Azad Kashmir government
86-614: Azad Kashmir government Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Pakistan also known the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam or simply as Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) ( Urdu : جمیعت علماءِ اسلام (ف) ; lit. ' Assembly of Islamic Clerics (Fazal-ur-Rehman) ' ; abbr. JUI (F)
172-791: A common platform to oppose American drone strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas, viewing it as a violation of Pakistan's sovereignty. For example, following the 2 May 2011 U.S. raid in Abbottabad that led to Osama bin Laden 's killing, the JUI (F), and the JUI-S participated in a multi-party conference in Peshawar , condemning the drone strikes and calling on the government to end logistical support to NATO troops in Afghanistan. On
258-456: A few of the leading technocratic figures in his military government. After Bhutto's execution, momentum to hold elections began to mount both internationally and within Pakistan. But before handing over power to elected representatives, Zia-ul-Haq attempted to secure his position as the head of state. A referendum was held on 19 December 1984 with the option being to elect or reject the General as
344-478: A large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA). Bhutto called fresh elections , and PNA participated fully in those elections. They managed to contest the elections jointly even though there were grave splits on opinions and views within the party. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, alleging that the election was rigged. On 11 March,
430-705: A presence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Sindh , and Balochistan . The JUI traces its roots to politically active Deobandi who formed the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind (JUH) in 1919 in British India . The JUH was against colonialism and for a united India, opposing the formation of a separate homeland for Indian Muslims . A faction supporting the creation of Pakistan parted ways in 1945 to support the All Indian Muslim League . This faction came to be known as
516-500: A relationship in the heroin trade, but has been considered. Zia benefited from the extremely capable martial law administrators who previously had worked with the military governments of former president Yahya Khan and Ayub Khan in the 1960s. One of the notable officers that had worked with him were General Khalid Arief , Chief of Army Staff , and Admiral Mohammad Shariff , Chairman Joint Chiefs . Both were noted by Western governments as highly capable and had wide experience from
602-635: A role in brokering peace deals between the military and militants in Pakistan's tribal belt. For instance, in 2004, two JUI (F) national parliamentarians from South Waziristan arranged a deal (known as the Shakai agreement) with the Pakistani Taliban leadership and in September 2006 the JUI (F) helped broker a similar deal in North Waziristan . These deals have been criticized for legitimizing "the status of
688-694: A special needs child, Rubina Saleem, who is married to a Pakistani banker and has been living in the United States since 1980, and Quratulain Zia who currently lives in London , and is married to Pakistani doctor, Adnan Majid. His cousin Mian Abdul Waheed has served as diplomat, being Pakistan’s ambassador to Germany and Italy , also playing a major role in the country becoming a nuclear power, while post-retirement he turned to active politics, long been associated with
774-656: A split in the party which came to be divided into the JUI (F), headed by Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman and the JUI-S headed by Samiul Haq , who supported Zia and was a member in his parliament, the Majlis-e-Shura . However, after the assassination of JUI-S chief Samiul Haq in 2018, the activities of his faction gradually died down. This lead Moulana Fazal-ur-Rehman to successfully plead before Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) to get his JUI (F) faction renamed as JUI in March 2019. Over
860-502: A year, assuming the presidency in September 1978. He directed Islamization in Pakistan , escalated the country's atomic bomb project and instituted industrialization and deregulation , which significantly improved Pakistan's economy . In 1979, following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , Zia adopted an anti-Soviet stance and aided the Afghan mujahidin . He bolstered ties with China and
946-619: Is also cited for promoting the political career of Nawaz Sharif , who was thrice elected prime minister. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was born on 12 August 1924 in Jalandhar , Punjab Province , British India . His father, Muhammad Akbar Ali, worked in the Army General Headquarters in Delhi . Ali was noted for his religiosity which earned him the Muslim clerical title molvi . His family belonged to
