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25-634: Jamtlandic share many characteristics with Trøndersk — the dialect spoken to the west in Norwegian Trøndelag , and has historically sometimes been considered to be Norwegian in origin. The current view in Scandinavian dialectology, however, is that the Jamtlandic language belongs either in the East or West Scandinavian branch. The local name for the dialects is jamska . There is, however, no common term for

50-460: A preceding s or t , or a following t : Old Norse kirtilinn 'gland' has become [tɕʰɑ̂ːɬ̠l̠n̠᷈] , [tɕʰɑ̂ɬ̠ːl̠n̠᷈] or similar, Old Norse slíta 'to struggle, to pull' has become [ɬlît̪e̞᷈] , [ɬlîi᷈ːt̪] or similar, and Old Norse allt 'all' has become [aɬt] or similar. There have been attempts to standardize the orthography of the Jämtland dialects. The attempt that has been the most popular

75-696: A result, ⟨z⟩ was replaced by ⟨s⟩ in 1700. ⟨z⟩ was instead used in loanwords for historical /z/ . ⟨z⟩ is the second least used letter in Swedish, before ⟨q⟩ . The characters ⟨à⟩ (which is used only in a few rare non-integrated loanwords such as à , from French) and ⟨é⟩ (used in some integrated loanwords like idé and armé , and in some surnames such as Rosén or Löfvén ) are recognised but regarded as variants of ⟨a⟩ and ⟨e⟩ , respectively. The umlauted ⟨ ü ⟩

100-496: A type of umlaut or vowel harmony on the root vowel (example Old Norse lifa [liβɑ] > [liβɑˑ] > [le̞ʋa] > [lɐ̂ʋɐ᷈] "to live"). According to one theory, this phenomenon has its roots in influence from the neighbouring Saami languages in medieval times. The Old Norse phonemic contrast of light and heavy syllables is partly preserved in eastern Jämtland dialects, and to some degree in Western Jämtland dialects and in

125-900: A vowel or are word-final. Due to several phonetic combinations coalescing over recent centuries, the spelling of the Swedish sje-sound is very eclectic. Some estimates claim that there are over 50 possible different spellings of the sound, though this figure is disputed. Garlén (1988) gives a list of 22 spellings ( ⟨ch⟩ , ⟨che⟩ , ⟨g⟩ , ⟨ge⟩ , ⟨gi⟩ , ⟨ige⟩ , ⟨j⟩ , ⟨je⟩ , ⟨sc⟩ , ⟨sch⟩ , ⟨sh⟩ , ⟨shi⟩ , ⟨si⟩ , ⟨sj⟩ , ⟨sk⟩ , ⟨skj⟩ , ⟨ssi⟩ , ⟨ssj⟩ , ⟨stg⟩ , ⟨sti⟩ , ⟨stj⟩ , ⟨ti⟩ ), but many of them are confined to only

150-732: Is Vägledning för stavning av jamska (1994 and 1995) which is the work of the committee Akademien för jamska consisting of Bodil Bergner, Berta Magnusson and Bo Oscarsson. The most prominent application of this orthography has been to prepare translations of parts of the Bible into the dialect, resulting in the book Nagur Bibelteksta på jamska . An excerpt: Genesis 1:26–27 : The book does not fully follow Vägledning för stavning av jamska . For example, using Vägledning för stavning av jamska one would spell gjæra v. 'do; make', not "gjära". Another spelling convention in Nagur Bibelteksta på jamska

175-502: Is a recommendation to use ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ . The letter ⟨æ⟩ was used in earlier Swedish script systems, when there was in general more similarity between the Scandinavian languages. The ligature ⟨æ⟩ , used in Latin as a variant of ⟨ae⟩ , is used in some Swedish surnames. It is then considered equivalent with ⟨ae⟩ and collated accordingly. However, sometimes it

200-472: Is collated as ⟨ä⟩ : in the 14th edition of the Svenska Akademiens ordlista , the words læstadian, læstadianer, læstadianism (from the surname Læstadius ) are sorted between lästa and lästeknik . The Swedish traditional handwritten alphabet is the same as the ordinary Latin cursive alphabet, but the letters ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ä⟩ are written by connecting

