Misplaced Pages

#97902

62-429: İzmit ( Turkish pronunciation: [ˈizmit] ) is a municipality and the capital district of Kocaeli Province , Turkey . Its area is 480 km, and its population is 376,056 (2022). The capital of Kocaeli Province, it is located at the Gulf of İzmit in the Sea of Marmara , about 100 km (62 mi) east of Istanbul , on the northwestern part of Anatolia . Kocaeli Province (including rural areas) had

124-455: A history as a port city . As of 1913, the Turkish government had been working to privatize the port. At that time, Vickers built a temporary dock, bringing a small export business to the area. The British described the port as having little business as of 1920. During the sanjak period of İzmit, the forested regions of the area were devastated by deforestation . The wood in the region of İzmit

186-484: A large oil refinery and major paper and cement factories. Ford Motor Company has a plant here in a joint venture with Otosan , assembling the Transit/Tourneo (including the new V362 Transit/Tourneo Custom since late 2012) and Transit/Tourneo Connect vans. After Ford's Southampton Assembly Plant's closure scheduled for July 2013 was completed, and the launch of the new Otosan only V363 Transit in 2014, İzmit became

248-521: A leader, speaking in unison under his command. Only Lactantius , a contemporary of Diocletian and a deep ideological opponent of the Diocletianic state, referred to the tetrarchs as a simple multiplicity of rulers. Much modern scholarship was written without the term. Although Edward Gibbon pioneered the description of the Diocletianic government as a "New Empire", he never used the term "tetrarchy"; neither did Theodor Mommsen . It did not appear in

310-597: A population of 2,079,072 inhabitants in 2022, of whom approximately 1.2 million lived in the largely urban İzmit City metro area made up of Kartepe , Başiskele , Körfez , Gölcük , Derince and Sapanca (in Sakarya Province). Unlike other provinces in Turkey, apart from Istanbul, the whole province is included within the municipality of the metropolitan center. İzmit was known as Nicomedia ( Ancient Greek : Νικομήδεια ) and Ólbia ( Ancient Greek : Ὀλβία ) in antiquity, and

372-589: A port on the Adriatic coast, and Eboracum (modern York , in northern England near the Celtic tribes of modern Scotland and Ireland), were also significant centres for Maximian and Constantius respectively. In terms of regional jurisdiction there was no precise division among the four tetrarchs, and this period did not see the Roman state actually split up into four distinct sub-empires. Each emperor had his zone of influence within

434-602: A praetorian prefecture), see Roman province . In the West, the augustus Maximian controlled the provinces west of the Adriatic Sea and the Syrtis , and within that region his caesar , Constantius, controlled Gaul and Britain. In the East, the arrangements between the augustus Diocletian and his caesar , Galerius, were much more flexible. Although power was shared in the tetrarchic system,

496-435: A province is designated the central district ( merkez ilçe ) from which the district is administered. The central district is administered by an appointed provincial deputy governor and other non-central districts by an appointed sub-governor ( kaymakam ) from their district center ( ilçe merkezi ) municipality. In these central districts the district center municipality also serves as the provincial center municipality. Both

558-413: A quarter of a kingdom as they saw fit; the Diocletianic tetrarchy was a college led by a single supreme leader. When later authors described the period, this is what they emphasized: Ammianus had Constantius II admonish Gallus for disobedience by appealing to the example in submission set by Diocletian's lesser colleagues; his successor Julian compared the Diocletianic tetrarchs to a chorus surrounding

620-483: A record low of −18.0 °C (0 °F) in February 1929. Snowfall is fairly common, and İzmit's snow depth record is 90 cm (35 in) in February 1929. İzmit is twinned with: The city's main football club is Kocaelispor , with fans all across the province. The city is also home to women's football team Derince Belediyespor . The multi-sport club Kocaeli B.B. Kağıt S.K. has several sports sections covering

682-409: A small passenger ferry sailing between İzmit and Değirmendere sank due to lodos weather. 272 people died including 38 students and seven crew. 37 passengers and two crew survived the disaster. Rail First opened in 1873 and then sold to Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie until its reacqusition in 1927, İzmit railway station near the D.100 highway connects Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway ,