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#17328552402981032-509: Is also the reason why he let Zia push for more Islam in the armed forces. Thus Bhutto let him change the army's motto to Iman , Taqwa , Jihad fi sabilillah and let him offer books of Mawdudi to his officers as prizes during various competitions, despite the strong ideological antagonism between Bhutto and the Islamist thinker. Prime Minister Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed;
1118-507: Is an Islamic fundamentalist political party in Pakistan . Established as the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam in 1945, it is the result of a factional split in 1988, F standing for the name of its leader, Fazal-ur-Rehman . It has been called "the biggest religio-political party" in Pakistan, with the largest "proven street power." At the time of its inception it was based in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which are mostly inhabited by Pashtuns , but over
1204-600: Is elected by the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly and is supported by a council of ministers. (S&GA). Ministry of Home Affairs The Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly, also known as the AJK Legislative Assembly, is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives. The assembly consists of 41 elected members and eight co-opted members of whom five are women, one is from the Ulama community, one
1290-582: Is from Jammu and Kashmir technocrats and other professionals, and one is from Jammu and Kashmir nationals residing abroad. The Supreme Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is the highest court of appeals in Azad Kashmir. It consists of a chief justice and two other judges. The number of judges in the supreme Court has been fixed at three by the Azad Kashmir Interim Constitution Act of 1974. The high court of Azad Kashmir , which serves as
1376-420: Is the state government which administers one of the territories of Pakistani-administered Kashmir territories of Azad Kashmir . The Azad Kashmir government consists of a president as head of state and a prime minister as chief executive, with the support of a council of ministers. The state assembly is the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly . The chief executive of the government is the prime minister, who
1462-726: The Arain community of Punjabis . At an early age, Zia and his six siblings were taught the Quran . After completing his initial education in Simla , Zia attended Delhi's prestigious St. Stephen's College , an Anglican missionary school, for his BA degree in History, from which he graduated with distinction in 1943. He was admitted to the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun , graduating in May 1945 among
1548-771: The Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Mohammad Shariff announced his and the navy's strong support for Zia and his military government. But the Chief of Air Staff General Zulfikar Ali Khan remained unsupportive, but the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Muhammad Shariff remained neutral, while he silently expressed his support to Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto. In 1978, Zia pressured President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry to appoint General Anwar Shamim as Chief of Air Staff; and Admiral Karamat Rahman Niazi as Chief of Naval Staff in 1979. On Zia's recommendation, President Illahi appointed Admiral Mohammad Shariff as Chairman of
1634-624: The Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam Nazryati (JUI-N) which split off in 2007, but merged back into JUI (F) in 2016; and Rabita Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam , led by Muhammad Khan Sherani which broke off in 2020. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Pakistan as simply "Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam", but is still commonly referred "Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)". The JUI follows the Deobandi school of Sunni Islam. In Pakistan, Deobandis have
1720-926: The PML-N before ending up in the PPP . Zia was commissioned into the British Indian Army on 12 May 1943 after graduating from the Mhow Officer Training School . He was posted to the 13th Lancers , a cavalry unit accoutered with tanks. During the Second World War , in May 1945, Zia participated in the Burma campaign and the Malayan campaign of the Pacific War against the Imperial Japanese Army . Following
1806-954: The Pacific War of the Second World War . Following the partition of India in 1947, Zia joined the Pakistan Army and was stationed in the Frontier Force Regiment . During the Black September , he played a prominent role in defending the Jordanian Armed Forces against the Palestinian Liberation Organization . In 1976, Zia was elevated to the rank of General and was appointed as Chief of Army Staff , succeeding Tikka Khan , by prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . In July 1977, Zia organized Operation Fair Play , during which he overthrew Bhutto and declared martial law . Zia remained de facto leader for over
