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62-556: In 1571-1585 the park was a country estate of a Muscovite boyar Zakharyin-Yuriev . After 1585, the ownership of the park was passed to the House of Romanov . In 1663, it became the official countryside residence of Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich . This occurred as the construction and redesign of the estate had been initiated. At first, a dam was constructed on Serebryanka River which resulted in formation of several ponds, namely Lebedyansky , Vinogradny and Serebryany ponds. An artificial island

124-546: A function. This way, the number of boyars could be increased, by selling functions to those who could afford them. The close alliance between the boyar condition and the military-administrative functions led to a confusion, aggravated by the Phanariots : these functions began to be considered as noble titles, like in the Occident. In fact, this was not at all the case. Traditionally, the boyars were organized in three states: boyars of

186-621: A narrow belt along the Himalayas to cover mainland and island Southeast Asia as far as Sumatra , Java , Borneo , and Palawan . Finally, oaks of multiple sections ( Cyclobalanopsis , Ilex , Cerris , Quercus and related genera like Lithocarpus and Castanopsis ) extend across east Asia including China, Korea, and Japan. Potential records of Quercus have been reported from Late Cretaceous deposits in North America and East Asia. These are not considered definitive, as macrofossils older than

248-485: A range of flavours, colours, and aromas. The spongy bark of the cork oak is used to make traditional wine bottle corks. Almost a third of oak species are threatened with extinction due to climate change, invasive pests , and habitat loss . In culture, the oak tree is a symbol of strength and serves as the national tree of many countries. In Indo-European and related religions, the oak is associated with thunder gods . Individual oak trees of cultural significance include

310-508: A single oak tree produces both staminate ('male') flowers in the form of catkins , and small pistillate ('female') flowers, meaning that the trees are monoecious . The fruit is a nut called an acorn , borne in a cup-like structure known as a cupule ; each acorn usually contains one seed and takes 6–18 months to mature, depending on the species. The acorns and leaves contain tannic acid , which helps to guard against fungi and insects. There are some 500 extant species of oaks. Trees in

372-546: A small area of the west of Cuba ; in Mesoamerica it occurs mainly above 1000 metres. The genus crossed the isthmus of Panama when the northern and southern continents came together and is present as one species, Q. humboldtii , above 1000 metres in Colombia. The oaks of North America are of many sections ( Protobalanus , Lobatae , Ponticae , Quercus , and Virentes ) along with related genera such as Notholithocarpus . In

434-439: A state function and/or a court function. These functions were called dregătorie or boierie . Only the prince had the power to assign a boierie. Landowners with serfs but no function were categorized as mazil but were still considered to be of noble origin ( din os boieresc , literally "of boyar bone"). Small landowners who possessed a domain without distinction ( devălmășie ) were called moșneni, răzeși , while

496-546: A theatre and a cinema. The park’s giant territory allowed for more objects to be installed, thus a pond was to be created in the middle of the park, and a zoo in the eastern part of it. A giant central stadium also named after Stalin was supposed to be the highlight of the park infrastructure and the biggest stadium in the country. The construction, although started, was haltered by the Second World War and never finished. In 1944, an underground station “ Izmaylovsky park ”

558-519: Is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family . They have spirally arranged leaves, often with lobed edges, and a nut called an acorn , borne within a cup. The genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; it includes some 500 species, both deciduous and evergreen . Fossil oaks date back to the Middle Eocene . Molecular phylogeny shows that the genus

620-477: Is also a small zoo with rabbits , rats , hedgehogs and Guinea pigs . In winter a skating rink is open. Izmaylovsky forest has a territory of 1608.1 hectares . The forest has a big diversity of plant species, including those that are endangered and are monitored by the Preservation agencies (almost 50 species). Rarely observed in urban areas, the transitional bog of the forest has originated from growing of

682-471: Is divided into Old World and New World clades , but many oak species hybridise freely, making the genus's history difficult to resolve. Ecologically, oaks are keystone species in habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert to subtropical rainforest . They live in association with many kinds of fungi including truffles . Oaks support more than 950 species of caterpillar , many kinds of gall wasp which form distinctive galls , roundish woody lumps such as

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744-452: Is from Old English ac (seen in placenames such as Acton , from ac + tun , "oak village" ), which in turn is from Proto-Germanic *aiks , "oak". Oaks are hardwood ( dicotyledonous ) trees, deciduous or evergreen, with spirally arranged leaves , often with lobate margins ; some have serrated leaves or entire leaves with smooth margins. Many deciduous species are marcescent , not dropping dead leaves until spring. In spring,