SECTION 10

#1732845124098

744-507: A wide range disciplines. Cycling is popular with local team Brisaspor and the Tour of Marmara is hosted. The city also hosted the following tournaments: Districts of Turkey The 81 provinces of Turkey are divided into 973 districts ( ilçeler ; sing. ilçe ). In the Ottoman Empire and in the early Turkish Republic, the corresponding unit was the kaza . Most provinces bear

806-501: Is around 30 °C (86 °F) in July and August, while winters are cool and wet, the average minimum temperature is between 0–4 °C (32–39 °F) in January. Precipitation is high and fairly evenly distributed the year round; it is heaviest in late fall and winter. İzmit has a record high temperature of 44.1 °C (111 °F) in July 2000, which is exceptionally high for the region, and

868-541: Is between 40°-41° N and 29°-31° E, surrounded by the Gulf of İzmit at south, Istanbul and the Sea of Marmara at west, the Black Sea at north, and Sakarya at east. The city is mostly built on hill slopes because of the cramped area, while flat plains surround the gulf, near the sea. This topographic structure divided the city into two parts. The first was created on flat plains, where

930-476: Is divided among four individuals. Although the term "tetrarch" was current in antiquity, it was never used in the imperial college (as it's often called) under Diocletian. Instead, the term was used to describe independent portions of a kingdom that were ruled under separate leaders. The tetrarchy of Judaea , established after the death of Herod the Great , is the most famous example of the antique tetrarchy. The term

992-474: Is one of the busiest in Turkey, built in 1977 to replace the original station. Kocaeli neighbours one of the world's largest metropolitan centers, Istanbul . Its vicinity to Istanbul's two international airports ( Sabiha Gökçen International Airport and Atatürk International Airport ) which are 45 and 80 km (28 and 50 mi) away, respectively, from İzmit's city center, provides national and international connections. On 1 March 1958, SS  Üsküdar ,

1054-578: Is the capital) among the 25 European Regions of the Future for 2006–2007. The city was chosen along with Adana for Turkey, which scored the highest points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's wider infrastructure, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for human resources and quality of life. The famous Turkish traditional sweet Pişmaniye is a product of İzmit and the Kocaeli Province . There are 102 neighbourhoods in İzmit District: Located along

1116-536: The augustus was likened to Jupiter , while his caesar was akin to Jupiter's son Hercules . Galerius and Constantius were appointed caesares in March 293. Diocletian and Maximian retired on 1 May 305, raising Galerius and Constantius to the rank of augustus . Their places as caesares were in turn taken by Valerius Severus and Maximinus Daza . The orderly system of two senior and two junior rulers endured until Constantius died in July 306, and his son Constantine

1178-662: The British reported that the city had a population of about 13,000. In 1920–1921 atrocities were committed in the city and its surroundings during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) against the Greek civilian population. An Allied report (on 1 June 1921) stated that a large number of excesses were committed by both sides during the last year, while the Turkish atrocities in the Izmit peninsula "have been more considerable and ferocious than those on

1240-575: The Erasmus and Leonardo da Vinci student mobility schemes. With membership in the European University Association, KOU is aiming for greater international recognition of its academic work. The university, while focusing on technical and engineering subjects, offers an extensive selection of courses in social sciences and arts as well. Some steps toward certification by ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) are being taken by

1302-478: The Faculty of Engineering, such as adaptation of course content in engineering majors. İzmit has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa, Trewartha : Cf ), which is warmer than its surroundings – largely due to its sheltered location – and noticeably wetter during summers than other locations on the northern Sea of Marmara coast further to the west. Summers are hot and often muggy, the average maximum temperature

SECTION 20

#1732845124098

1364-517: The Roman Empire, but little more, mainly high command in a 'war theater'. Each tetrarch was himself often in the field, while delegating most of the administration to the hierarchic bureaucracy headed by his respective praetorian prefect , each supervising several vicarii , the governors-general in charge of another, lasting new administrative level, the civil diocese . For a listing of the provinces, now known as eparchy , within each quarter (known as

