner unrelated to OCD to describe someone as excessively meticulous, perfectionistic , absorbed, or otherwise fixated. However, the actual disorder can vary in presentation, and individuals with OCD may not be concerned with cleanliness or symmetry. OCD
213-506: A defining identity. In adolescent OCD patients, OVI is considered a severe symptom. Historically, OVI has been thought to be linked to poorer treatment outcome in patients with OCD, but it is currently considered a poor indicator of prognosis. The Overvalued Ideas Scale (OVIS) has been developed as a reliable quantitative method of measuring levels of OVI in patients with OCD, and research has suggested that overvalued ideas are more stable for those with more extreme OVIS scores. Though OCD
284-626: A dreaded event from occurring, or push the event from their thoughts. In any case, their reasoning is so idiosyncratic or distorted that it results in significant distress, either personally, or for those around the affected individual. Excessive skin picking , hair pulling , nail biting , and other body-focused repetitive behavior disorders are all on the obsessive–compulsive spectrum . Some individuals with OCD are aware that their behaviors are not rational, but they feel compelled to follow through with them to fend off feelings of panic or dread. Furthermore, compulsions often stem from memory distrust ,
355-577: A four-factor grouping structure to be most reliable: symmetry factor, forbidden thoughts factor, cleaning factor, and hoarding factor. The symmetry factor correlates highly with obsessions related to ordering, counting, and symmetry, as well as repeating compulsions. The forbidden thoughts factor correlates highly with intrusive thoughts of a violent, religious, or sexual nature. The cleaning factor correlates highly with obsessions about contamination and compulsions related to cleaning. The hoarding factor only involves hoarding-related obsessions and compulsions, and
426-407: A general sense of disarray or tension, accompanied by a belief that life cannot proceed as normal while the imbalance remains. A more intense obsession could be a preoccupation with the thought or image of a close family member or friend dying, or intrusive thoughts related to relationship rightness . Other obsessions concern the possibility that someone or something other than oneself—such as God ,
497-500: A genetic correlation between anorexia nervosa and OCD, suggesting a strong etiology. First and second hand relatives of probands with OCD have a greater risk of developing anorexia nervosa as genetic relatedness increases. A mutation has been found in the human serotonin transporter gene hSERT in unrelated families with OCD. A systematic review found that while neither allele was associated with OCD overall, in Caucasians ,
568-671: A history of child abuse or other stress -inducing events such as during the postpartum period or after streptococcal infections . Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and requires ruling out other drug-related or medical causes; rating scales such as the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) assess severity. Other disorders with similar symptoms include generalized anxiety disorder , major depressive disorder , eating disorders , tic disorders , body-focused repetitive behavior , and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder . Personality disorders are
639-664: A major depressive episode in their lifetime. Comorbidity rates have been reported at between 19 and 90%, as a result of methodological differences. Between 9–35% of those with bipolar disorder also have OCD, compared to 1–2% in the general population. About 50% of those with OCD experience cyclothymic traits or hypomanic episodes. OCD is also associated with anxiety disorders. Lifetime comorbidity for OCD has been reported at 22% for specific phobia , 18% for social anxiety disorder , 12% for panic disorder , and 30% for generalized anxiety disorder . The comorbidity rate for OCD and ADHD has been reported to be as high as 51%. The cause of OCD
710-467: A mean age of onset of less than 25. Some OCD subtypes have been associated with improvement in performance on certain tasks, such as pattern recognition (washing subtype) and spatial working memory (obsessive thought subtype). Subgroups have also been distinguished by neuroimaging findings and treatment response, though neuroimaging studies have not been comprehensive enough to draw conclusions. Subtype-dependent treatment response has been studied, and
781-596: A number of other conditions, including obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or disorders in which perseveration is a possible feature (ADHD, PTSD , bodily disorders, or stereotyped behaviors ). Some cases of OCD present symptoms typically associated with Tourette syndrome, such as compulsions that may appear to resemble motor tics ; this has been termed tic-related OCD or Tourettic OCD . OCD frequently occurs comorbidly with both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder . Between 60 and 80% of those with OCD experience
