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58-610: The Jacuí River, known as 'Rio Jacuí' in Portuguese, has its origins in the highlands east of Passo Fundo . From there it flows south and then east for nearly 300 mi (480 km). The Taquari, Caí , Sinos , and Gravataí rivers merge into the Jacuí near its mouth. At Porto Alegre , near the Atlantic coast, the Jacuí transforms into a shallow estuary, known as the Guaíba River, and flows into

116-798: A monopoly of violence in the border area. In the Federalist Revolution of 1893 gaúcho-manned armies led by elite families fought each other with exceptional barbarity. Powerful Brazilian-Uruguayan families, like the Saraivas, led mounted insurrections in both countries, even in the 20th century. In the satirical cartoon (1904) Aparicio Saravia says it is time for "another little revolution": they have been at peace long enough and are starting to look ridiculous. This time, however, his mobile, lance-wielding horsemen were put down, and decisively, by Uruguayan troops armed with Mauser rifles and Krupp cannon, efficiently deployed by telegraph and rail. It

174-716: A few generations. There were not the huge cattle estates of Buenos Aires province where, as an extreme example, the Anchorena family owned 958,000 hectares (2,370,000 acres) in 1864. Unlike Argentina, cattlemen in Rio Grande do Sul did not have vagrancy laws to tie gaúchos to their ranches. However, slavery was legal in Brazil; in Rio Grande do Sul it existed until 1884; and perhaps a majority of permanent ranch workers were enslaved. Thus many horse-riding campeiros (cowboys) were black slaves. They enjoyed sharply better living conditions than

232-427: A few hundred families. Labour in this region was scarce, so great landowners acquired it by allowing a social class, called agregados , to settle on their land with their own animals. Values were martial and paternalistic, for the territory went back and forth between Portugal and Spain. Thus, the social pyramid of the borderland was divided into rough thirds: at the top, Portuguese landowners and their families; then

290-437: A film set in the city, a film called "O Gaucho de Passo Fundo", released in 1978. The following highways leave Passo Fundo: The town is served by Lauro Kurtz Airport located on BR-285, São José. Daily flights from Passo Fundo are headed to: Distances from Passo Fundo to: Lying near latitude 28° South at an elevation of 690 m (2,260 ft), Passo Fundo has a humid subtropical climate . The annual mean temperature

348-502: A home, a fixed abode, work habits, respect for authority, on whose side he will always be, even against his better feelings. But the gaucho neto (out-and-out gaucho) is the typical wandering criollo , here today, there tomorrow; gambler, quarreler, enemy of discipline; who flees military service when it is his turn, takes refuge among the Indians if he knifes someone, or joins the montonera (armed rabble) if it shows up. The first has

406-526: A soldier several times. The second was once part of a squadron and as soon as he saw his chance he deserted. The first is always federal , the second is no longer anything. The first still believes in something; the second believes in nothing. He has suffered more than the city slicker, and so has been disillusioned quicker. He votes, because the Commander or the Mayor tells him to, and with that universal suffrage

464-419: A word that looks something like gaucho and guessing that it changed to its present form, perhaps without awareness that there are sound laws that describe how languages and words really evolve over time. The etymologist Joan Corominas said most of these theories were "not worthy of discussion". Of the following explanations, Rona said that only #5, #8 and #9 might be taken seriously. A different approach

522-498: Is 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) with highs of 28.4 °C (83.1 °F) in January and 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) in July and lows of 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) in January and 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) in July. Winters can be slightly cool with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F), frequent frosts and occasional snowfalls. Rainfall is spread out throughout the year with September receiving

580-410: Is a municipality in the north of the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul . It is named after its river. It's the tenth largest city in the state with an estimated population of 204,722 inhabitants living in a total municipal area of 780 km . Passo Fundo is a city well known because of the singer, composer and filmmaker Vitor Mateus Teixeira, better known as Teixeirinha , he was born in

