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83-615: Williamson was born April 29, 1908, in Bisbee , Arizona Territory . According to his own account, the first three years of his life were spent on a ranch at the top of the Sierra Madre Mountains on the headwaters of the Yaqui River in Sonora, Mexico . He spent much of the rest of his early childhood in western Texas. In search of better pastures, his family migrated to rural New Mexico in

166-516: A "comet" which is really a giant force field containing a swarm of planets populated by their slaves. The slave races are of flesh and blood, but none are remotely similar to humans. The Cometeers cannot be destroyed by AKKA, as they are incorporeal from the Universe's point of view and exist for the most part in an alternate reality. The ruling Cometeers feed on their slaves and literally absorb their souls, leaving disgusting, dying hulks in their wake. It

249-569: A Purple pretender who sets up a robotic base on a world over seventy light years from Earth, and tries to conquer the Solar System via matter transporter technology he has stolen. In this story robots are outlawed, as they are in Dune . The story also features Jay Kalam, lobbying to allow the New Cometeers to leave the Solar System in peace, as many people were demanding that AKKA be used to obliterate

332-484: A collection of short science fiction stories "Alien Earth and Other Stories" (520-00219-075), where Hamilton's 1949 "Alien Earth" was featured along with novelettes by Isaac Asimov, Robert Bloch, Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke and others. Hamilton met his fellow science fiction author and screenwriter Leigh Brackett for the first in the Summer of 1940, but later lost her track during the war years, until they met once again at

415-672: A destination of the "authentic," old Southwest. His work attracted the developer Ed Smart. Among the many guests at the hotel have been celebrities from nearby California. Actor John Wayne was a frequent visitor to Bisbee and the Copper Queen. He befriended Hutchison and eventually partnered with Smart in his real estate ventures. This period of Bisbee's history is well documented in contemporary articles in The New Yorker and in an article by Cynthia Buchanan in The Cornell Review . It

498-493: A great deal of respect for good craftsmanship of the sort that commercial writers must develop. The labels you hear so much of—"commercial," "serious writer," "mainstream," "hack," "New Wave," "experimental"—are usually very misleading. In my own field, Ed Hamilton and Hank Kuttner and more recently Bob Silverberg are all writers who formed a fine command of the SF genre early in their careers and who later on used this to do work that

581-400: A ground-level entrance. The city of Bisbee now includes the satellite communities of Warren, Lowell, and San Jose. The Lowell and Warren townsites were consolidated into Bisbee proper during the early part of the twentieth century. There are also smaller neighborhoods interspersed between these larger boroughs, including Galena, Bakerville , Tintown, South Bisbee, Briggs, and Saginaw. Warren

664-612: A horse-drawn covered wagon in 1915. The farming was difficult there and the family turned to ranching, which they continue to this day near Pep . He served in the U.S. Army Air Corps in World War II as a weather forecaster . As a child Williamson enjoyed storytelling to his brother and two sisters. As a young man, he discovered the magazine Amazing Stories , established in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback , after answering an ad for one free issue. He strove to write his own fiction and sold his first story to Gernsback at age 20: "The Metal Man"

747-416: A household in the city was $ 27,942, and the median income for a family was $ 36,685. Males had a median income of $ 29,573 versus $ 23,269 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,129. About 12.9% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over. The Bisbee 1000 Stair Climb is a five-kilometer run through

830-518: A novella by Williamson— The Greatest Invention —published in Astounding Science Fiction magazine in 1951. The Science Fiction Writers of America named Williamson its second Grand Master of Science Fiction after Robert Heinlein, presented 1976. After having been let go from ENMU during the university's financial crisis in 1977, Williamson spent some time concentrating on his writing, but after being named professor emeritus by ENMU, he

913-562: A planet. AKKA was a weapon of mass destruction and the secret of it was entrusted to a series of women . AKKA was used in the past to overthrow the Purple tyranny. It was also used to wipe out most of the Medusae, though they had tried to steal the secret. When they were wiped out, the Moon where they had established their base was erased out of existence. At the end of the story, John Ulnar falls in love with