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#1732845330048852-665: A recent meta-analysis showed that women are 1.6 times more likely to experience OCD. Based on data from 34 studies, the worldwide prevalence rate is 1.5% in women and 1% in men. OCD can present with a wide variety of symptoms. Certain groups of symptoms usually occur together as dimensions or clusters, which may reflect an underlying process. The standard assessment tool for OCD, the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), has 13 predefined categories of symptoms. These symptoms fit into three to five groupings. A meta-analytic review of symptom structures found
923-580: A result, one Child number may cover several ballads, which Child considered variants of the same story, although they may differ in many ways (as in " James Hatley "). Conversely, ballads classified separately may contain turns of phrase, and even entire verses, that are identical. The editorial history of Child's publication received a monograph study by Mary Ellen Brown in 2011. In 1860, Child published an eight-volume collection entitled English and Scottish Ballads , generally presenting just one variant of each ballad, via Little, Brown and Company. However, as
994-455: A scholarly edition this was superseded by his later and similarly named The English and Scottish Popular Ballads . The first edition of Child's book was, once complete, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads , ed. by Francis James Child, 5 vols (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, [1882–98]). It was printed in one thousand copies, and issued in ten parts, each with a half-title and title page. The final title pages for each of
1065-443: A study found the average ages of onset to be 21 and 24 for males and females respectively. While some studies have shown that OCD with earlier onset is associated with greater severity, other studies have not been able to validate this finding. Looking at women specifically, a different study suggested that 62% of participants found that their symptoms worsened at a premenstrual age. Across the board, all demographics and studies showed
1136-446: A substantially higher rate than the general public. Moreover, severe OCD symptoms are consistently associated with greater sleep disturbance . Reduced total sleep time and sleep efficiency have been observed in people with OCD, with delayed sleep onset and offset. Some research has demonstrated a link between drug addiction and OCD. For example, there is a higher risk of drug addiction among those with any anxiety disorder, likely as
1207-672: A symptom of OCD characterized by insecurity in one's skills in perception , attention , and memory , even in cases where there is no clear evidence of a deficit. Common compulsions may include hand washing, cleaning, checking things (such as locks on doors), repeating actions (such as repeatedly turning on and off switches), ordering items in a certain way, and requesting reassurance. Although some individuals perform actions repeatedly, they do not necessarily perform these actions compulsively; for example, morning or nighttime routines and religious practices are not usually compulsions. Whether behaviors qualify as compulsions or mere habit depends on
1278-535: A way of coping with the heightened levels of anxiety. However, drug addiction among people with OCD may be a compulsive behavior. Depression is also extremely prevalent among people with OCD. One explanation for the high depression rate among OCD populations was posited by Mineka, Watson, and Clark (1998), who explained that people with OCD, or any other anxiety disorder, may feel "out of control". Someone exhibiting OCD signs does not necessarily have OCD. Behaviors that present as obsessive–compulsive can also be found in
1349-548: Is a lot of similarity between the clinical presentation of OCD in children and adults, and it is considered a highly familial disorder, with a phenotypic heritability of around 50%. Obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms tend to develop more frequently in children 10–14 years of age, with males displaying symptoms at an earlier age, and at a more severe level than females. In children, symptoms can be grouped into at least four types, including sporadic and tic-related OCD. The Children's Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)
1420-1235: Is an important monitoring tool as it is responsive to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Positive treatment response is characterized by 25% reduction in CY-BOCS total score, and diagnostic remission is associated with a 45%-50% reduction in Total Severity score (or a score <15). CBT is the first line treatment for mild to moderate cases of OCD in children, while medication plus CBT is recommended for moderate to severe cases. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SRIs ) are first-line medications for OCD in children with established AACAP guidelines for dosing. People with OCD may be diagnosed with other conditions as well, such as obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, major depressive disorder , bipolar disorder , generalized anxiety disorder , anorexia nervosa , social anxiety disorder , bulimia nervosa , Tourette syndrome , transformation obsession , ASD, ADHD, dermatillomania , body dysmorphic disorder , and trichotillomania . More than 50% of people with OCD experience suicidal tendencies, and 15% have attempted suicide . Depression, anxiety, and prior suicide attempts increase