806-656: Is predecessor or old form of the title Bolyar (the Bulgarian word for Boyar). Boila was a title worn by some of the Bulgar aristocrats (mostly of regional governors and noble warriors) in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018). The plural form of boila ("noble"), bolyare is attested in Bulgar inscriptions and rendered as boilades or boliades in the Greek of Byzantine documents. Multiple different derivation theories of

868-645: The Kingdom of Poland as the result of the Galicia-Volhynia wars , local boyars were equated since 1430 in rights along with Polish nobility ( szlachta ). A great number of boyars fled to the lands of Great Duchy of Lithuania in Volhynia and Podolia . In the Carpathian regions inhabited by present day Romanians, the boyar ( boier ) class emerged from the chiefs (named cneaz ("leader") or jude ("judge") in

930-557: The Nogais , and some remained Muslims for a generation after the Mongols were ousted. What is interesting about the boyars is their implied duties. Because boyars were not constitutionally instituted, much of their powers and duties came from agreements signed between princes. Agreements, such as one between Ivan III and Mikhail Borisovich in 1484 showed how allegiances needed to be earned and secured, rather than implied and enforced. Instead of

992-622: The Paleogene , and possibly from before the Eocene are mostly poorly preserved without critical features for certain identification. Amongst the oldest unequivocal records of Quercus are pollen from Austria, dating to the Paleocene -Eocene boundary, around 55 million years ago. The oldest records of Quercus in North America are from Oregon , dating to the Middle Eocene, around 44 million years ago, with

1054-810: The Royal Oak in Britain, the Charter Oak in the United States, and the Guernica Oak in the Basque Country . The generic name Quercus is Latin for "oak", derived from Proto-Indo-European *kwerkwu- , "oak", which is also the origin of the name " fir ", another important or sacred tree in Indo-European culture. The word "cork", for the bark of the cork oak , similarly derives from Quercus . The common name "oak"

1116-500: The Rurik dynasty. The boyar Boris Godunov tried to proclaim himself tsar, but several boyar factions refused to recognize him. The chaos continued after the first False Dmitriy gained the throne, and civil war erupted. When the Romanovs took over, the seventeenth century became one filled with administrative reform. A comprehensive legal code was introduced, and a merging of the boyars into

1178-436: The oak apple , and a large number of pests and diseases. Oak leaves and acorns contain enough tannin to be toxic to cattle, but pigs are able to digest them safely. Oak timber is strong and hard, and has found many uses in construction and furniture-making. The bark was traditionally used for tanning leather . Wine barrels are made of oak; these are used for aging alcoholic beverages such as sherry and whisky , giving them

1240-456: The sphagnum moss . There are more than 25 species of lichens and 75 species of moss . The major part of the forest consists of deciduous trees , such as linden tree , oak , birch , maple . The Eastern part of the forest is constituted mainly by pines and firs that are more than hundred years old and were planted in the middle of 19th century as a part of the forest restoration effort. In total, more than 500 species are presented within

1302-653: The 10th century, and it is found in Bulgaria , also popular as old Bulgar title boila , which denoted a high aristocratic status among the Bulgars. It was probably built from bol - meaning many and yarin, yarki - meaning bright, enlightened . In support of this hypothesis is the 10th-century diplomatic protocol of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII , where the Bulgarian nobles are called boliades , while

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1364-551: The 16th and 17th centuries, many of those Rus boyars who failed to get the status of a nobleman actively participated in the formation of the Cossack army. Boyars in Novgorod and Pskov formed a sort of republic, where the power of princes (knyaz) was strongly limited until the conquest by Moscow. Boyars kept their influence in the Russian principalities of Vladimir, Tver and Moscow. Only after

1426-533: The 9th to 13th century, boyars wielded considerable power through their military support of the Rus's princes. Power and prestige of many of them, however, soon came to depend almost completely on service to the state, family history of service and, to a lesser extent, land ownership. Boyars of Kievan Rus were visually very similar to knights, but after the Mongol invasion, their cultural links were mostly lost. The boyars occupied

1488-526: The 9th-century Bulgar sources call them boila . A member of the nobility during the First Bulgarian Empire was called a boila , while in the Second Bulgarian Empire , the corresponding title became bolyar or bolyarin . Bolyar , as well as its predecessor, boila , was a hereditary title. The Bulgarian bolyars were divided into veliki ("great") and malki ("minor"). Presently in Bulgaria,

1550-478: The Great, who took power in 1697, took it upon himself to westernize Russia, and catch it up with the modern world. After the revolt of the streltsy regiments in 1698, Peter the Great returned to Russia, forcing government officials and those that were financially able to have clean shaven faces and wear Western clothing. Peter also reformed the judicial system, and created a senate with members appointed by him, replacing