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996-501: A potent chemical weapon, attempting ecological destruction by means of projectiles fired from the Moon. Their vast spaceships also have very effective plasma weapons, very similar to those the Romulans had in a Star Trek episode called Balance of Terror . The Legion works also featured a force field called AKKA which can erase from the Universe any matter, of any size, anywhere, even a star or

1079-468: A quick source of income. While most pulps of the time were slow to pay, the recently restarted Astounding was an exception. However, they did not accept novels, so Williamson submitted three short stories and a novelette. Learning that they were also accepting novels for serialization, he sent in The Legion of Space , which was published as an anthology in six parts. It quickly became a genre favorite, and

1162-617: A resulting dramatic loss of population. But the population of Bisbee had dropped nearly 60%, from a high of 9,205 in 1920 down to 3,801 by 1950. In 1975 the Phelps Dodge Corporation halted its Bisbee copper-mining operations. Bisbee Mayor Chuck Eads, with the cooperation of Phelps Dodge, implemented development of a mine tour and historic interpretation of a portion of the Copper Queen Mine as part of an effort to create heritage tourism as another economic base to compensate for

1245-432: A semi-desert appearance with shrubby acacia , oak and the like, along with cacti , grass , ocotillo and yucca . The town itself is much more luxuriant with large trees such as native cypress , sycamore and cottonwood plus the introduced ailanthus and Old World cypresses , cedars and pines . Palms are capable of growing tall, but are not reliably hardy. At least one mature blue spruce may be seen. Bisbee

1328-540: A single month in these years; the February 1937 issue of the pulp Popular Detective featured three Hamilton stories, one under his name and two under pseudonyms. In the 1940s, Hamilton was the primary force behind the Captain Future franchise , a science fiction pulp designed for juvenile readers that won him many fans, but diminished his reputation in later years when science fiction moved away from space opera. Hamilton

1411-478: A steady decline in its standard of living. The residential district still houses a significant portion of the population, and includes City Hall, Greenway Elementary School, Bisbee High School, and the historic Warren Ballpark . Lowell was at one time a sizable mining town located just to the southeast of Old Bisbee. The majority of the original townsite was consumed by the excavation of the Lavender Pit mine during

1494-513: A ten-pound block of ice with antique ice tongs. Bisbee hosts an annual Blues festival, occurring in 2015 during the second week of September. The festival effectively lengthens the tourist season, and provides a large amount of business to local bars and breweries. Bisbee joined with Clifton in forming a cricket team that travelled to Santa Monica, California , in 1908 to play the Santa Monica Cricket Club in two games overlooking

1577-404: A vague resemblance to jellyfish, but are actually elephant-sized, four-eyed, flying beings with hundreds of tentacles. The Medusae cannot speak and communicate with one another via a microwave code. The Falstaff character is named Giles Habibula. He was once a criminal, and can open any lock ever made. In his youth he was called Giles The Ghost. Jay Kalam (Commander of The Legion) and Hal Samdu are

1660-567: A variety of topics. The lectureship is still celebrated at ENMU each year. The Jack Williamson Liberal Arts building houses the Languages & Literature, Mathematical Sciences, History, Religion & Social Sciences, and Psychology & Political Science Departments of the university, as well as the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Dean's Office. Williamson completed his PhD in English literature at

1743-631: Is $ 3–4. Edmond Hamilton Edmond Moore Hamilton (October 21, 1904 – February 1, 1977) was an American writer of science fiction during the mid-twentieth century. He is known for writing most of the Captain Future stories. Born in Youngstown, Ohio , he was raised there and in nearby New Castle, Pennsylvania . Something of a child prodigy, he graduated from high school and entered Westminster College in New Wilmington, Pennsylvania at