1491-546: Is characterized by the acknowledgment that obsessive–compulsive beliefs are not or may not be true, while poor insight, in the middle of the continuum, is characterized by the belief that obsessive–compulsive beliefs are probably true. The absence of insight altogether, in which the individual is completely convinced that their beliefs are true, is also identified as a delusional thought pattern, and occurs in about 4% of people with OCD. When cases of OCD with no insight become severe, affected individuals have an unshakable belief in
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#17328453300481562-734: Is chronic and long-lasting with periods of severe symptoms followed by periods of improvement. Treatment can improve ability to function and quality of life, and is usually reflected by improved Y-BOCS scores. Treatment for OCD may involve psychotherapy , pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants , or surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation or, in extreme cases, psychosurgery . Psychotherapies derived from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) models, such as exposure and response prevention , acceptance and commitment therapy , and inference based-therapy , are more effective than non-CBT interventions. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are more effective when used in excess of
1633-651: Is growing evidence to support the use of deep brain stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant OCD. Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their lives, while rates during any given year are about 1.2%. More than three million Americans suffer from OCD. According to Mercy , approximately 1 in 40 U.S. adults and 1 in 100 U.S. children have OCD. Although possible at times with triggers such as pregnancy , onset rarely occurs after age 35, and about 50% of patients experience detrimental effects to daily life before age 20. While OCD occurs worldwide,
1704-567: Is identified on a continuum, obsessive-compulsive beliefs are characterized on a spectrum, ranging from obsessive doubt to delusional conviction. In the United States , overvalued ideation (OVI) is considered most akin to poor insight—especially when considering belief strength as one of an idea's key identifiers. Furthermore, severe and frequent overvalued ideas are considered similar to idealized values , which are so rigidly held by, and so important to affected individuals, that they end up becoming
1775-503: Is revealed that she is of nobility. A forester stops Robin from killing a deer, and the two fight, first with swords and then with staffs. Robin is beaten and summons his men. The forester joins them, and in celebration they shoot a doe and feast. Monmouth , who heads the English forces, welcomes the Scots but demands they put down their weapons. When they refuse, Monmouth's army attacks, routing
1846-422: Is sometimes referred to as primarily obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder (Pure O), it is also considered a misnomer due to associated mental compulsions and reassurance seeking behaviors that are consistent with OCD. Compulsions occur often and typically take up at least one hour per day, impairing one's quality of life. Compulsions cause relief in the moment, but cause obsessions to grow over time due to
1917-441: Is supported by the pattern of memory distrust; the more often compulsions are repeated, the more weakened memory trust becomes, and this cycle continues as memory distrust increases compulsion frequency. For body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB) such as trichotillomania (hair pulling), skin picking , and onychophagia (nail biting), behavioral interventions such as habit reversal training and decoupling are recommended for
1988-591: Is the gold standard measure for assessment of pediatric OCD. It follows the Y-BOCS format, but with a Symptom Checklist that is adapted for developmental appropriateness. Insight, avoidance, indecisiveness, responsibility, pervasive slowness, and doubting, are not included in a rating of overall severity. The CY-BOCS has demonstrated good convergent validity with clinician-rated OCD severity, and good to fair discriminant validity from measures of closely related anxiety, depression, and tic severity. The CY-BOCS Total Severity score
2059-653: Is unknown. Both environmental and genetic factors are believed to play a role. Risk factors include a history of adverse childhood experiences or other stress -inducing events. Some medications, toxin exposures, and drugs, such as methamphetamine or cocaine , can induce obsessive–compulsive symptoms in people without a history of OCD. Atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine and clozapine can induce OCD in some people, particularly individuals with schizophrenia . The diagnostic criteria include: 1) General OCD symptoms (obsessions, compulsions, skin picking, hair pulling, etc.) that developed soon after exposure to
2130-444: Is usual for ballads. Some of the topics and other features characteristic enough of Child Ballads to be considered Child Ballad motifs are these: romance, enchantment, devotion, determination, obsession , jealousy, forbidden love, insanity, hallucination, uncertainty of one's sanity, the ease with which the truth can be suppressed temporarily, supernatural experiences, supernatural deeds, half-human creatures , teenagers, family strife,