638-411: Is a citizen of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Many explanations have been proposed, but no-one really knows how the word "gaucho" originated. Already in 1933 an author counted 36 different theories; more recently, over fifty. They can proliferate because "there is no documentation of any sort that will fix its origin to any time, place or language". Most seem to have been conjured up by finding

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696-454: Is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The figure of the gaucho is a folk symbol of Argentina , Paraguay , Uruguay , Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil , the southern part of Bolivia , and the south of Chilean Patagonia . Gauchos became greatly admired and renowned in legend, folklore, and literature and became an important part of their regional cultural tradition. Beginning late in

754-421: Is achieved. If he has a claim, he drops it because he thinks it is frankly a waste of time. In a word, the first is a useful man for industry and work — the second is a dangerous inhabitant anywhere. If he resorts to the courts, it is because he has the instinct to believe that they will do him justice out of fear – and there are examples, if they don't do it he takes revenge — he wounds or kills. The former makes up

812-897: Is actually found in the historical record. However in the Portuguese-based dialects of northern Uruguay the phoneme /rr/ is not easily pronounced, and so is rendered as /h/ (sounding rather like English h). Thus garrucho would be rendered as gahucho , and indeed the French naturalist Augustin Saint-Hilaire , travelling in Uruguay during the Artigas insurgency, wrote in his diary (16 October 1820): Ces hommes sans religion et sans morale, le plus part indiens ou métis, que les Portugais désignaient sous le nom de "Garruchos ou Gahuchos". (Those men without religion or morals, mostly indians or half-breeds, that

870-518: Is elusive, because there has been more than one kind. Mythologisation has obscured the topic. Itinerant horsemen, hunting wild cattle on the pampas, originated as a social class during the 17th century. "The great natural abundance of the pampa", wrote Richard W. Slatta, with its plethora of cattle, horses, ostriches, and other wild game, meant that a skilled horseman and hunter could live without permanent employment by selling hides, feathers, pelts, and eating free beef. This pampean largess shaped

928-407: Is going, even though he may remain with them for several months. Vidal also painted visiting gauchos from up-country Tucumán . ("Their features are particularly Spanish, uncrossed by that mixture observable in the citizens of Buenos Ayres"). They are not horsemen: they are oxcart drivers, and may or may not have called themselves gauchos in their home province. Charles Darwin observed life on

986-482: Is much bloodshed: the habit of constantly wearing the knife is the chief cause of the latter. It is lamentable to hear how many lives are lost in trifling quarrels. In fighting, each party tries to mark the face of his adversary by slashing his nose or eyes; as is often attested by deep and horrid-looking scars. Robberies are a natural consequence of universal gambling, much drinking, and extreme indolence. At Mercedes I asked two men why they did not work. One gravely said

1044-478: Is nicknamed "A Terra de Gente Boa", Portuguese for "The Land of Good People or Folks." The city is known as being one of the most gaúcho cities in all of Rio Grande do Sul. It is not uncommon to see gaúchos walking the streets of Passo Fundo dressed in their full pilcha or typical gaúcho costumes. It is also known by the country as the National Capital of Literature, according to the law nº 11.264, because of

1102-467: Is to consider that the word might have originated north of the Río de la Plata , where the indigenous languages were quite different and there is a Portuguese influence. Two facts that any theory could usefully account for are: There is in that land, and particularly around Montevideo and Maldonado , another class of people, most appropriately called gauchos or gauderios. Commonly all are criminals escaped from

1160-469: The Rio de la Plata and of Brazil". Summarised one scholar: "Fundamentally [the gaucho of the time] was a colonial bootlegger whose business was contraband trade in cattle hides. His work was highly illegal; his character lamentably reprehensible; his social standing exceedingly low. "Gaucho" was an insult; yet it was possible to use the word to refer, without animosity, to country people in general. Furthermore