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1826-491: Is a city in and the county seat of Cochise County in southeastern Arizona , United States. It is 92 miles (148 km) southeast of Tucson and 11 miles (18 km) north of the Mexican border. According to the 2020 census , the population of the town was 4,923, down from 5,575 in the 2010 census. Bisbee was founded as a copper , gold , and silver mining town in 1880, and named in honor of Judge DeWitt Bisbee, one of

1909-478: Is a typical semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ) of the upland Mountain West . Summer days are warm to hot and dry before the monsoon brings the wettest season from July to September with 10.65 inches (270.5 mm) of Bisbee's total annual rainfall of 18.63 inches (473.2 mm), often with severe thunderstorms. During the winter, frontal cloudbands may bring occasional rainfall or even snowfall, though average maxima in

1992-459: Is elected in a direct citywide vote. In 2013, the city council received public notoriety when it proposed same-sex civil unions and shortly after became the first municipality in Arizona to pass a civil union law. The state's Attorney General, Tom Horne , threatened to sue, but decided against it after Bisbee amended the ordinance; the civil union ordinance came into effect July 5, 2013. "Bisbee

2075-510: Is more consciously "literary" and hence more admired by critics. But certainly the writing they did earlier was deservedly popular among SF fandom, who evidently found these works "serious" enough to merit reading. I am opposed, however, to literary tricks that tend towards obscurity or artificial difficulty, though I can see arguments for that kind of approach. My own experience as a teacher of writing confirms my sense that new authors with artistic ambitions may find themselves scorning too many of

2158-422: Is said that they do so, as they were once fleshly entities themselves of various species. Hence, the ruling Cometeers keep other intelligent beings as slaves and "cattle". They fear AKKA, though, as it can erase all their possessions. They are defeated by the skills of Giles Habibula. Giles broke into a secret chamber guarded by complex locks and force fields that the incorporeal Cometeers could not penetrate. In it

2241-588: The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel , where she and Ray Bradbury invited him to the coast in 1946. On December 31, 1946, Hamilton married her in San Gabriel, California , and moved with her to Kinsman, Ohio . Afterward he would produce some of his best work including his novels The Star of Life (1947), The Valley of Creation (1948), City at World's End (1951) and The Haunted Stars (1960). In this more mature phase of his career, Hamilton moved away from

2324-533: The Phelps Dodge Corporation , using private police and deputized sheriffs in conjunction with Cochise County Sheriff Harry C. Wheeler , kidnapped at gunpoint over 1,000 striking miners, packed them into cattle cars, and shipped them for sixteen hours through the desert without food or water to the town to Hermanas, New Mexico , due to allegations that they were members of the Industrial Workers of

2407-679: The Time Trapper , and the Legion of Substitute Heroes , among other characters. "The Clash of Cape and Cowl" in World's Finest Comics #153 (Nov. 1965) is the source of an Internet meme in which Batman slaps Robin . Hamilton retired from comics with the publication of "The Cape and Cowl Crooks" in World's Finest Comics #159 (August 1966). In 1969, the Macfadden/Bartell Corporation published

2490-594: The UCLA School of Law found that, on a proportional basis, Bisbee had more gay couples living together than anywhere else in the state. The ratio was 20.9 for every 1,000 households. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 21.6% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males. The median income for

2573-526: The University of Colorado in Boulder , focused on H.G. Wells ' earlier works, demonstrating that Wells was not the naive optimist that many believed him to be. Williamson coined the word terraforming in a science-fiction story published in 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction . He is also credited with one of the first uses of the term genetic engineering . The word " psionics " first appeared in print in

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2656-464: The pulp magazines but did not achieve financial success as a writer until many years later. An unfavorable review of his novel Seetee Ship , which said his writing "ranks only slightly above that of a comic strip adventure", brought Williamson to the attention of The New York Sunday News , which needed a science fiction writer for a new comic strip. Williamson wrote the resulting strip Beyond Mars (1952–55), loosely based on Seetee Ship , until