1612-687: The Old World, oaks of section Quercus extend across the whole of Europe including European Russia apart from the far north, and north Africa (north of the Sahara) from Morocco to Libya. In Mediterranean Europe, they are joined by oaks of the sections Cerris and Ilex , which extend across Turkey, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan , while section Ponticae is endemic to the western Caucasus in Turkey and Georgia . Oaks of section Cyclobalanopsis extend in

1674-563: The Phanariot epoch, however, any man could be a prince if appointed by the sultan , and rich enough to buy this appointment from the grand vizier . During the Ottoman suzerainty, and especially during the Phanariot régime, the title of Prince became an administrative function within the imperial Ottoman hierarchy, and thus the ultimate form of boyardness. The title of Prince of Wallachia or Moldavia

1736-541: The areas north of the Danube , and celnic south of the river) of rural communities in the early Middle Ages , who made their judicial and administrative attributions hereditary and gradually expanded them upon other communities. They were approved by the Ottoman Empire , which had suzerainty over the area. After the appearance of more advanced political structures in the area, their privileged status had to be confirmed by

1798-427: The attack on Novgorod . This was to ensure the boyars and their military power remained loyal to the tsar. The grand duke also made sure that peasants could not leave the princes' lands, or from one place to another, in the mid-1400s, effectively establishing serfdom . The boyars gained rewards and gifts as well. Some boyars were sent to regions as governors, and could “feed off” the locals in this way. Still, by

1860-608: The biological diversity of the forest. Some flowering plants are also preserved: various species of lilies , including Turk's cap lily , orchids , etc. Many species are registered medicinal plants and are listed in the Russian Pharmacopoeia (The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation), such as bistort Bistorta officinalis . 55°46′37″N 37°47′20″E  /  55.777°N 37.789°E  / 55.777; 37.789 Boyar A boyar or bolyar

1922-459: The boyar opposition with the use of the oprichnina terror purges. Land grants were also given to subjects that provided military service, and soon this type of land grant became the more common compared to inherited land among the boyars. Ivan IV consolidated his power, centralized royal power, and made every effort possible to curb the influence of the princes. After Ivan IV, a time of troubles began when his son Fedor died without an heir, ending

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1984-633: The boyars' independent political power became obsolete. The independence and autonomy experienced by the princes of the regions in Muscovy was abolished under Ivan IV by the end of the sixteenth century, making them "the prince's sons", or just simple boyars serving the Grand Prince. Ivan IV divided Muscovy into two parts in 1565, and in the private part, the terror began. The boyars attempted to band together and resist, but instead of constitutionally establishing their role in government, Ivan IV ruthlessly crushed

2046-480: The burden of governing Muscovy. Small principalities knew their loyal subjects by name, but after the consolidation of territories under Ivan, familial loyalty and friendship with the boyar's subjects turned those same subjects into administrative lists. The face of provincial rule disappeared. Boyar membership, until the 16th century, did not necessarily require one to be Russian, or even Orthodox, as historians note that many boyars came from places like Lithuania or

2108-467: The central power, which used this prerogative to include in the boyar class individuals that distinguished themselves in the military or civilian functions they performed, by allocating them lands from the princely domains. Historian Djuvara explained the hypotheses concerning the origin of the Romanians , such as advancing the theory that the vast majority of the nobility in the medieval states that made up

2170-488: The centralization of power by Moscow was the power of the boyars diminished. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the boyars of Moscow had considerable influence that continued from the Muscovy period. However, starting with the reign of Ivan III , the boyars were starting to lose that influence to the authoritative tsars in Muscovy. Because of Ivan III's expansionist policies, administrative changes were needed in order to ease

2232-429: The class of the boyars of the first state, there was the subclass of the "grand boyars". Those were great landowners who also had some very high functions, such as the function of great vornic . Above those grand boyars was only the prince. Usually a prince was a boyar before his election or appointment as prince, but this was not an absolute condition. Initially, only princely descendants could be elected princes. During

2294-476: The elite bureaucracy was beginning to form. By the end of the Time of Troubles , the boyars had lost nearly all independent power. Instead of going to Moscow to gain more power, the boyars felt defeated, and felt compelled to go to Moscow to maintain a united and strong Russia. Second, the boyars lost their independent principalities, where they maintained all their power, and instead governed districts and regions under

2356-424: The end of the 15th century, boyar membership had declined, and merit rather than family background decided who became a boyar. When Ivan IV became the tsar, more radical changes were implemented to limit boyar influence. Ivan IV became the grand prince of all Muscovy in 1533 at the age of three, but various boyar factions tried to compete for control of the regency. When Ivan IV came to power in 1547, much more of