225-733: Is rare. Before the 19th century, ⟨w⟩ was interchangeable with ⟨v⟩ ( ⟨w⟩ was used in Fraktur , ⟨v⟩ in Antiqua ). Official orthographic standards since 1801 use only ⟨v⟩ for common words. Many family names kept their ⟨w⟩ despite the change to common words. Foreign words and names bring in uses of ⟨w⟩ , particularly combinations with webb for (World Wide) Web . Swedish sorting traditionally and officially treated ⟨v⟩ and ⟨w⟩ as equivalent, so that users would not have to guess whether

250-1069: Is recognised but is only used in names of German origin, and in German loanwords such as müsli . It is otherwise treated as a variant of ⟨ y ⟩ and is called "German ⟨y⟩ ". For foreign names, ⟨ç, ë, í, õ⟩ and many others might be used, but are usually converted to ⟨c, e, i, o⟩ , etc. The letters ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ , used in Danish and Norwegian, are considered variants of ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ , and are collated as such. Unlike letters with diacritics like ⟨à⟩ , ⟨ë⟩ , ⟨í⟩ , etc. ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ are not easily available on Swedish keyboards, and are thus often replaced with ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ . The news agency TT follows this usage because some newspapers have no technical support for ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ , although there

275-698: Is the use of the digraph "sh", in e.g. "mänish" n. 'human being' and "fishn" n. 'the fish', with the same pronunciation as English 'sh' in 'shoe'. Properly using Vägledning för stavning av jamska , this would be spelled sch ; see § 26 in the external link below. People writing Jämtland dialects commonly use the letters of the Swedish alphabet , with the addition of æ and ô . The letters c , q , w , x , and z are usually not used. Noreen, Adolf (1903–1907). Vårt språk: nysvensk grammatik i utförlig framställning. Bd 1 (in Swedish). Lund: Gleerup. Tr%C3%B8ndersk Too Many Requests If you report this error to

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300-506: The Old Norse religion . The runes underwent partial "latinization" in the Middle Ages, when the Latin alphabet was completely accepted as the Swedish script system, but runes still occurred, especially in the countryside, until the 18th century, and were used decoratively until mid 19th century. The pronunciation of the names of the letters (that does not necessarily coincide with the sounds

325-633: The Old Norse primary diphthongs ai , au , ey , usually with pronunciations like [e̞i̯] , [ɞɵ̯] , [œy̯] . In the Offerdal parish in western Jämtland, ai and ey have monophthongized to [ɛː] and [œː] , while au is preserved as [æɵ̯]. Eastern Jämtland dialects (spoken in the parishes Borgvattnet, Ragunda, Fors, Stugun, Håsjö, Hällesjö) have no diphthongs, but have monophthongized ai to [e̝ː] , ey to [ø̝ː] , and au to [ɵː] , [ɞː] , [ʌː] or [o̞ː] . Southwestern Jämtland dialects have not only preserved

350-625: The Oviken parish in southwestern Jämtland. In eastern Jämtland and in Oviken parish, short stressed syllables are preserved from Old Norse words like hǫku 'chin', lifa 'to live', which have evolved to [hô̞ke̞᷈] in Fors parish, [hɔ̂ke̞᷈] in Ragunda and Stugun parishes, [hɞ̂kɛ᷈] in Hällesjö parish, and [hôkɵ᷈] in Oviken parish, while lifa has become [læ̂ʋa᷈] or similar in all of the parishes. In western Jämtland,

375-522: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.151 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 378335129 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:40:11 GMT Swedish alphabet The Swedish alphabet ( Swedish : Svenska alfabetet ) is a basic element of the Latin writing system used for the Swedish language . The 29 letters of this alphabet are

400-489: The dialects in English, and academic sources call them by various names, such as jamska , jämtska , Jämtish dialect , Jämtlandic dialect , Jämtland dialects or dialects of Jämtland . The endonym jamska is technically a definite form; the indefinite form jaamsk/jamske is rarely used. Like all other central Scandinavian dialects (Trønder dialects, east Norwegian dialects, Norrland dialects, some Finland Swedish dialects),