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#17328552402981892-581: The Supreme Court of Pakistan was one of the earliest and major steps were taken out by the military government under General Zia-ul-Haq. Zia had recognised the fact that since, Bhutto had good equations with the governments of the Soviet Union , China , and all the important western countries , excluding the United States . Still, it was a formidable array of sovereigns, presidents and prime ministers and
1978-712: The Sutlej River . He was buried at the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad. Zia dominated Pakistan's politics for over a decade and his proxy war against the Soviet Union is credited with stopping an expected Soviet invasion of Pakistan . He is praised by Islamists for his desecularization efforts and opposition to Western culture . Zia's detractors criticize his authoritarianism , his press censorship , his purported religious intolerance and his weakening of democracy in Pakistan . His overall policy has been called Ziaism . Zia
2064-716: The Taliban in Afghanistan . The Taliban movement was reportedly started by graduates of JUI seminaries. Samiul Haq (of the JUI-S) is the leader of the Darul Uloom Haqqania madrassa in Akora Khattak , from where many of the top leaders of Taliban commanders and leaders graduated. In contrast to Maulana Samiul Haq and his JUI-S openly supporting militarism, the JUI (F) has a policy of not supporting militant activity and of promoting multi-party electoral politics. The JUI (F) has also played
2150-713: The United States and emphasized Pakistan's role in the Islamic world . Zia held non-partisan elections in 1985 and appointed Muhammad Junejo prime minister, though he accumulated more presidential powers through the Eighth Amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan . He dismissed Junejo's government on charges of economic stagflation and announced general elections in November 1988. In August 1988, while travelling from Bahawalpur to Islamabad , Zia died in an aircraft crash near
2236-518: The partition of India in 1947, Captain Zia was the escort officer for the last train of refugees to leave Babina , an armored corps training center in Uttar Pradesh , a difficult journey that took seven days, during which the passengers were under constant fire as communal violence broke out in the aftermath of Partition . In September 1950, Zia joined the Guides Cavalry . He was trained in
2322-897: The "Protection of the Rights of Religious Minorities Bill" was introduced in the Senate of Pakistan to avoid similar attack on minority worship places. But the Senate Standing Committee headed by Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) (JUI (F)) senator Abdul Ghafoor Haideri turned down the bill saying existing laws were enough to protect minorities. Government of Azad Kashmir Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics The Government of Azad Kashmir ( Urdu : حکومتِ آزاد کشمیر )
2408-595: The 1960s the party "developed a strong presence" and base of support among the "intensely conservative countryside" of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Mahmood led the JUI against Ayub Khan 's modernization policies. The JUI also participated in the 1970 elections with the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (JUP). It won seven seats in the National Assembly and nine in
2494-542: The Chief Justice Anwarul Haq, and the case of Bhutto was again heard by the Chief Justice Anwar-ul-Haq as the bench's lead judge, and presided the whole case of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto while forcing the martial law throughout Pakistan. Shortly, after Zia's return, another judge Mushtak Ahmad also gained Zia and Anwar-ul-Haq's support and elevated as the ad hoc Chief Justice of Lahore High Court ; he
2580-760: The Coup d'état carefully, as he knew Bhutto had integral intelligence in the Pakistan Armed Forces, and many officers, including Chief of Air Staff Air Marshal Zulfiqar Ali Khan and Major-General Tajammul Hussain Malik , GOC of 23rd Mountain Division, Major-General Naseerullah Babar , DG of Directorate-General for the Military Intelligence (DGMI) and Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan , were loyal to Bhutto. The coup (codenamed " Operation Fair Play ") transpired in
2666-632: The Federal government's decision to oust the NAP provincial government in Balochistan Province for alleged secessionist activities and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, Hayat Sherpao , in a bomb blast in the frontier town of Peshawar . Dissidence also increased within the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and
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2752-683: The Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Pakistan (JUI). JUI's first president, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani , broke away from the party in 1947 to form the Markazi Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (MJUI) , which played a key position in the passage of the Objectives Resolution of 1949 that laid down the "Islamic" foundations of future constitutions in Pakistan. The JUI became more politically active under Maulana Mufti Mahmood (1919–1980), who assumed its leadership in 1962. Under Mufti Mahmood during