2201-563: The Francis James Child collection and in 2014 American folksinger Martyn Wylde released eight of the Ballads on his album The Child Ballads, Volume 1. Child Ballads are also referenced heavily in James A. Michener 's novel The Drifters . Virginia Woolf references Child Ballad number 173 "Mary Hamilton" in A Room of One's Own . The two collections have about 200 ballads in common. Each of
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2272-440: The devil , or disease —will harm either the patient or the people or things the patient cares about. Others with OCD may experience the sensation of invisible protrusions emanating from their bodies, or feel that inanimate objects are ensouled . Another common obsession is scrupulosity , the pathological guilt/anxiety about moral or religious issues. In scrupulosity, a person's obsessions focus on moral or religious fears, such as
2343-405: The 1882-98 publication, this is its second edition. It incorporates, where they apply, the additional lyrics, additional commentary, corrections and music scores that Child included in appendixes in his subsequent volumes. It includes music scores (from sources that Child cited) for many ballads for which the 1882-1898 edition did not include one. Child Ballads are generally heavier and darker than
2414-437: The 1960s. The ballads vary in age; for instance, the manuscript of " Judas " dates to the thirteenth century and a version of " A Gest of Robyn Hode " was printed in the late fifteenth or early sixteenth century. The majority of the ballads, however, date to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although some are claimed to have very ancient influences, only a handful can be definitively traced to before 1600. Moreover, few of
2485-678: The Barley recorded in 2010, and Child ballad 239 Annachie Gordon on her album Parallel Dreams in 1989. British folk rock groups such as Fairport Convention , Pentangle and Steeleye Span drew heavily on the Child Ballads in their repertoires, and many other recording artists have recorded individual ballads. Harry Smith included a number of them into his Anthology of American Folk Music . A rendition of child ballad 155 ("Fatal Flower Garden") appears on Andrew Bird's The Swimming Hour . In 2003 English folk singer June Tabor recorded
2556-503: The Child Ballads. Many of the songs he published were revived in the Folk music revival, for example " The Riddle Song " ("I gave my love a Cherry"), which he connects with Child No. 1, " Riddles Wisely Expounded ". Joan Baez sang ten Child ballads distributed among her first five albums, the liner notes of which identified them as such. Loreena McKennitt performs Child ballad 170 The Death of Queen Jane on her album The Wind that Shakes
2627-453: The Farmer ". In 1956 four albums (consisting of eight LPs) of 72 Child Ballads sung by Ewan MacColl and A.L. Lloyd were released: The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Vols. 1–4 . In 1960 John Jacob Niles published The Ballad Book of John Jacob Niles , in which he connects folk songs which he collected throughout the southern United States and Appalachia in the early 20th century to
2698-556: The L allele was associated with OCD. Another meta-analysis observed an increased risk in those with the homozygous S allele, but found the LS genotype to be inversely associated with OCD. A genome -wide association study found OCD to be linked with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near BTBD3 , and two SNPs in DLGAP1 in a trio-based analysis, but no SNP reached significance when analyzed with case-control data. One meta-analysis found
2769-606: The Scots. Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive disorder Obsessive–compulsive disorder ( OCD ) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts (an obsession ) and feels the need to perform certain routines ( compulsions ) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function. Obsessions are persistent unwanted thoughts, mental images, or urges that generate feelings of anxiety , disgust , or discomfort. Some common obsessions include fear of contamination , obsession with symmetry ,
2840-549: The affected individual, and even to those around them, as a crisis of sexual identity . Furthermore, the doubt that accompanies OCD leads to uncertainty regarding whether one might act on the troubling thoughts, resulting in self-criticism or self-loathing. Most people with OCD understand that their thoughts do not correspond with reality; however, they feel that they must act as though these ideas are correct or realistic. For example, someone who engages in compulsive hoarding might be inclined to treat inorganic matter as if it had
2911-618: The album An Echo of Hooves consisting entirely of Child ballads (210, 212, 161, 195, 191, 106, 74, 215, 88, 20, 58). Child ballad 95, The Maid Freed from the Gallows has appeared in several recordings of blues and rock bands, notably by Lead Belly as "Gallis Pole" and on the album Led Zeppelin III under the name "Gallows Pole." Child ballads also occasionally occur in the work of musical groups not usually associated with folk material, such as Ween 's recording of " The Unquiet Grave " (Child 78) under