1426-532: The Tetrarchy a number of important military victories were secured. Both the dyarchic and the tetrarchic system ensured that an emperor was near to every crisis area to personally direct and remain in control of campaigns simultaneously on more than just one front. After suffering a defeat by the Persians in 296, Galerius crushed Narseh in 298—reversing a series of Roman defeats throughout the century—capturing members of

1488-528: The Tüpraş Petroleum Refinery Plant, is in Kocaeli, containing altogether 27% of the national chemical products industry, including petrochemical products. Eighteen of the 100 largest enterprises of Turkey are in Kocaeli and contribute to around 17%-18% of the national tax revenues. Financial Times affiliated Foreign Direct Investment magazine nominated Kocaeli (the province of which İzmit

1550-975: The West and Licinius in the East. The tetrarchic system was at an end, although it took until 324 for Constantine to finally defeat Licinius, reunite the two halves of the Roman Empire and declare himself sole augustus . ( Whole, then East ) Galerius ( caesar , 1 March 293) Constantius I ( caesar , 1 March 293) ( West ) 28 October 306 – 11 November 308 (2 years and 14 days) Galerius ( caesar , 21 March 293) Constantius I ( caesar , 1 March 293) Maxentius (co- augustus , 306–308) Constantine I (rival augustus , 25 July 306; co- augustus , 307) ( East ) Maximian ( augustus , 21 March 293–1 May 305) Constantius I ( caesar , 1 March 293; co- augustus , 1 May 305–25 July 306) Severus II ( caesar , 1 May 305; co- augustus , August 306–April 307) Maxentius ( caesar , 28 October 306; junior co- augustus , April 307–May 311) Licinius (designated augustus for

1612-499: The city center is located. The railway and highway networks pass from this area which is close to the Sea of Marmara. The second part was built on hills, with many historic houses from the Ottoman period in the old quarters. In Antiquity, the city in Greek was called Astacus or Olbia (founded 712 BC). After being destroyed, it was rebuilt and founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia in 264 BC under

1674-529: The claimants to the imperial office died or were killed in various civil wars. Constantine forced Maximian's suicide in 310. Galerius died naturally in 311. Maxentius was defeated by Constantine at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 and subsequently killed. Maximinus committed suicide at Tarsus in 313 after being defeated in battle by Licinius. By 313, therefore, there remained only two rulers: Constantine in

1736-616: The coins indicate which one of the four emperors is being shown. The Byzantine sculpture Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs shows the tetrarchs again with identical features and wearing the same military costume. One of the greatest problems facing emperors in the Third Century Crisis was that they were only ever able to personally command troops on one front at any one time. While Aurelian and Probus were prepared to accompany their armies thousands of miles between war regions, this

1798-574: The commercially-active Black Sea and Marmara Sea shorelines, Kocaeli boasts 5 ports and 35 industrial docks, making it an important communications center, as well as Anatolia 's farthest inland contact point and a gateway to global markets. The main transportation routes, the D100 highway and the Trans European Motorway which connects Europe with Asia, along with railway lines, form an intercontinental passage network. İzmit Central railway station

1860-460: The deputy governor and sub-governors are responsible to the province governor ( vali ). Greater Municipalities, however, are administered differently where a separate seat of municipality exists for the entire province, having administrative power over all districts of the province. Municipalities ( belediye ) can be created in, and are subordinate to, the districts in which they are located. Each district has at least one municipality ( belde ) in

1922-454: The district center from which both the municipal government for that municipality and the district government is administered. A municipality is headed by an elected mayor ( belediye başkanı ) who administers the local government for defined municipal matters. More and more settlements which are outside district centers have municipalities as well, usually because their population requires one. A municipality's borders usually correspond to that of