425-528: The dictionary, and the ⟨w⟩ = ⟨v⟩ sorting rule was deprecated. This means Swedish books printed before 2006 would group ⟨w⟩ with ⟨v⟩ in the index, and most Swedish software published before 2006 would treat the two as variations of a single character when sorting text. The letter ⟨z⟩ is rare, used in names and a few loanwords such as zon "zone". ⟨z⟩ historically represented /ts/ . By 1700, this had merged with /s/ . As

450-420: The dots with a curved line, identical to a tilde ⟨◌̃⟩ , hence looking like ⟨õ⟩ and ⟨ã⟩ . In text the dots should be clearly separated, but in handwriting writers frequently replace them with a macron ⟨◌̄⟩ : ⟨ō⟩ , ⟨ā⟩ . Short vowels are followed by two or more consonants; long vowels are followed by a single consonant, by

475-457: The letters represent) is as follows: In addition to the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet , A through Z, the Swedish alphabet includes Å , Ä , and Ö at the end. They are distinct letters in Swedish and are sorted after ⟨z⟩ . The letter ⟨q⟩ is rare. ⟨q⟩ was common in ordinary words before 1889, when its replacement by ⟨k⟩

500-564: The modern 26-letter basic Latin alphabet ( ⟨a⟩ to ⟨z⟩ ) plus ⟨ å ⟩ , ⟨ ä ⟩ , and ⟨ ö ⟩ , in that order. It contains 20 consonants and 9 vowels ( ⟨a e i o u y å ä ö⟩ ). The Latin alphabet was brought to Sweden along with the Christianization of the population, although runes continued in use throughout the first centuries of Christianity, even for ecclesiastic purposes, despite their traditional relation to

525-418: The most characteristic feature of the Jämtland dialects is vowel balance, an event that caused the vowel endings after heavy syllables to weaken and later even drop entirely in some dialects moving the tone over from ending to the root syllable, example Old Norse kasta [kʰɑ̂stɑ᷈] > [kʰɑ̂stə᷈] (> [kʰɑ̂.ɑ᷈st] "to throw"), while the endings after light syllables instead where reinforced, and even caused

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550-635: The original diphthongs, but also, similar to Icelandic and some dialects in Norway, diphthongized Old Norse á to [ɑu̯] in Myssjö parish, [ɔu̯] in Hackås and Oviken parishes, and [aɔ̯] in Berg and Rätan parishes. The Jämtland dialects, like Icelandic, Faroese, and other northern Scandinavian dialects, have both a voiced [l] and voiceless [ɬ] l-sound. This sound comes from a voiced l that has been partly assimilated by either

575-497: The short syllables are less stable, and are often lengthened to long or half-long in accent 2 words, but is preserved in accent 1 words: Old Norse svið 'burned' has become [sʋɛ̂] in Åre parish, while accent 2 words like Old Norse lofa 'to promise', duna 'to make noise', which have evolved to [lɔ̂ˑʋo̞᷈] or [lɔ̂ːʋɔ᷈] , and [d̪ɔ̂ːnɔ᷈] in Undersåker, Kall and Åre parishes. Central- and southwestern Jämtland dialects have preserved

600-420: The word, or name, they were seeking was spelled with a ⟨v⟩ or a ⟨w⟩ . The two letters were often combined in the collating sequence as if they were all ⟨v⟩ or all ⟨w⟩ , until 2006 when the 13th edition of Svenska Akademiens ordlista (The Swedish Academy's Orthographic Dictionary) declared a change. ⟨w⟩ was given its own section in

625-501: Was allowed. Since 1900, only the forms with ⟨k⟩ are listed in dictionaries. Some proper names kept their ⟨q⟩ despite the change to common words: Qvist , Quist , Husqvarna , Quenby, Quinby, Quintus, Quirin and Quirinus. Other uses include some loanwords that retained ⟨q⟩ , including queer , quisling , squash , and quilting ; student terms such as gasque ; and foreign geographic names like Qatar . The letter ⟨w⟩

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