2838-869: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, hence making the Admiral the highest-ranking officer and principal military adviser overlooking all of the inter-services, including the Chiefs of Staff of the respected forces. In 1979, the Chiefs of Army, Navy, and the Air Force, including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff validated the coup as constitutional and legal under the war-torn circumstances, pledging their support to Zia as well. After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, Zia shortly appeared on national television, PTV promising to hold new and neutral parliamentary elections within
2924-410: The PNA viewed Bhutto's government as illegitimate. Soon, all the opposition leaders called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime. Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to more unrest. On 21 April 1977, Bhutto imposed martial law in the major cities of Karachi , Lahore and Hyderabad . However, a compromise agreement between Bhutto and opposition was ultimately reported. Zia planned
3010-518: The PPP can be forgiven for making a massive political miscalculations. After calling for martial law, Zia pressured President Fazal Illahi to appoint Justice Sheikh Anwarul Haq to Chief Justice of Pakistan on 23 September 1977. Immediately, chief justice Yaqub Ali was forcefully removed from the office after the latter agreed to re-hear the petition filed at the supreme court by the peoples party's chairwoman Nusrat Bhutto on 20 September 1977. After Justice Yaqub Ali's removal, Bhutto objected to
3096-499: The Palestinians, as part of actions during Black September in which thousands were killed. It was Gul Hasan who interceded for Zia after which Army Chief General Yahya Khan let Zia off the hook. He was then promoted as Lieutenant General and was appointed commander of the II Strike Corps at Multan in 1975. On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved then-three star rank general Lieutenant-General Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be elevated to four-star rank. At
3182-405: The Punjab Province made much headway in beautifying Lahore extending infrastructure, and muting political opposition. The ascent of Nawaz Sharif to Chief Minister of Punjab was largely due to General Jilani's sponsorship. Perhaps most crucially, final and fourth martial law administrator appointment was then-Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan . Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to
3268-443: The Taliban movement in Afghanistan. JUI party workers and leaders are mostly products of the madrassa system, although the JUI (F) has often fielded candidates from a mainstream educational background. Both JUI factions have backed other India focused Deobandi militant groups, particularly the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and its offshoot, the Jaish-e-Mohammad , with JUI madrassas providing recruits for them. They are closely associated with
3354-456: The United States from 1962–1964 at the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . After that, he returned to take over as Directing Staff (DS) at Command and Staff College , Quetta . During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 , Zia is said to have been the Assistant Quartermaster of the 101st Infantry Brigade. As a young soldier, Zia preferred prayers when "drinking, gambling, dancing and music were
3440-446: The Zia years allowed the JUI to build thousands of madrassas, especially in the NWFP (now KPK), which were instrumental in the formation of the Taliban . At the same time the JUI was distrustful of Zia's close ties with the Jamaat-e-Islami and joined the anti-Zia and PPP -led Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD). Following the death of Mufti Mehmood Ahmed in 1980s, This dual relationship with Zia's regime eventually led to
3526-410: The alliance called a nationwide strike followed by vicious demonstrations demanding fresh elections. Around 200 people were killed in the encounters between protestors and security forces. They proceeded to boycott the provincial elections. Despite this, there was a high voter turnout in the national elections; however, as provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott,
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3612-424: The appeals and upheld the death sentence. On 4 April 1979, Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence as passed by the Lahore High Court . The hanging of an elected prime minister by a military dictator was condemned by the international community and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistan. Bhutto's trial was highly controversial. The Ad hoc appointments of senior justices at
3698-486: The appointment of General Anwar Shamim as Chief of Air Staff and following President's resignation, Zia appointed Shamim as the Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. In the matters of serious national security, General Zia had taken the chief of air staff and chief of naval staff in confidence after he discussed the matters with the respected chiefs of Staff. Zia's appointment in inter-services were highly crucial for his military government and pre-emptive measure to ensure