2418-406: The first, second, and third states. For example, there was a first or a grand postelnic , a second postelnic, and a third postelnic, each one with his different obligations and rights. The difference of condition was visible even in the vestimentation or physical aspect. Only the boyars of the first state had the right, for example, to grow a beard, the rest being entitled only to a mustache. Within

2480-526: The formation of the feudal states, such that the prince merely confirmed their preexisting status as landowners; and those who acquired their domain from a princely donation or who had inherited it from an ancestor who acquired it through such a donation ( cf. the distinction between Uradel and Briefadel in the Holy Roman Empire and in its feudal successor regimes). During the Phanariot régime, there were also boyars who had no land at all, but only

2542-404: The genus Quercus consisted of Old World and New World clades. The entire genome of Quercus robur (the pedunculate oak) has been sequenced , revealing an array of mutations that may underlie the evolution of longevity and disease resistance in oaks. In addition, hundreds of oak species have been compared (at RAD-seq loci), allowing a detailed phylogeny to be constructed. However,

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2604-574: The genus are often large and slow-growing; Q. alba can reach an age of 600 years, a diameter of 13 feet (4.0 m) and a height of 145 feet (44 m). The Granit oak in Bulgaria, a Q. robur specimen, has an estimated age of 1637 years, making it the oldest oak in Europe. The Wi'aaSal tree, a live oak in the reservation of the Pechanga Band of Indians , California, is at least 1000 years old, and might be as much as 2000 years old, which would make it

2666-487: The grand prince of the time. Boyars also lost their advisory influence over the grand prince with tools such as the duma, and instead the grand prince no longer felt compelled to listen to the demands of the boyars. The tsar no longer feared losing their military support, and unification of Muscovy became paramount in importance. With Peter the Great , the final nail in the coffin happened for the boyar's power, and they would never recover from his administrative reforms. Peter

2728-424: The grand prince personally overseeing his lands, he had to rely on his captains and close advisors to oversee day-to-day operations. Instead of the great voice the boyars had previously in their advisory roles, they now had less bargaining power and mobility. They answered questions posed by the grand prince, and Ivan III even made sure to get their approval on special events, such as his marriage to Zoe Paleologa, or

2790-461: The highest state offices and, through a council ( duma ), advised the grand duke . They received extensive grants of land and, as members of the Boyars' Duma, were the major legislators of Kievan Rus' . After the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, the boyars from western and southern parts of Kievan Rus' (modern Belarus and Ukraine) were incorporated into Lithuanian and Polish nobility ( szlachta ). In

2852-470: The household was so efficient that it alone could fully satisfy the needs of the tsar’s court. One of the biggest zoos in Europe at that time could also be found in the Izmaylovo Manor. After the death of Aleksey Mikhailovich the estates were abandoned and a lot of the buildings and facilities fell into decline. When he was a child, Peter the Great used the territory and the gardens for his war games;

2914-510: The largest number of oak species, with approximately 160 species in Mexico, of which 109 are endemic, and about 90 in the United States. The second greatest area of oak diversity is China, with approximately 100 species. In the Americas, Quercus is widespread from Vancouver and Nova Scotia in the south of Canada, south to Mexico and across the whole of the eastern United States. It is present in

2976-483: The old council of boyars that originally advised the tsar. This move he made was one of many that dismantled the powers and status the boyars previously possessed. Peter was driving out the conservative and religious faction of the boyars out of the courts, and instead using both foreign and Russian officials to fill the administrative system. Several boyars, as well as other nobility, spoke out against these reforms, including historian Mikhail Shcherbatov, who stated that

3038-547: The oldest oak in the US. Among the smallest oaks is Q. acuta , the Japanese evergreen oak. It forms a bush or small tree to a height of some 30 feet (9.1 m). The genus Quercus is native to the Northern Hemisphere and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in the Americas , Asia, Europe, and North Africa. North America has

3100-855: The oldest records in Asia from the Middle Eocene of Japan; both forms have affinities to the Cyclobalanopsis group. Quercus forms part, or rather two parts, of the Quercoideae subfamily of the Fagaceae , the beech family. Modern molecular phylogenetics suggests the following relationships: Fagus (beeches) Trigonobalanus (3 evergreen species) Lithocarpus (stone oaks) Chrysolepis (chinquapins) Quercus pro parte Notholithocarpus (tan oak) Quercus pro parte Castanopsis (also called chinquapins) Castanea (chestnuts) Molecular techniques for phylogenetic analysis show that