İzmit - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-604: The eastern capital city of the Roman Empire, when he introduced the Tetrarchy system. Nicomedia remained as the eastern (and most senior) capital of the Roman Empire until Licinius was defeated by Constantine the Great in 324. Constantine mainly resided in Nicomedia as his interim capital city for the next six years; until in 330 he declared the nearby Byzantium as Nova Roma , which eventually became known as Constantinople (modern Istanbul ). Constantine died at an imperial villa in

2046-536: The eastern regions of the empire while Maximian similarly took charge of the western regions. In 293, Diocletian thought that more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, so with Maximian's consent, he expanded the imperial college by appointing two caesares (one responsible to each augustus )— Galerius and Constantius I . In 305, the senior emperors jointly abdicated and retired, allowing Constantius and Galerius to be elevated in rank to augustus . They in turn appointed two new caesares — Severus II in

2108-511: The eastern steppes) at the Rhine and Danube . These centres are known as the tetrarchic capitals. Although Rome ceased to be an operational capital, Rome continued to be nominal capital of the entire Roman Empire, not reduced to the status of a province but under its own, unique Prefect of the city ( praefectus urbi , later copied in Constantinople). The four tetrarchic capitals were: Aquileia ,

2170-506: The fastest and highest-volume rail line in Turkey. Tram Operated by Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, Akçaray is operational since 2017. The second line was opened in 2019 and the whole system of 16 stations has over 8 million annual ridership. Kocaeli University (KOU) was established in the city in 1992. The university has more than 50,000 students. It has established a department of international relations that monitors Bologna developments closely and oversees KOU's participation in

2232-635: The first half of the 14th century. The city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1337. In the early 20th century, it remained the seat of a pasha , a Greek metropolitan , and an Armenian archbishop. İzmit was occupied by the United Kingdom on 6 July 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence . The British left it to Greece on 27 October 1920. İzmit was re-taken by the Turks on 28 June 1921. As of 1920,

2294-566: The imperial household and a substantial amount of booty and gaining a highly favourable peace treaty, which secured peace between the two powers for a generation. Similarly, Constantius defeated the British usurper Allectus , Maximian pacified the Gauls, and Diocletian crushed the revolt of Domitianus in Egypt . When in 305 the 20-year term of Diocletian and Maximian ended, both abdicated. Their caesares , Galerius and Constantius Chlorus, were both raised to

2356-759: The late 11th century, when it was captured by Seljuk Turks . However, the city soon returned to Byzantine sovereignty as a consequence of the successes of the First Crusade . After the sack of Constantinople in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade , the city of Nicomedia, with most of the Bithynia province, became a part of the Latin Empire . It was recaptured by the Byzantines around 1235 and stayed within Byzantine borders until

2418-558: The literature until used in 1887 by schoolmaster Hermann Schiller in a two-volume handbook on the Roman Empire ( Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit ), to wit: " die diokletianische Tetrarchie ". Even so, the term did not catch on in the literature until Otto Seeck used it in 1897. The first phase, sometimes referred to as the diarchy ("rule of two"), involved the designation of the general Maximian as co-emperor—firstly as caesar (heir apparent) in 285, followed by his promotion to augustus in 286. Diocletian took care of matters in

2480-688: The name Nova Roma , before he soon renamed it as Constantinopolis (modern Istanbul ). Constantine died at a royal villa near Nicomedia in 337. During the Ottoman Empire , İzmit was the capital of the Sanjak of Kocaeli . " İzmit " derives from the Ancient Greek name of the city, Nicomedia ( Greek : Νικομήδεια ), prefixed with εἰς 'to' or 'into' (similarly to İstanbul ). Names used in English prior to official Turkish Latinization include Ismid , Iskimid , and Isnikmid . The geographical location of İzmit

2542-522: The name of Nicomedia . It remained one of the most important cities in northwestern Asia Minor . Carthaginian general and statesman Hannibal came to Nicomedia in his final years and committed suicide in nearby Libyssa (modern Gebze ), in a date between 183 and 181 BC. The historian Arrian was born in Nicomedia, which was the metropolis of Bithynia under the Roman Empire (see also Nicaea ). In 286 AD, Roman emperor Diocletian made Nicomedia