1218-639: The caudillos (provincial strongmen) — were obstacles to national unity. The population was so thinly spread it was impossible to educate. They were barbarians, inimical to progress. Juan Bautista Alberdi , deviser of the Constitution, held that "to govern is to populate". Once political stability was achieved the results were dramatic. From around 1875 a flood of immigrants altered the country's ethnic composition. In 1914, 40% of Argentina's residents were foreign-born. Today, Italian surnames are more common than Spanish. Barbed wire, cheap from 1876, fenced

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1276-480: The frequent civil wars . Hence in Argentina, vagrancy laws required rural workers to carry employment documents. Some restrictions on the gaucho's freedom of movement were imposed under Spanish Viceroy Sobremonte , but they were greatly intensified under Bernardino Rivadavia , and were enforced more vigorously still under Juan Manuel de Rosas . Those who did not carry the documentation could be sentenced to years in

1334-602: The 19th century, after the heyday of the gauchos, they were celebrated by South American writers. According to the Diccionario de la lengua española , in its historical sense a gaucho was a " mestizo who, in the 18th and 19th centuries, inhabited Argentina, Uruguay, and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and was a migratory horseman, and adept in cattle work". In Argentina and Uruguay today, gaucho can refer to any "country person, experienced in traditional livestock farming". Because historical gauchos were reputed to be brave, if unruly,

1392-539: The Argentine social mass; the second is disappearing. Already in 1845 a local dialect dictionary, by a knowledgeable compiler, gave "gaucho" as meaning any kind of rural worker, including one who cultivated the soil. To refer to the wandering sort, one had to specify further. Documentary research has shown the great majority of rural workers in Buenos Aires province were not herdsmen, but cultivators or shepherds. Thus,

1450-521: The Indian frontier, or even took refuge with the Indians themselves. José Hernández described the bitter fate of just such a gaucho protagonist in his poem Martín Fierro (1872), a great popular success in the countryside. One estimate was that renegade gauchos comprised half of all Indian raiding parties. Lucio Victorio Mansilla (1877) thought he could discern two types of gaucho in the soldiers under his command: The paisano gaucho (country worker) has

1508-559: The Patos Lagoon. Boats can travel up the river as far as Cachoeira do Sul . The Dona Francisca Hydroelectric Dam impounds the upper Jacuí River, and is divided between the municipalities of Agudo and Nova Palma , Rio Grande do Sul. The Quarta Colônia State Park is on the left bank of the reservoir of the Dona Francisca dam, with an area of 1,847.9 hectares (4,566 acres). The park was created in 2005 as environmental compensation for

1566-537: The Portuguese call Garruchos or Gahuchos ). The native Spanish-speakers of these borderlands, however, could not process the phoneme /h/, and would render it as a null, thus gaúcho . In sum, according to this theory, gaúcho originated in the Uruguay-Brazil dialect borderlands, deriving from a derisive indigenous word garrucho , then in Spanish lands evolved by accent-shift to gaucho . The historical "gaucho"

1624-503: The Río Negro mobile gauchos survived rather longer. A Scottish anthropologist in the central region (1882) saw many of them as unsettled. European immigration to the countryside was smaller. The central government failed to consolidate its power over the countryside, and gaucho-manned armies continued to defy it until 1904. The turbulent gaucho leaders e.g. the Saravias had connections with

1682-505: The agregados, whose racial origins varied; and, at the bottom, the enslaved Africans whose large numbers distinguish the Brazilian borderland from similar ranching areas in the Rio de la Plata. Brazilian inheritance laws compelled landowners to leave their lands in equal shares to their sons and daughters, and since they were numerous, and those laws were hard to evade, great landholdings fractured in

1740-401: The agricultural sector there was limited cattle-raising activity due to the small area of the municipality. The poultry industry was of some significance. The main crops were corn, soybeans, and wheat. In 2006 there were 887 farms employing around 3,600 workers, most of whom were relatives of the farm owner. Passo Fundo is the third largest medical center in southern Brazil. The city has one of