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2982-676: The behavioral pattern, but to each individual occurrence. For example, someone compulsively checking the front door may argue that the time and stress associated with one check is less than the time and stress associated with being robbed, and checking is consequently the better option. This reasoning often occurs in a cyclical manner, and can continue for as long as the affected person needs it to in order to feel safe. In cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), OCD patients are asked to overcome intrusive thoughts by not indulging in any compulsions. They are taught that rituals keep OCD strong, while not performing them causes OCD to become weaker. This position
3053-543: The boldness of outlaws, abuse of authority, betting, lust, death, karma , punishment, sin, morality, vanity, folly, dignity, nobility, honor, loyalty, dishonor, riddles , historical events, omens , fate, trust, shock, deception, disguise, treachery, disappointment , revenge, violence, murder, cruelty , combat, courage, escape, exile, rescue, forgiveness, being tested, human weaknesses, and folk heroes . On one extreme, some Child Ballads recount identifiable historical people, in known events, embellished for dramatic effect. On
3124-723: The cause of onset, researchers asked participants in one study what they felt was responsible for triggering the initial onset of their illness. 29% of patients answered that there was an environmental factor in their life that did so. Specifically, the majority of participants who answered with that noted their environmental factor to be related to an increased responsibility. Obsessions are stress-inducing thoughts that recur and persist, despite efforts to ignore or confront them. People with OCD frequently perform tasks, or compulsions , to seek relief from obsession-related anxiety. Within and among individuals, initial obsessions vary in clarity and vividness. A relatively vague obsession could involve
3195-609: The context in which they are performed. For instance, arranging and ordering books for eight hours a day would be expected of someone who works in a library, but this routine would seem abnormal in other situations. In other words, habits tend to bring efficiency to one's life, while compulsions tend to disrupt it. Furthermore, compulsions are different from tics (such as touching, tapping, rubbing, or blinking) and stereotyped movements (such as head banging, body rocking, or self-biting), which are usually not as complex and not precipitated by obsessions. It can sometimes be difficult to tell
3266-441: The difference between compulsions and complex tics, and about 10–40% of people with OCD also have a lifetime tic disorder. People with OCD rely on compulsions as an escape from their obsessive thoughts; however, they are aware that relief is only temporary, and that intrusive thoughts will return. Some affected individuals use compulsions to avoid situations that may trigger obsessions. Compulsions may be actions directly related to
3337-547: The fear of acting blasphemously , the sufferer's sexual orientation , and the fear of possibly harming others or themselves. Compulsions are repeated actions or routines that occur in response to obsessions to achieve a relief from anxiety. Common compulsions include excessive hand washing , cleaning , counting , ordering, repeating, avoiding triggers, hoarding , neutralizing, seeking assurance, praying, and checking things. People with OCD may only perform mental compulsions such as needing to know or remember things. While this
3408-821: The fear of being an evil person or the fear of divine retribution for sin. Mysophobia , a pathological fear of contamination and germs , is another common obsession theme. Some people with OCD experience sexual obsessions that may involve intrusive thoughts or images of "kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex , anal sex , intercourse , incest , and rape " with "strangers, acquaintances, parents, children, family members, friends, coworkers, animals, and religious figures", and can include heterosexual or homosexual contact with people of any age. Similar to other intrusive thoughts or images, some disquieting sexual thoughts are normal at times, but people with OCD may attach extraordinary significance to such thoughts. For example, obsessive fears about sexual orientation can appear to
3479-653: The five volumes, printed in red and black, were issued with part 10. Part 10 emerged after Child's death, and was edited by George Lyman Kittredge . Volume 5 contained a variety of scholarly apparatuses: the "Glossary" (V, pp. [309]-396); "Sources of the texts of the English and Scottish ballads" (V, pp. [397]-404); "Index of published airs of English and Scottish popular ballads, with an appendix of some airs from manuscript" (V, pp. [405]-424); "Index of ballad titles" (V, pp. [425]-453); "Titles of collections of ballads, or of books containing ballads" (V, pp. [455]-468); and "Index of matters and literature" (V, pp. [469]-502). The book
3550-420: The hoarding subtype has consistently been least responsive to treatment. While OCD is considered a homogeneous disorder from a neuropsychological perspective, many of the symptoms may be the result of comorbid disorders. For example, adults with OCD have exhibited more symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than adults without OCD. In regards to