İzmit - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-495: The part of the Greeks". The 7.6 M w   earthquake of 17 August 1999 devastated the region with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The shock killed more than 17,000 people and left half a million homeless. It took several years for the city to recover from this disaster, and traces of the earthquake remain visible. There are numerous tourist attractions in the city center and its adjacent region, such as: İzmit has

2666-528: The position of caesar to Severus. At the same time, Maxentius , the son of Maximian, resented being left out of the new arrangements, so he rebelled against and defeated Severus before forcing him to abdicate and then arranging his murder in 307. Maxentius and Maximian both then declared themselves augusti . By 308 there were therefore no fewer than four claimants to the rank of augustus (Galerius, Constantine, Maximian and Maxentius), and only one to that of caesar (Maximinus Daza). In 308 Galerius, together with

2728-427: The promotion of the augustus Licinius as their superior. After an abortive attempt to placate both Constantine and Maximinus with the meaningless title filius augusti ("son of the augustus ", essentially an alternative title for caesar ), they both had to be recognised as Augusti in 309. However, four full Augusti all at odds with each other did not bode well for the tetrarchic system. Between 309 and 313 most of

2790-405: The province. The districts and their populations (as of December 31, 2019) are listed below, by region and by province (with capital district in bold text). Tetrarchy Initially Diocletian chose Maximian as his caesar in 285, raising him to co- augustus the following year; Maximian was to govern the western provinces and Diocletian would administer the eastern ones. The role of

2852-408: The public image of the four members of the imperial college was carefully managed to give the appearance of a united empire ( patrimonium indivisum ). This was especially important after the numerous civil wars of the 3rd century . The tetrarchs appeared identical in all official portraits. Coinage dating from the tetrarchic period depicts every emperor with identical features—only the inscriptions on

2914-455: The rank of augustus , and two new caesares were appointed: Maximinus Daza ( caesar to Galerius) and Valerius Severus ( caesar to Constantius). These four formed the second tetrarchy. However, the system broke down very quickly thereafter. When Constantius died in 306, Constantine , Constantius' son, was proclaimed augustus by his father's troops; however, Galerius instead chose to promote Severus to augustus while granting Constantine

2976-694: The retired emperor Diocletian and the supposedly retired Maximian, called an imperial "conference" at Carnuntum on the River Danube. The council agreed that Licinius would become augustus in the West, with Constantine as his caesar . In the East, Galerius remained augustus and Maximinus remained his caesar . Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper. This agreement proved disastrous: by 308 Maxentius had become de facto ruler of Italy and Africa even without any imperial status, and neither Constantine nor Maximinus—who had both been caesares since 306 and 305 respectively—were prepared to tolerate

3038-553: The same name as their respective provincial capital districts. However, many urban provinces, designated as greater municipalities, have a center consisting of multiple districts, such as the provincial capital of Ankara province , The City of Ankara , comprising nine separate districts. Additionally three provinces, Kocaeli, Sakarya, and Hatay have their capital district named differently from their province, as İzmit, Adapazarı, and Antakya respectively. A district may cover both rural and urban areas. In many provinces, one district of

3100-650: The sole producer of Ford Transit vans for Europe. It is also a transportation hub, being on the main highway and railway lines between Istanbul and Ankara and having a major port . In the past few years the province has developed into a growth point for the Turkish automotive industry , receiving investments from Ford , Hyundai , Honda and Isuzu . Tyre and rubber products are produced to world-class standard ( Goodyear , Pirelli , Lassa and Bridgestone ). As of today, Kocaeli province has attracted more than 1200 industrial investments, 108 of which have been established with international capital. Turkey's largest enterprise,

3162-451: The tasks, which are largely similar but are adapted to their locality. Greater municipalities ( büyükşehir belediyesi ) exist for large cities like Istanbul and İzmir that consist of an extra administrative layer run by an elected head mayor, who oversee the municipalities and mayors within the province. Currently, 30 provinces are administered by greater municipalities in addition to having separate municipalities for every district within