2739-548: The 1950s from Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU) in Portales (near the Texas panhandle), joining the faculty of that university in 1960. He remained affiliated with the school for the rest of his life. In the late 1990s, he established a permanent trust to fund the publication of El Portal , ENMU's journal of literature and art. In the 1980s, he made a sizable donation of books and original manuscripts to ENMU's library, which resulted in

2822-474: The 1950s. All that is left today is a small portion of Erie Street, along with Evergreen Cemetery, Saginaw subdivision and Lowell Middle School. These days Lowell is considered by most of the local residents to be more of a place name than an operating community. San Jose, on the southern side of the Mule Mountains , is the most modern of the city's subdivisions. As it is not restricted by mountains, it has had

2905-504: The Medusae, who are totally unlike humans in all ways, turn on the Purples, seeking to destroy all humans and move to the Solar System, as their own world, far older than Earth, is finally spiraling back into Barnard's Star. One of the Purples, John Ulnar, supports the Legion from the start, and he is the fourth great warrior. His enemy is the Purple pretender Eric Ulnar, who sought the Medusae out in

2988-560: The Merritt influence, Algis Budrys described "The Metal Man" as "a story full of memorable images". Early on, Williamson became impressed by the works of Miles J. Breuer and struck up a correspondence with him. A doctor who wrote science fiction in his spare time, Breuer had a strong talent and turned Williamson away from dreamlike fantasies towards more rigorous plotting and stronger narrative. Under Breuer's tutelage, Williamson would send outlines and drafts for review. Their first work together

3071-776: The Pacific Ocean on the grounds of the Polo Field. The miners lost both cricket games. The Copper Echo reported that Bennie, the general manager of the Shannon Company Copper Mine, was the miners' best cricketer. Bisbee was home to a minor league baseball franchise. The Bisbee Bees played as members of the Arizona State League and Arizona-Texas League . Bisbee is governed via the mayor-council system. The city council consists of six members who are elected from three wards, each ward elects two members. The mayor

3154-598: The Spring 2006 Jack Williamson Lectureship and published a 320-page novel, The Stonehenge Gate , in 2005. Minor planets 5516 Jawilliamson and 235281 Jackwilliamson are named in his honor. While attending a Great Books course, Williamson learned that Henryk Sienkiewicz had created one of his works by taking The Three Musketeers of Alexandre Dumas and pairing them with John Falstaff of William Shakespeare . Williamson took this idea into science fiction with The Legion of Space . Desperate for money, he searched for

3237-541: The Star Kings , originally intended for Harlan Ellison 's The Last Dangerous Visions , would not appear in print until 2005. It has been speculated that when Brackett temporarily abandoned science fiction for screenwriting in the early 1960s, Hamilton did an uncredited revision and expansion of two early Brackett stories, "Black Amazon of Mars" and "Queen of the Martian Catacombs" — revised texts were published as

3320-586: The World (IWW). The company wanted to prevent unionization, while the IWW sought safer mining conditions and the end of discrimination between US-born and immigrant workers. Earlier that year, industry police conducted the Jerome Deportation , similarly intended to expel striking miners. Continued underground work enabled the town to survive the changes in mining that caused mines in neighboring towns to close, leading to

3403-546: The age of 14, but dropped out at 17. Edmond Hamilton's career as a science fiction writer began with the publication of "The Monster God of Mamurth", a short story, in the August 1926 issue of Weird Tales . Hamilton quickly became a central member of the remarkable group of Weird Tales writers assembled by editor Farnsworth Wright , that included H. P. Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard . Weird Tales would publish 79 works of fiction by Hamilton from 1926 to 1948, making him one of

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3486-452: The age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.5% were non-families. 39.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.90. An analysis of United States Census Bureau data by researchers at The Williams Institute at

3569-408: The census of 2000, there were 6,090 people, 2,810 households, and 1,503 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,266.3 inhabitants per square mile (488.9/km ). As of the 2020 U.S. Census Redistricting Data there were 3,138 housing units (21.5% of which were vacant or possibly secondary homes) at an average density of 605.8 per square mile (233.9/km ). The racial and ethnic makeup of