1798-416: The cattlemen over the Brazilian border, where there was much less European immigration; Wire fences did not become common in the borderland until the close of the 19th century. The revolutionary battles in Brazil ended by 1930 under the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas , who disarmed the private gaúcho armies and prohibited the carrying of guns in public. In the 20th century urban intellectuals promoted

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1856-459: The city of Rolante in Rio Grande do Sul, and adopted the city of Passo Fundo as his own, the singer liked a lot from the city, in 1960 he composed the song "Gaúcho de Passo Fundo", which was very successful and made Passo Fundo become a known city throughout Brazil. Teixeirinha composed two more songs in homage to the city of Passo Fundo, they are "Saudades de Passo Fundo" (1963) and "Passo Fundo do Coração" (1973), as well as producing and starring in

1914-460: The country, well mounted and armed... They approached the troop with such confidence, relaxation, and coolness that they caused great admiration among the European military men, who were seeing for the first time these extraordinary horsemen whose excellent qualities for guerilla warfare and swift surprise they had to endure on many occasions. Knowing "gaucho" to be an insult, the Spanish hurled it at

1972-403: The days were too long; the other that he was too poor. The number of horses and the profusion of food are the destruction of all industry. As cattle estates grew bigger the freely wandering gaucho became a nuisance to landed proprietors, except when his casual labour was wanted e.g. at branding. Furthermore his services were needed in the armies that were fighting on the Indian frontiers, or in

2030-587: The educational sector there were 78 primary schools, 8 middle and secondary schools, and 53 pre-primary schools. In 2005 there were 5 institutes of higher education with around 12,000 students. The schools of higher education are: Endereço: Sete de Setembro, 1045 - Centro Site:www.senacrs.com.br Endereço: Senador Pinheiro, 304 - Vila Cruzeiro Site:www.imed.edu.br Endereço: Paissandu, 1200 - Centro Site:www.faplan.edu.br Endereço: RS-153, 555 - Vila Nossa Senhora Aparecida Site:www.facportal.com.br Endereço: BR-285, Km 171 - São José Site:www.upf.tche.br Passo Fundo

2088-504: The female line but, in the male line, a higher proportion of Spanish ancestry than is usual in Brazil. However, gauchos were a social class, not an ethnic group. Gauchos are first mentioned by name in the 18th century records of the Spanish colonial authorities who administered the Banda Oriental (present-day Uruguay). For them, he is an outlaw, cattle thief, robber and smuggler. Félix de Azara (1790) said gauchos were "the dregs of

2146-522: The gaucho that survives in today's popular imagination — the galloping horseman — was not typical. Gauchos north of the Río de la Plata were similar to their Argentine counterparts; however there were some differences, particularly in the region straddling Brazil and Uruguay. The Portuguese Crown, in order to conquer southern Brazil — it was disputed with the Spanish Empire — distributed vast tracts of land to

2204-594: The gaucho virtually extinct". Wote S. Samuel Trifilo (1964): "The gaucho of today working on the pampas of Argentina is no more a real gaucho than is our own present-day cowboy the cowboy of the Wild West; both have gone forever." Two-thirds of Uruguay lies south of the Río Negro , and this part was fenced most intensively in the decade 1870-1880. The gaucho was marginalised and was frequently driven to live in pueblos de ratas (rural slums, literally rat towns). North of

2262-418: The gaucho's independent, migratory existence and his aversion to a sedentary regimen". The original gaucho was typically descended from unions between Iberian men and Amerindian women, although he might also have African ancestry. A DNA analysis study of rural inhabitants of Rio Grande do Sul , who style themselves gaúchos , has claimed to discern, not only Amerindian ( Charrúa and Guaraní ) ancestry in