3784-424: The biography provided by Major-General A. O. Mitha , it was the Army Chief of General Staff, Lieutenant General Gul Hasan 's lobbying at the Army GHQ which also saved then Brigadier Zia-ul-Haq from being terminated. Brigadier Zia had been recommended to be court-martialled by Major-General Nawazish in his submission to President Yahya Khan for disobeying GHQ orders by commanding a Jordanian armoured division against
3870-404: The civilian institutions and legislators to ensure the country's integrity and sovereignty therefore, in October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process for the politicians. On television, Zia strongly defended his decision for postponing the elections and demanded that "scrutiny of political leaders who had engaged in malpractice in
3956-515: The continuous loyalty of Navy and Air Force to himself and his new military government. Despite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, president Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was persuaded to continue in office as a figurehead . After completing his term, and despite Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Chaudhry resigned, and Zia took the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. Although ostensibly only holding office until free elections could be held, General Zia, like
4042-621: The coup as a "spontaneous response to a difficult situation", but his response was a complete contradiction. Soon after the coup, Zia told the British journalist Edward Behr of Newsweek : I [Zia] am the only man who took this decision [ Fair Play ] and I did so on 1700 Hrs on 4[th] July after hearing the press statement which indicated that the talks between Mr. Bhutto and the opposition had broken down. Had an agreement been reached between them, I would certainly never had done what I did. However, Zia's Chief of Army Staff General Khalid Mahmud Arif contradicted Zia's statement when Arif noted that
4128-418: The coup but released shortly afterwards. Upon his release, Bhutto travelled the country amid adulatory crowds of PPP supporters. On 3 September 1977, he was arrested again by the Army on charges of authorising the murder of a political opponent in March 1974. The trial proceedings began 24 October 1977 and lasted five months. On 18 March 1978, Bhutto was declared guilty of murder and was sentenced to death. In
4214-440: The coup had already been planned, and the senior leadership of Pakistan Armed Forces had solid information. Therefore, Arif met with Bhutto on an emergency basis, stressing and urging Bhutto to "rush negotiations with the opposition". By Arif's and independent expert's accounts, the talks had not broken down even though the coup was very much in the offing. Zia further argued that Fair Play against Bhutto had been necessitated by
4300-532: The court of appeals, has three circuit benches based in Kotli , Mirpur and Rawalakot . Chief Election Commissioner for conducting general elections in AJK; Service Tribunal for adjudicating service issues of civil servants; Zakat Council for collecting, distributing the zakat system in AJK; Supreme Judicial Council of AJK; General Zia ul Haq Policies Chief of the Army Staff President of Pakistan [REDACTED] Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988)
4386-405: The democratic socialist's alliance who had previously allied with Bhutto began to diminish as time progressed. Initially targeting leader of the opposition Vali Khan and his opposition National Awami Party (NAP), also a socialist party. Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties, the clash of egos both inside and outside the National Assembly became increasingly fierce, starting with
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#17328552402984472-407: The domestic front, members of the JUI (F) have been vocal critics of changes in the blasphemy laws . Fazlur Rahman and JUI (F) has also opposed the passage of a bill aimed at preventing domestic violence with its members vowing to fight it "tooth and nail" as, according to them, its passage would "promote Western culture in the Islamic state." In 2008, a further (minor) split of JUI (F) resulted in
4558-539: The end of 1981 set up the majlis, which was to act as a sort of board of advisors to the President and assist with the process of Islamization. The 350 members of the Shoora were to be nominated by the President and possessed only the power to consult with him, and in reality served only to endorse decisions already taken by the government. Most members of the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars , ulema , journalists, economists, and professionals in different fields. Zia's parliament and his military government reflect