3162-423: The reforms Peter made helped destroy Russian tradition, and created people that tried to "worm their way up, by flattering and humoring the monarch and the grandees in every way." Still, the reforms continued, as by this point, the tsar possessed too much power, and Russia became an absolute monarchy more and more with each ruler. The Galician nobility originally were called boyars. With the annexation of Galicia by

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3224-512: The remains of the redoubts he built are still partially preserved. He also constructed a Prosyansky (Zhukovski) dam on the Serebryanka river to form a pond, which was later used for the trial sails of the botik “St. Nicholas” that Peter the Great discovered in Izmaylovo. In 1839, the mansion was used as a hospice and a house for the veterans of the war with Napoleon , as well as a shelter for

3286-425: The serfs (indentured servants) were called rumâni . Although functions could only be accorded by the prince and were not hereditary, land possession was hereditary. The prince could give land to somebody but could not take it from its possessor except for serious reasons such as treason. Therefore, there were two kinds of boyars: those whose families, as chiefs of the ancient rural communities, had held land before

3348-406: The territory of modern-day Romania was of Cuman origin and not Romanian: "Romanians were called the black Cumans". The Romanian social hierarchy was composed of boyar, mazil ( turkish: mazul ), răzeș ( yeoman, freedman ) and rumân ( serf ). Being a boyar implied three things: being a land-owner, having serfs, and having a military and/or administrative function. A boyar could have

3410-458: The widows and a small school for their children. In 19th century a big effort was put into recovery and restoration of the forests and gardens on the territory of the future Izmaylovsky park that continued over the decades. In 1930, Izmaylovo was given an official status of the park and in 1939 it was renamed after J.V. Stalin . It was one of the best parks in USSR , with a lot of facilities, including

3472-601: The word battle ( бој , boj ). The boyars of Serbia were literally "men for the battle" or the warrior class, in contrast to the peasants. They could own land but were obliged to defend it and fight for the king. With the rule of the Ottoman Empire after 1450, the Ottoman as well as the Austro-Hungarian terms exchanged the Serbian one. Today, it is an archaic term representing the aristocracy ( племство , plemstvo ). From

3534-399: The word bolyari is used as a nickname for the inhabitants of Veliko Tarnovo —once the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire . In medieval Serbia , the rank of the boyars ( Боjари , bojari ) was equivalent to the rank of the baron ; meaning "free warrior" (or "free man" in general), it was the first rank after the non-free peasants or serfs . The etymology of the term comes from

3596-553: The word have been suggested by scholars and linguists, such as it having possible roots from old Turkic: bai ("noble, rich"; cf. " bay ") plus Turkic är ("man, men"), proto-Slavic "boj" (fight, battle) or romanian "boi" (oxen, cattle) to "Boier" (owner of cattle). The title entered Old East Slavic as быля ( bylya , attested solely in The Tale of Igor's Campaign ). The oldest Slavic form of boyar — bolyarin , pl. bolyari ( Bulgarian : болярин , pl. боляри )—dates from

3658-703: Was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Bulgaria , Kievan Rus' (and later Russia ), Moldavia and Wallachia (and later Romania ), Lithuania and among Baltic Germans . Comparable to Dukes / Grand Dukes , Boyars were second only to the ruling princes , grand princes or tsars from the 10th to the 17th centuries. Also known as bolyar ; variants in other languages include Bulgarian : боляр or болярин ; Russian : боярин , romanized :  boyarin , IPA: [bɐˈjærʲɪn] , pl.  бояре; Romanian : boier , IPA: [boˈjer] ; and Greek : βογιάρος . The title Boila

3720-464: Was built to allow good transportation links with the other parts of the city. In 1961 the park was renamed to Izmaylovsky park, falling in line with the general direction of the party against Stalin's cult of personality . The underground station was renamed in 2005 into Partizanskaya . Also, throughout the year free outdoor classes and courses are free to the public, including general work-out, yoga, dancing and aerobics for children. For children, there

3782-526: Was equivalent in dignity to that of a Pasha with two horse-tails. Norwegian composer Johan Halvorsen wrote a march entitled "Bojarenes inntogsmarsj" (" Entry March of the Boyars "), known in Norway as the signal tune for the radio programme Ønskekonserten . Edvard Grieg arranged it for solo piano. August Strindberg requests that this piece be played during his play The Dance of Death, Part One . Oak See also List of Quercus species . An oak

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3844-640: Was situated in the middle of the Serebryany Pond. Later, the Izmaylovo Estate was built on the artificial island which existed up until 1855. Christmas church was also built on the Serebryany Island in 1676, which became the cathedral in 1679. There were a lot of gardens with exotic plants and trees, cherished under personal supervision of the tsar. The household buildings also included greenhouses, mills, breweries and other facilities. The organization of

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