3621-719: The obsession, such as someone obsessed with contamination compulsively washing their hands, but they can be unrelated as well. In addition to experiencing the anxiety and fear that typically accompanies OCD, affected individuals may spend hours performing compulsions every day. In such situations, it can become difficult for the person to fulfill their work, familial, or social roles. These behaviors can also cause adverse physical symptoms; for example, people who obsessively wash their hands with antibacterial soap and hot water can make their skin red and raw with dermatitis . Individuals with OCD often use rationalizations to explain their behavior; however, these rationalizations do not apply to
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#17328453300483692-576: The other, some differ from fairy tales solely by their being songs and in verse; some have been recast in prose form as fairy tales. A large part of the collection is about Robin Hood ; some are about King Arthur . A few of the ballads are rather bawdy. Many Child Ballads have subsequently appeared in contemporary music recordings. Burl Ives's 1949 album, The Return of the Wayfaring Stranger , for example, includes two: " Lord Randall " and " The Divil and
3763-617: The reality of their delusions, which can make their cases difficult to differentiate from psychotic disorders . Some people with OCD exhibit what is known as overvalued ideas , ideas that are abnormal compared to affected individuals' respective cultures, and more treatment-resistant than most negative thoughts and obsessions. After some discussion, it is possible to convince the individual that their fears are unfounded. It may be more difficult to practice exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP) on such people, as they may be unwilling to cooperate, at least initially. Similar to how insight
3834-666: The recommended depression dosage; however, higher doses can increase side effect intensity. Commonly used SSRIs include sertraline , fluoxetine , fluvoxamine , paroxetine , citalopram , and escitalopram . Some patients fail to improve after taking the maximum tolerated dose of multiple SSRIs for at least two months; these cases qualify as treatment-resistant and can require second-line treatment such as clomipramine or atypical antipsychotic augmentation. While SSRIs continue to be first-line, recent data for treatment-resistant OCD supports adjunctive use of neuroleptic medications, deep brain stimulation, and neurosurgical ablation. There
3905-513: The repeated reward-seeking behavior of completing the ritual for relief. Many adults with OCD are aware that their compulsions do not make sense, but they still perform them to relieve the distress caused by obsessions. For this reason, thoughts and behaviors in OCD are usually considered egodystonic . In contrast, thoughts and behaviors in obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are usually considered egosyntonic , helping differentiate between
3976-429: The risk of future suicide attempts. It has been found that between 18 and 34% of females currently experiencing OCD scored positively on an inventory measuring disordered eating. Another study found that 7% are likely to have an eating disorder, while another found that fewer than 5% of males have OCD and an eating disorder. Individuals with OCD have also been found to be affected by delayed sleep phase disorder at
4047-447: The same disorders than matched controls . In cases in which OCD develops during childhood, there is a much stronger familial link in the disorder than with cases in which OCD develops later in adulthood. In general, genetic factors account for 45–65% of the variability in OCD symptoms in children diagnosed with the disorder. A 2007 study found evidence supporting the possibility of a heritable risk for OCD. Research has found there to be
4118-483: The sentience or rights of living organisms, despite accepting that such behavior is irrational on an intellectual level. There is debate as to whether hoarding should be considered an independent syndrome from OCD. Some people with OCD perform compulsive rituals because they inexplicably feel that they must do so, while others act compulsively to mitigate the anxiety that stems from obsessive thoughts. The affected individual might feel that these actions will either prevent
4189-484: The stories recounted in the ballads in Child's collection. Since Child included multiple versions of most ballads, the details of a story can vary widely. The synopses presented here reflect the summaries in Child's text, but also rely on other sources as well as the ballads themselves. A knight takes a maid's virginity, and she appeals to the king. The knight tries to bribe her, but she insists on marriage. After they wed, it
4260-675: The substance or medication which can produce such symptoms. 2) The onset of symptoms cannot be explained by an obsessive–compulsive and related disorder that is not substance/medication-induced and should last for a substantial period of time (about 1 month) 3) This disturbance does not only occur during delirium . 4) Clinically induces distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. There appear to be some genetic components of OCD causation, with identical twins more often affected than fraternal twins. Furthermore, individuals with OCD are more likely to have first-degree family members exhibiting