3652-436: The city (where race/ethnicity of residents was known) was 65.2% non-Hispanic White , 29.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, 0.7% Non-Hispanic Black or African American , 0.6% Non-Hispanic Native American , 0.5% Non-Hispanic Asian , 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander , 0.5% from other races , and 3.3% from two or more races. There were 2,810 households, out of which 21.7% had children under

3735-601: The city that traverses 1,034 stairs. Billed as "the most unique physical fitness challenge in the USA!" by the organizers, the Climb includes runners being serenaded by musicians at various locations among the stairs. The event has grown to include the Ice Man Competition, designed to honor the history of men delivering blocks of ice by hand before the advent of refrigeration. In the Ice Man Competition, entrants race up 155 steps carrying

3818-411: The conflict between his reason and his emotion. From this period, his stories take on a grittier, more realistic tone. By the 1930s, he was an established genre author, and the teenaged Isaac Asimov was thrilled to receive a postcard from Williamson, whom he had idolized, which congratulated him on his first published story and offered "welcome to the ranks". Williamson remained a regular contributor to

3901-511: The departing swarm of planets once and for all. In 1983, Williamson published a final Legion novel, The Queen of the Legion . Giles Habibula reappears in this final novel, which is set after the disbanding of the Legion. An editor suggested that Williamson combine the ideas of contraterrene matter ( antimatter ) and asteroid mining , which inspired the Seetee (C-T) series of short stories written as Will Stewart. Bisbee, Arizona Bisbee

3984-455: The financial backers of the adjacent Copper Queen Mine . The town was the site of the Bisbee Riot in 1919. In 1929, the county seat was moved from Tombstone to Bisbee, where it remains. Mining in the Mule Mountains proved quite successful: in the early 20th century the population of Bisbee soared. Incorporated in 1902, by 1910 its population had swelled to 9,019, the third largest in

4067-489: The financial loss due to the end of the mining industry. Community volunteers cleared tons of fallen rock and re-timbered the old workings. Eventually, this local effort came to the attention of the federal Economic Development Administration . It approved a large grant to the City of Bisbee to help the mine tour project and other improvements in downtown Bisbee; these were designed to meet tourist business needs. The Queen Mine Tour

4150-490: The first Jules Verne Prize as the best science fiction story of the year (this was the first science fiction prize awarded by the votes of fans, a precursor of the later Hugo Awards ). In the later 1930s, in response to the economic strictures of the Great Depression , he also wrote detective and crime stories. Always prolific in stereotypical pulp magazine fashion, Hamilton sometimes saw four or five of his stories appear in

4233-526: The first hardcover compilations of what would eventually come to be known as the science fiction genre, The Horror on The Asteroid and Other Tales of Planetary Horror (1936). The book comprises the following stories: "The Horror on the Asteroid", "The Accursed Galaxy", "The Man Who Saw Everything" ("The Man With the X-Ray Eyes"), "The Earth-Brain", "The Monster-God of Mamurth", and " The Man Who Evolved ". Through

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4316-410: The first place, seeking to become the next Emperor of The Sun. The Medusae conquered the Moon, set up their bases there, and went on to attempt conquest of the Solar System. The Medusae had for eons used a reddish, artificial greenhouse gas to keep their dying world from freezing. The Medusae learned from the first human expedition to their world that the gas rots human flesh, and the Medusae use it as

4399-531: The first, The Star Kings , is a reworking of The Prisoner of Zenda while Return to the Stars is a fix-up of four stories: "Kingdoms of the Stars", "The Shores of Infinity", "The Broken Stars" and "The Horror from the Magellanic". A crossover between this universe and Brackett's, "Stark and the Star Kings", was released in 2005, having originally been submitted to The Last Dangerous Visions . Two further stories in

4482-474: The following decade, there was a decline in jobs and population, although not as severe as from 1930 to 1950. But, the economic volatility resulted in a crash in housing prices. Coupled with an attractive climate and picturesque scenery, Bisbee became a destination in the 1960s for artists and hippies of the counter culture . Artist Stephen Hutchison and his wife Marcia purchased the Copper Queen Hotel ,