2320-680: The gaucho's skills, though useful in banditry or smuggling, were just as useful for serving in the frontier police. The Spanish administration recruited its antismuggling Cuerpo de Blandengues from among the outlaws themselves. The Uruguayan patriot José Gervasio Artigas made precisely that career transition. The gaucho was a born cavalryman, and his bravery in the patriot cause in the wars of independence, especially under Artigas and Martín Miguel de Güemes , earned admiration and improved his image. The Spanish general García Gamba, who fought against Güemes in Salta , said: The gauchos were men that knew

2378-470: The highest amount of 183.4 mm (7.22 in) and May receiving the lowest amount of 133.5 mm (5.26 in). Humidity is around 70% every month. The economy is predominantly based on services, with some light industry and agriculture in the surrounding area. Transformation industries employed 8,731 workers in 2006, with commerce employing 19,287, public administration employing 2,808, education employing 3,374, and health employing 4,624 workers. In

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2436-509: The hydroelectric plant. The estuary contains the Banhados do Delta Biological Reserve , which protects the islands of Pólvora and Pombas. 30°01′58″S 51°14′46″W  /  30.0328°S 51.2461°W  / -30.0328; -51.2461 This article related to a river in Rio Grande do Sul is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Passo Fundo Passo Fundo

2494-472: The instincts of civilization; he imitates the man of the cities in his dress, in his customs. The second loves tradition; he hates foreigners; his luxury is his spurs, his flash gear, his leather sash, his facón (dagger-sword). The first takes off his poncho to go into town, the second goes there flaunting his trappings. The first is a cultivator, oxcart driver, cattle drover, herdsman, a peon. The second hires himself out for cattle branding. The first has been

2552-453: The jails of Spain and Brazil, or they belong to the number of those who, because of their atrocities, have had to flee to the wilderness... When the gaucho has some necessity or caprice to satisfy, he steals a few horses or cows, takes them to Brazil where he sells them and where he gets whatever it is he needs. Hence the Uruguayan sociolinguist José Pedro Rona thought the origin of the word

2610-703: The largest and most modern radiology centers and radiation based at São Vicente de Paulo Hospital. On the Human Development Index Passo Fundo was given .804 in 2000, ranking 149 out of 467 municipalities in the state and 478 out of 3,527 municipalities in the country. Life expectancy (male and female) was 68.5 and the literacy rate was 94%. In 2005 there were 72 health establishments, of which 4 were hospitals providing 837 beds (69 public). Endereço: Alcides Moura, 82 - Vila Popular Endereço: Tiradentes, 295 - Centro Endereço: Doutor Arthur Leite, 37 - Centro Endereço: Teixeira Soares, 808 - Centro In

2668-474: The many literary events and debates organized in the city, such as the National Journey of Literature and the highest readership in the country (6.5 books per year per inhabitant). Passo Fundo is the home town of football coach Luiz Felipe Scolari , and also of the philosopher, opera singer, poet and Germanic philologist Henrique García, and the adopted place of Teixeirinha , a Gaúcho folkloric performer,

2726-412: The military. From 1822 to 1873 even internal passports were required. According to Marxist and other scholars the gaucho became "proletarianized", preferring life as a salaried peon on an estancia to forced enlistment, irregular pay and harsh discipline. However, some resisted. "In words and deeds, soldiers contested the state's disciplinary model", frequently deserting. Deserters often fled to

2784-604: The modern gaúcho band Pala Velho , as well as it is known for being Pipe's birthplace. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Passo Fundo , elevated from a Diocese in 2011. It is also home of supermodel Letícia Birkheuer and famous volleyball players and brothers Gustavo and Murilo Endres. 28°15′S 52°24′W  /  28.250°S 52.400°W  / -28.250; -52.400 Ga%C3%BAcho A gaucho ( Spanish: [ˈɡawtʃo] ) or gaúcho ( Portuguese: [ɡaˈuʃu] )