4644-436: The federal cabinet. In return for JUI (F) support, the PPP-led government-appointed Maulana Sherani, a JUI (F) senator without any formal academic training in Islamic jurisprudence , as chairman of the Council of Islamic Ideology in 2010. Sherani has frequently spoken out against the government's legislative efforts, particularly those related to women. He opposed a proposed bill on domestic violence stating that domestic violence
4730-402: The formation of a third faction, known as JUI-N ("N" for Nazryati "Ideological"). In 2020, a mob of local Muslims led by a local Islamic cleric and supporters of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam party attacked the historic Hindu temple in the Karak district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Twelve people were arrested in the aftermath. More FIRs were registered against over 350 people. Following this attack
4816-426: The government with Zia. Zia successfully divided and separated the secular forces from right-wing Islamists and conservatives, and later purged each member of the secular front. A Disqualification Tribunal was formed, and several individuals who had been members of parliament were charged with malpractice and disqualified from participating in politics at any level for the next seven years. A white paper document
4902-623: The idea of "military-bureaucratic technocracy" (MBT) where professionals, engineers, and high-profile military officers were initially part of his military government. His antipathy for the politicians led the promotion of bureaucratic-technocracy which was seen a strong weapon of countering the politicians and their political strongholds. Senior statesman and technocrats were included physicist-turned diplomat Agha Shahi , jurist Sharifuddin Perzada , corporate leader Nawaz Sharif , economist Mahbub ul Haq , and senior statesman Aftab Kazie , Roedad Khan , and chemist-turned diplomat Ghulam Ishaq Khan were
4988-407: The inclusion of the new Chief Justice, Sheikh Anwar-ul-Haq, as a chief justice of the Bench on the grounds that by accepting the office of acting president during the absence of Zia-ul-Haq from the country, he had compromised his impartial status. Bhutto also stated that the Chief Justice in his public statements had been critical of his government in the recent past. The objection was over-ruled by
5074-421: The last group of officers to be commissioned before the independence of India. On 10 August 1950, he married his cousin Shafiq Jahan in Lahore . Begum Shafiq Zia died on 6 January 1996. Zia is survived by his sons, Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq , (born 1953), who went into politics and became a cabinet minister in the government of Nawaz Sharif , and Anwar-ul-Haq (born 1960) and his daughters, Zain (born 1972),
5160-475: The local militants as power-brokers". JUI (F) leader Fazlur Rahman is also reportedly involved in negotiating agreements between the Pakistani Taliban and military and the Afghan Taliban and the US. On the political front, the JUI (F) has been more successful than the JUI-S. Fazlur Rahman, leader of the JUI (F), was appointed as chairman of the parliamentary committee on foreign affairs in the second government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto (1993–96). The JUI (F)
5246-509: The military government of the East-Pakistan and remained General Zia' confidential members. Both Admiral Sharif and General Arif handled the matters efficiently if the matters were out of control by Zia. In 1979, Zia influenced the Navy's Promotion Board several times after he succeeded first in the appointment of Admiral Karamat Rahman Niazi as Chief of Naval Staff in 1979, and Admiral Tarik Kamal Khan , also chief of naval staff, in 1983. On his request, then-President Fazal Illahi approved
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#17328552402985332-572: The murder of leading dissident Ahmed Raza Kasuri 's father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of masterminding the crime. PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ) and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended, and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of abusing human rights and killing large numbers of civilians. On 8 January 1977,
5418-402: The next 90 days My sole aim is to organize free and fair elections which would be held in October this year. Soon after the polls, power will be transferred to the elected representatives of the people. I give a solemn assurance that I will not deviate from this schedule. He also stated that the Constitution of Pakistan had not been abrogated, but temporarily suspended. Zia did not trust
5504-412: The past". Thus, the PNA adopted its policy of " retribution first, elections later". Zia's policy severely tainted his credibility as many saw the broken promise as malicious. Another motive was that Zia widely suspected that once out of power the size of the Pakistan Peoples Party rallies would swell and better performance in elections was possible. This led to request for postponement of elections by