SECTION 50

#1732845124098

3224-483: The tetrarchic system lasted until c. 324, when mutually destructive civil wars eliminated most of the claimants to power: Licinius resigned as augustus after losing the Battle of Chrysopolis , leaving Constantine in control of the entire empire. The Constantinian dynasty 's emperors retained some aspects of collegiate rule; Constantine appointed his son Constantius II as another caesar in 324, followed by Constans in 333 and his nephew Dalmatius in 335, and

3286-676: The three surviving sons of Constantine in 337 were declared joint augusti together, and the concept of the division of the empire under multiple joint emperors endured until the Fall of the Western Roman Empire . In the Eastern Roman Empire , augusti and caesares continued to be appointed sporadically. The term tetrarchy (from the Greek : τετραρχία , tetrarchia , "leadership of four [people]") describes any form of government where power

3348-505: The urban settlement it covers, but may also include some undeveloped land. Villages ( köy ) outside municipalities and quarters or neighborhoods ( mahalle ) within municipalities are the lowest level of local government, and are also the most numerous unit of local government in Turkey. They elect muhtars to care for specific administrative matters such as residence registration. The designation slightly differs ( köy muhtarı for village muhtar, mahalle muhtarı for quarter muhtar) and

3410-516: The vicinity of Nicomedia on 22 May 337. Owing to its position at the convergence of the Asiatic roads leading to the new capital, Nicomedia retained its importance even after the foundation of Constantinople. In 451, the local bishopric was promoted to a Metropolitan see under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . Nicomedia remained under Byzantine rule until

3472-428: The west in 308 and elevated Maximinus Daza to augustus in 310. Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 left him in control of the western part of the empire, while Licinius was left in control of the east on the death of Maximinus Daza. Constantine and Licinius jointly recognized their sons – Crispus , Constantine II , and Licinius II – as caesares in March 317. Ultimately

3534-416: The west under Constantius, and Maximinus in the east under Galerius—thereby creating the second Tetrarchy. The four tetrarchs based themselves not at Rome but in other cities closer to the frontiers, mainly intended as headquarters for the defence of the empire against bordering rivals (notably Sassanian Persia ) and barbarians (mainly Germanic, and an unending sequence of nomadic or displaced tribes from

3596-439: Was not an ideal solution. Furthermore, it was risky for an emperor to delegate power in his absence to a subordinate general, who might win a victory and then be proclaimed as a rival emperor himself by his troops (which often happened). All members of the imperial college, on the other hand, were of essentially equal rank, despite two being senior emperors and two being junior; their functions and authorities were also equal. Under

3658-450: Was the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire between 286 and 324, during the Tetrarchy introduced by Diocletian . Following Constantine the Great 's victory over co-emperor Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis in 324, Nicomedia served as an interim capital city for Constantine between 324 and 330, when he rebuilt and expanded the nearby city of Byzantium as the new Roman capital; formally dedicating it in 330 with

3720-558: Was understood in the Latin world as well, where Pliny the Elder glossed it as follows: "each is the equivalent of a kingdom, and also part of one" ( regnorum instar singulae et in regna contribuuntur ). As used by the ancients, the term describes not only different governments, but also a different system of government from the Diocletianic arrangements. The Judaean tetrarchy was a set of four independent and distinct states, where each tetrarch ruled

3782-405: Was unilaterally acclaimed augustus and caesar by his father's army. Maximian's son Maxentius contested Severus' title, styled himself princeps invictus , and was appointed caesar by his retired father in 306. Severus surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius in 307. Maxentius and Constantine were both recognized as augusti by Maximian that same year. Galerius appointed Licinius augustus for

SECTION 60

#1732845124098

3844-466: Was used to produce charcoal , primarily. During the 1920s, the area was also known for manufacturing linen . Factories were rare during that time, so most linen was handmade. It was described as being "coarse" and as being in high demand in Turkey as of 1920. İzmit was the home of two Turkish Army and Navy uniform factories. One made fez hats and the other made cloth. The area made carpet and embroidery , made by mainly Christian women. İzmit has

#97902