2842-434: The pampa "and thus eliminated the need for gaucho cowboys". Gauchos were forced off the land, drifting into rural towns to look for work, though a few were retained as peon labourers. Cunninghame Graham , after whom a Buenos Aires street is named, and who had lived as a gaucho in the 1870s, returned in 1914 to "his first love, Argentina" and found it had greatly changed. "Progress, which he constantly lambasted, had rendered

2900-434: The pampas for six months and reflected in his diary (1833): The Gauchos, or countrymen, are very superior to those who reside in the towns. The Gaucho is invariably most obliging, polite, and hospitable: I did not meet with even one instance of rudeness or inhospitality. He is modest, both respecting himself and country, but at the same time a spirited, bold fellow. On the other hand, many robberies are committed, and there

2958-410: The patriot militias; Güemes, however, picked it up as a badge of honour, referring to his troops as "my gauchos". Visitors to the newly emergent Argentina and Uruguay perceived that a "gaucho" was a country person or herdsman: seldom was there a pejorative significance. Emeric Essex Vidal , the first artist to paint gauchos, noted their mobility (1820): They never conceive any attachment either for

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3016-548: The slaves who worked in the brutal xarqueadas (beef-salting plants). John Charles Chasteen explained why: Ranching requires mounted workers who are not easily supervised and have ample opportunities to escape. To hold on to their slaves, estancieiros considered the dictates of humanity the most economical policy. They could easily afford it. Land-hungry Rio Grande cattlemen bought up estates cheaply in neighbouring Uruguay until they owned about 30% of that country, which they ranched with their slaves and cattle. The border area

3074-447: The soil or for a master: however well he may pay, and however kindly he may treat them, they leave him at any moment when they take it into their heads, most frequently without even bidding him adieu, or at most saying, "I am going, because I have been with you long enough". * * * They are extremely hospitable; they furnish any traveller that applies to them with lodging and food, and scarcely ever think of inquiring who he is, or whither he

3132-477: The two forms — gaúcho and gaucho — the former probably came first, because it was linguistically more natural for gaúcho to evolve by accent-shift to gáucho , than the other way round. Thus the problem came down to explaining the origin of gaúcho . As to that, Rona thought that gaúcho originated in northern Uruguay, and came from garrucho , a derisive word possibly of Charrua origin, which meant something like "old indian" or "contemptible person", and

3190-512: The word is also applied metaphorically to mean "noble, brave and generous", but also "one who is skillful in subtle tricks, crafty". In Portuguese the word gaúcho means "an inhabitant of the plains of Rio Grande do Sul or the Pampas of Argentina of European and indigenous American descent who devotes himself to lassoing and raising cattle and horses"; gaúcho has also acquired a metonymic signification in Brazil, meaning anyone, even an urban dweller, who

3248-416: Was fluid, bilingual and lawless. Though slavery was abolished in Uruguay in 1846, and there were laws against human trafficking, weak governments poorly enforced those laws. Often Brazilian ranchers simply ignored them, even crossing and re-crossing the border with their slaves and cattle. An 1851 extradition treaty required Uruguay to return fugitive Brazilian slaves. Governments found it hard to establish

3306-688: Was official government policy, enshrined in the Argentine Constitution of 1853 , to encourage European immigration. The purpose, which was not concealed, was to supplant the "lower races" of the sparsely populated interior, including gauchos, whom the elite believed to be hopelessly backward. Famously, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento , Argentina's second elected president, had written (in Facundo: Civilización y Barbarie ) that gauchos, although audacious and skilled in country lore, were brutal, feckless, lived indolently in squalor, and — by upholding

3364-417: Was to be sought "on the frontier zone between Spanish and Portuguese, which goes from northern Uruguay to the Argentine province of Corrientes and the Brazilian area between them". Rona, himself born on a language frontier in pre-Holocaust Europe, was a pioneer of the concept of linguistic borders, and studied the dialects of northern Uruguay where Portuguese and Spanish intermingle. Rona thought that, of

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