5590-499: The post of Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan Province saw the disbanding of the Baloch insurgency , the containment of Afghan mujahidin, as well as the construction of nuclear test sites in the Chagai District . Zia's tenure saw the influx of heroin, sophisticated weaponry, and countless refugees in from neighbouring Afghanistan . Law and order deterioration was worse after he appointed Mr. Junejo as Prime minister in 1985. The government did not locate evidence of Zia having
5676-411: The presidency. Zia served as the 2nd chief of the Army Staff from 1976 to 1988, a position he later leveraged to execute a coup in 1977, which was the second coup in Pakistan's history of coups ; the first occurred in 1958 under Ayub Khan . Zia was born in Jalandhar and trained at the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun . In 1943, he was commissioned in the British Indian Army and fought in
5762-466: The previous military governments, disapproved of the lack of discipline and orderliness that often accompanies multiparty " parliamentary democracy ." He preferred a "presidential" form of government and a system of decision making by technical experts, or " technocracy ". His first replacement for the parliament or National Assembly was a Majlis-e-Shoora , or "consultative council." After banning all political parties in 1979 he disbanded Parliament and at
5848-562: The prospect of a civil war that Bhutto had been planning, by distributing weapons to his supporters. However, Arif strongly rejected Zia's remarks on Bhutto, and citing no evidence that weapons were found or recovered at any of the party's election offices, the military junta did not prosecute Bhutto on the charge of planning civil war. After deposing Prime Minister Bhutto on 5 July 1977, Zia-ul-Haq declared martial law, and appointed himself Chief Martial Law Administrator, which he remained until becoming president on 16 September 1978. Immediately,
5934-547: The provincial assemblies and became a partner in the NWFP and Balochistan provincial governments. Mufti Mahmood was sworn in as NWFP chief minister. Under him, the provincial government established a board to bring all laws in conformity with Islam. He resigned in 1973 over Bhutto's dismissal of the Balochistan provincial government. During the 1980s, the JUI supported some of General Zia ul Haq 's policies, including his anti-Soviet Jihad in Afghanistan . Additionally, official patronage and financial support for madrassas during
6020-476: The right-wing Islamists as well as left-wing socialists, formerly allied with Bhutto, which displaced Bhutto in the first place. Zia dispatched an intelligence unit, known as ISI's Political Wing, sending Brigadier-General Taffazul Hussain Siddiqiui, to Bhutto's native Province, Sindh , to assess whether people would accept martial law. The Political Wing also contacted the several right-wing Islamists and conservatives, promising an election, with PNA power-sharing
6106-425: The small hours of 5 July 1977. Before the announcement of any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troops of the Military Police under the order of Zia. Bhutto tried to call Zia but all telephone lines were disconnected. When Zia spoke to him later, he reportedly told Bhutto that he was sorry that he had been forced to perform such an "unpleasant task". Zia and his military government portrayed
6192-554: The time of his nominating the successor to the outgoing Chief of Army Staff General Tikka Khan , the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were: Muhammad Shariff , Akbar Khan, Aftab Ahmed , Azmat Baksh Awan, Ibrahim Akram , Abdul Majeed Malik, Ghulam Jilani Khan , and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. But, Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior lieutenant-generals. However, the senior most at that time, Lieutenant-General Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General,
6278-579: The way officers spent their free time." Brigadier Zia was stationed in Jordan from 1967 to 1970 as the head of a Pakistani training mission to Jordan. Zia-ul-Haq became involved on the Jordanian side of the military conflict against Palestinian insurgents known as Black September . Zia had been stationed in Amman for three years prior to Black September. During the events, according to CIA official Jack O'Connell , Zia
6364-560: The wife of the deposed Prime Minister, filed a suit against Zia's military regime , challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled, in what would later be known as the Doctrine of Necessity (not to be confused with the 1954 doctrine of necessity ) that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government
6450-473: The words of Aftab Kazie and Roedad Khan , Zia hated Bhutto and had used inappropriate language and insults to describe Bhutto and his colleagues. The Supreme Court ruled four to three in favour of execution. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician. Despite many clemency appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to commute Bhutto's death sentence, Zia dismissed