4565-599: The formation of a Special Collections department; the library now is home to the Jack Williamson Science Fiction Library, which ENMU's website describes as "one of the top science fiction collections in the world". In addition, Williamson hosted the Jack Williamson Lectureship Series , an annual lectureship where Guests of Honor and other noted authors give lectures, read from their works, and participate in lively panel discussions on

4648-425: The historic city of Bisbee is known as "Old Bisbee" and is home to a thriving downtown cultural scene. This area is noted for its architecture, including Victorian-style houses and an elegant Art Deco county courthouse. Because its plan was laid out to a pedestrian scale before the automobile, Old Bisbee is compact and walkable. The town's hilly terrain is exemplified by the old four-story high school; each floor has

4731-453: The keeper of AKKA, Aladoree Anthar, and marries her. Aladoree Anthar is described as a young woman with lustrous brown hair and gray eyes, beautiful as a goddess . Williamson next wrote The Cometeers which takes place twenty years after The Legion of Space in which the same characters battle another alien race, this one of different origin. In this second tale, they fight The Cometeers who are an alien race of energy beings controlling

4814-428: The late 1920s and early 1930s Hamilton wrote for all of the science fiction pulp magazines then publishing, and contributed horror and thriller stories to various other magazines as well. He was very popular as an author of space opera , a subgenre he created along with E.E. "Doc" Smith , and which earned him nicknames like “The World Wrecker”. His story "The Island of Unreason" ( Wonder Stories , May 1933) won

4897-540: The magazine's most prolific contributors. Hamilton became a friend and associate of several Weird Tales veterans, including E. Hoffmann Price and Otis Adelbert Kline ; most notably, he struck up a 20-year friendship with close contemporary Jack Williamson , as Williamson records in his 1984 autobiography Wonder's Child. In the late 1930s Weird Tales printed several striking fantasy tales by Hamilton, most notably "He That Hath Wings" (July 1938), one of his most popular and frequently-reprinted pieces. Hamilton wrote one of

4980-531: The most new growth since the late 1990s. Named after a nearby Mexican mountain peak, it is the location of many newer county government buildings, the Huachuca Terrace Elementary School, and a large shopping center. In 2007, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold bought Phelps-Dodge company . Freeport has invested in Bisbee by remediating soil contaminated in previous mining operations, donations to

5063-486: The names of the other two warriors. In this story, these warriors of the 30th Century battle the Medusae, the alien race from the lone planet of Barnard's Star. The Legion itself is the military and police force of the Solar System after the overthrow of an empire called the Purple Hall that once ruled all humans. In this novel, renegade Purple pretenders ally themselves with the Medusae as a means to regain their empire. But

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5146-632: The novellas People of the Talisman and The Secret of Sinharat (1964). Edmond Hamilton died in February 1977 in Lancaster, California , of complications following kidney surgery. In the year before his death, Toei Animation had launched production of an anime adaptation of his Captain Future novels and Tsuburaya Productions adapted Star Wolf into a tokusatsu series; both series were aired on Japanese television in 1978. The Captain Future adaptation

5229-552: The old forms and patterns simply because they blindly associate them with hack work. The point is that these patterns and structures form the basic vocabulary through which all SF writers must speak. That's one reason I'm not completely sympathetic with contemporary writers like Silverberg and Chip Delany and Tom Disch , who are clearly aiming to get themselves recognized as "serious" or mainstream authors. Williamson received his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in English in

5312-618: The paper dropped all comics. Beginning 1954 and continuing into the 1990s, Williamson and Frederik Pohl wrote more than a dozen science fiction novels together, including the series Jim Eden, Starchild, and Cuckoo. Williamson continued to write as a nonagenarian and won both the Hugo and Nebula Awards during the last decade of his life, by far the oldest writer to win those awards. In his later years, he would also criticize attempts to write "serious" science fiction: Maybe because of my own background of writing commercial SF for so many years, I have