4331-636: The title "Cold Blows the Wind" and versions of " Barbara Allen " (Child 84) recorded by the Everly Brothers , Art Garfunkel , and (on the soundtrack of the 2004 film A Love Song for Bobby Long ) John Travolta . In 2009, Fleet Foxes included " The Fause Knight Upon the Road " as the b-side to the 7" release of " Mykonos " (as "False Knight on the Road"). In 2013 US singer-songwriter Anaïs Mitchell and Jefferson Hamer released Child Ballads comprising seven songs from
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#17328453300484402-468: The treatment of compulsive behaviors. OCD sometimes manifests without overt compulsions, which may be termed "primarily obsessional OCD." OCD without overt compulsions could, by one estimate, characterize as many as 50–60% of OCD cases. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), identifies a continuum for the level of insight in OCD, ranging from good insight (the least severe) to no insight (the most severe). Good or fair insight
4473-490: The tunes collected are as old as the words. Nevertheless, Child's collection was far more comprehensive than any previous collection of ballads in English. Many of Child's ballads were obtained from printed broadsides , but he generally distinguished the "traditional" ballads that interested him from later broadside ballads. As Child died before writing a commentary on his work, it is uncertain exactly how and why he selected some ballads and discounted others. Child's collection
4544-487: The two collections includes about a hundred ballads that the other does not. All the variants contained in Child's edition are digitised, without apparatus, at http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/child/ and http://www.peterrobins.co.uk/ballads/ . Volume 1 ; Volume 2 ; Volume 3 ; Volume 4 ; Volume 5 ; Volume 6 ; Volume 7 ; Volume 8 . List of the Child Ballads Following are synopses of
4615-399: The two. Although the exact cause of OCD is unknown, several regions of the brain have been implicated in its neuroanatomical model including the anterior cingulate cortex , orbitofrontal cortex , amygdala , and BNST . The presence of a genetic component is evidenced by the increased likelihood for both identical twins to be affected than both fraternal twins . Risk factors include
4686-478: Was also the basis for a number of shorter, popular editions, prominently including English and Scottish Popular Ballads Edited from the Collection of Francis James Child , ed. by Helen Child Sargent and George Lyman Kittredge (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1904).0 Corrected edition of The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, five volumes (Northfield, Minnesota: Loomis House Press, 2002-2011). Not counting reissues of
4757-575: Was identified as being distinct from other symptom groupings. When looking into the onset of OCD, one study suggests that there are differences in the age of onset between males and females, with the average age of onset of OCD being 9.6 for male children and 11.0 for female children. Children with OCD often have other mental disorders, such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, and disruptive behavior disorder. Continually, children are more likely to struggle in school and experience difficulties in social situations (Lack 2012). When looking at both adults and children
4828-653: Was not significantly affected. People with OCD show impairment in formulating an organizational strategy for coding information, set-shifting , and motor and cognitive inhibition . Specific subtypes of symptom dimensions in OCD have been associated with specific cognitive deficits. For example, the results of one meta-analysis comparing washing and checking symptoms reported that washers outperformed checkers on eight out of ten cognitive tests. The symptom dimension of contamination and cleaning may be associated with higher scores on tests of inhibition and verbal memory. Approximately 1–2% of children are affected by OCD. There
4899-482: Was not the first of its kind; there had been many less scholarly collections of English and Scottish ballads, particularly from Bishop Thomas Percy 's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) onwards. There were also "comprehensive" ballad collections from other countries. Child modelled his work on Svend Grundtvig 's Danmarks gamle Folkeviser , classifying and numbering the ballads and noting different versions, which were placed side by side to aid comparison. As
4970-403: Was once believed to be associated with above-average intelligence, this does not appear to necessarily be the case. A 2013 review reported that people with OCD may sometimes have mild but wide-ranging cognitive deficits , most significantly those affecting spatial memory and to a lesser extent with verbal memory , fluency , executive function , and processing speed , while auditory attention
5041-721: Was reprinted, this time physically in three volumes, in 1957 by the New York-based Folklore Press, in association with the Pageant Book Company. It was reprinted again in 1965 in New York by Dover , this time with an essay by Walter Morris Hart entitled 'Professor Child and the Ballad' (reprinted from Publications of the Modern Language Association of America , vol. 21 [N.S. Vol. 14, no. 4]). Child's edition
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