6536-560: The years it has cemented its electoral base into Balouchistan, and into Sindh. The JUI (F) is the largest splinter group of the original JUI, which split into two factions in 1980 over the policy of Pakistani president Zia-ul-Haq of supporting Mujahideen outfits in the Afghanistan war . The other faction, the much smaller JUI-S , led by Samiul Haq , is of regional significance in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Two other small splinter groups are
6622-653: The years the JUI-S has maintained that it is more committed to enforcing Sharia in the country than the JUI (F) faction. JUI-S influence is largely restricted to a few districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), whereas the JUI (F) is predominant in the Pashtun areas of Balochistan and KPK. Both factions of the JUI have a large network of madrassas and mosques that provide the main basis for its religious activism and politics. The two JUIs run over 65 percent of all madrassas in Pakistan. About 30,000 Afghan students from JUI-controlled madrassas (both JUI (F) and JUI-S) in Pakistan joined
6708-411: Was a Pakistani military officer who served as the 6th president of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. He rose to prominence after leading a coup on 5 July 1977, which overthrew the democratically elected government of prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Zia subsequently imposed martial law , suspended the constitution , and served as chief martial law administrator before assuming
6794-626: Was also the largest party in the MMA, winning 41 seats in the National Assembly and 29 of the MMA's 48 seats in NWFP in the 2002 elections. Subsequently, Fazlur Rahman became the Leader of the Opposition in 2004 and retained the post till 2007. The JUI (F) was also part of the current ruling PPP coalition but left the government amidst charges of corruption against one of its members, and information technology minister of
6880-708: Was appointed Martial Law Administrator of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province . Lieutenant-General Fazle Haque was considered a strong vocal General and a strong man. General Haque was the commander of the XI Corps , and commanding-general officer of the Army elements responsible for fighting a secret war against Soviet Union. The second appointment was of Lieutenant-General S.M. Abbasi who was appointed Martial Law Administrator of Sindh Province ; his tenure too saw civil disorder amid student riots. By contrast, third martial law administrator appointment of Lieutenant-General Ghulam Jilani Khan to
6966-472: Was dispatched north by King Hussein to assess Syria's military capabilities. The Pakistani commander reported back to Hussein, recommending the deployment of a RJAF squadron to the region. Zia-ul-Haq then went on to plan the Jordanian offensive against the Palestinians and commanded an armoured division against them. O'Connell also reported that Zia personally led Jordanian troops during battles. According to
7052-399: Was issued, incriminating the deposed Bhutto government on several counts. It is reported by senior officers that when Zia met federal secretaries for the first time as leader of the country after martial law, he said that "He does not possess the charisma of Bhutto, personality of Ayub Khan or the legitimacy of Liaquat Ali Khan " thereby implying how can he be marketed. Nusrat Bhutto ,
7138-406: Was legal on the grounds of necessity . The judgement tightened the general's hold on the government. When Bhutto appeared personally to argue his appeal in the supreme court, he almost affirmed his concurrence with the judges present for not letting off a judgement without imposing some conditions on ruling military government. Former elected Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was arrested during
7224-564: Was made the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee , a constitutional post akin to President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry . Pakistani academic Husain Haqqani argues that Bhutto chose Zia ahead of many senior officers for ethnic and caste reasons, thinking that an Arain would not make an alliance with the predominantly Pashtun and Rajput military officers in order to overthrow him, and this
7310-535: Was not a major issue in Pakistan until women's rights groups appeared and "created" it and that any such legislation hinders the creation of a "true Islamic society". Even though the JUI (F) no longer remained a coalition partner of PPP, Fazlur Rahman chaired the Kashmir committee during the PPP government and even held the position till the end of PML-N's government in 2018. Both factions of the JUI have frequently come together on
7396-477: Was too part of the bench who retained the death sentence of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto even though Bhutto was not declared guilty of the murder of the political opponent. In 1979, when Zia departed for Saudi Arabia , Justice Anwarul Haq served as interim president of Pakistan. The Zia regime largely made use of installing high-profile military generals to carte blanche provincial administration under martial law. Zia's Guides Cavalry comrade Lieutenant-General Fazhle Haque
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