5395-420: The romantic and fantastic elements of his earlier fiction to create some unsentimental and realistic stories, such as "What's It Like Out There?" ( Thrilling Wonder Stories , December 1952), his single most frequently-reprinted and anthologized work. Though Hamilton and Leigh Brackett worked side by side for a quarter-century, they rarely shared the task of authorship; their single formal collaboration, Stark and

5478-454: The ruler of the Cometeers had kept its own weapon of mass destruction, one that would cause the Cometeers to disintegrate. The ruling Cometeer kept this weapon to enforce its rule over the others of its kind. Once the Cometeers were destroyed, their slaves were ordered by the Legion to take the comet and leave the Solar System, and never return. Another novel, One Against the Legion , tells of

5561-551: The school system, and other civic activities. Arizona State Route 80 runs through the city, leading northwest 23 miles (37 km) to Tombstone and 47 miles (76 km) to Benson , and east 26 miles (42 km) to Douglas . The Mexican border at Naco is 11 miles (18 km) south of the center of Bisbee. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.2 square miles (13.4 km ), all land. Natural vegetation around Bisbee has

5644-693: The territory, and it sported a constellation of suburbs, including Warren, Lowell , and San Jose, some of which had been founded on their own (ultimately less successful) mines. In 1917, open-pit mining was successfully introduced to meet the copper demand during World War I . A high quality turquoise promoted as Bisbee Blue was a by-product of the copper mining. Many high-quality mineral specimens have come from Bisbee area mines and are to be found in museum collections worldwide. Some of these minerals include cuprite , aragonite , wulfenite , malachite , azurite , and galena . Miners attempted to organize to gain better working conditions and wages. In 1917,

5727-522: The town's anchor business and architectural gem, from the Phelps-Dodge mining company in 1970. The company had tried to find a local buyer, offering the deed to any local resident for the sum of $ 1, but there were no takers. The property needed renovation for continued use. Hutchison purchased and renovated the hotel, as well as other buildings in the downtown area. One held the early 20th-century Brewery and Stock Exchange. Hutchison began to market Bisbee as

5810-503: The winter are typically very mild and sometimes even warm. Bisbee first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It did not appear on the 1900 census, despite having a population of thousands (many unincorporated communities were not reported). In 1902, it incorporated as a city and has appeared on every census since 1910. On September 10, 1959, it incorporated the adjacent unincorporated villages of Lowell-South Bisbee (1950 pop. 1,136) and Warren (pop. 2,610). As of

5893-404: Was Arizona's first planned community . It was designed as a bedroom community for the more affluent citizens of the mining district. Warren has a fine collection of Arts and Crafts style bungalow houses. Many have been recognized as historic places, and the city has an annual home tour during which a varying selection are offered for tours. Since the end of mining in the 1970s, Warren has seen

5976-605: Was associated with an extravagant, romantic, high-adventure style of science fiction, perhaps best represented by his 1947 novel The Star Kings. In 1942 Hamilton began writing for DC Comics , specializing in stories for their characters Superman and Batman . His first comics story was "Bandits in Toyland" in Batman #11 (June–July 1942). He wrote the short-lived science fiction series Chris KL-99 in Strange Adventures , which

6059-489: Was at this time that Bisbee became a haven for artists and hippies fleeing the larger cities of Arizona and California. Later it attracted people priced out by gentrification of places such as Aspen, Colorado . In the 1990s, additional people were attracted to Bisbee, leading it to develop such amenities as coffee shops and live theatre. Many of the old houses have been renovated, and property values in Bisbee now greatly exceed those of other southeastern Arizona cities. Today,

6142-566: Was by Manly Wade Wellman . The main series was followed by a set of seven novelettes from 1950–1951: "The Return of Captain Future", "Children of the Sun", "The Harpers of Titan", "Pardon my Iron Nerves", "Moon of the Unforgotten", "Earthmen No More" and "Birthplace of Creation". A space opera sequence based on the seminal "Crashing Suns". With the exception of "The Sun People", the stories were assembled as Crashing Suns in 1965. A space opera sequence:

6225-478: Was coaxed back to co-teach two evening classes, "Creative Writing" and "Fantasy and Science Fiction" (he pioneered the latter at ENMU during his full-time professorship days). Williamson continued to co-teach these two classes into the 21st century. After he made a large donation of original manuscripts and rare books from his personal collection to the ENMU library, a special collections area was created to house these and it

6308-914: Was later exported to Europe, winning Hamilton a new and different fan base than the one that had acclaimed him half a century before, notably in France, Italy and Germany. Joint interviews of Brackett and Hamilton by Dave Truesdale were published in Tangent (Summer 1976), and by Darrell Schweitzer in Amazing Stories (January 1978),  — the latter published several months after Hamilton's death, but conducted "much earlier", Truesdale attributes to Schweitzer. On July 18, 2009, Kinsman, Ohio, "celebrat[ed] Edmond Hamilton Day, honoring 'The Dean of Science Fiction' and Kinsman resident". Volumes #14 ( Worlds to Come , 1943) and #17 ( Days of Creation , 1944) were written by Joseph Samachson while #20, The Solar Invasion (1946)

6391-619: Was loosely based on Captain Future. He and artist Sheldon Moldoff created Batwoman in Detective Comics #233 (July 1956). Hamilton co-created Space Ranger in Showcase #15 (July–Aug. 1958) with Gardner Fox and Bob Brown . He also wrote the well-regarded three-part story "The Last Days of Superman" in Superman #156 (Oct 1962). Hamilton was also among the first regular writers for Legion of Super-Heroes , where he created Timber Wolf ,

6474-639: Was named the "Jack Williamson Special Collection". In 1994 Williamson received a World Fantasy Award for Lifetime Achievement. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Williamson in 1996, its inaugural class of two deceased and two living persons. The Horror Writers Association conferred its Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1998 and the World Horror Convention elected him Grand Master in 2004. In November 2006, Williamson died at his home in Portales, New Mexico , at age 98. Despite his age, he had made an appearance at

6557-421: Was officially opened to visitors on February 1, 1976. More than a million visitors have taken the underground mine tour train. From 1950 to 1960, the sharp population decline happening over the previous few decades changed course and the number of residents of Bisbee increased by nearly 160 percent when open-pit mining was undertaken and the city annexed nearby areas. The peak population was in 1960, at 9,914. In

6640-514: Was published in the December 1928 issue of Amazing . During the next year Gernsback published three more of his stories in the new pulp magazines Science Wonder Stories and Air Wonder Stories , and separately published "The Girl from Mars" by Miles J. Breuer and Williamson as Science Fiction Series #1 . His work during this early period was heavily influenced by A. Merritt , author of The Metal Monster (1920) and other fantasy serials. Noting

6723-461: Was quickly collected into a hardcover . The story takes place in an era when humans have colonized the Solar System but dare not go farther, as the first extra-solar expedition to Barnard's Star failed and the survivors came back as babbling, grotesque, diseased madmen. They spoke of a gigantic planet, populated by ferocious animals and the single city left of the evil "Medusae". The Medusae bear

6806-702: Was the first in Arizona to approve civil unions, with Tucson , Jerome and Clarkdale following." The City of Bisbee administers the Bisbee Bus System which is in fact operated by the City of Douglas under contract, with regularly scheduled services from Monday through Saturday within Bisbee and to Naco ; One-way fare is $ 1; The City of Douglas also operates the Cochise Connection, with regular shuttle services between Douglas , Bisbee, and Sierra Vista ; One-way fare

6889-691: Was the novel Birth of a New Republic in which Moon colonies were undergoing something like the American Revolution , a theme later taken up by many other SF writers, particularly in Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress . Wracked by emotional storms and believing many of his physical ailments to be psychosomatic, Williamson underwent psychiatric evaluation in 1933 at the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas , in which he began to learn to resolve

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