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26-516: Quercus subgenus Cerris is one of the two subgenera into which the genus Quercus was divided in a 2017 classification (the other being subgenus Quercus ). It contains about 140 species divided among three sections . It may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade; all species are native to Eurasia and North Africa . Like all species of Quercus , those of subgenus Cerris are trees or shrubs with acorn -like fruit in which

52-483: A leopard . In botanical nomenclature the same principle applies, although the terminology is different. Thus the subgenus that contains the original type of the genus Rhododendron is Rhododendron subg. Rhododendron . Such names are called "autonyms". Barth%C3%A9lemy Charles Joseph Dumortier Barthélemy Dumortier was a son of the merchant and city councillor Barthélemy-François Dumortier and of Mariue-Jeanne Willaumez. He married Philippine Ruteau and they had

78-576: A botanic garden whose role model was the Royal Kew Gardens. His name was given to two plant species: to the Hemerocallis dumortieri ( Hemerocallidoideae ) and to the Stenocereus dumortieri ( Cactaceae ). Also he was honoured in 1863, in the naming of Mortierella , which is species are soil fungi belonging to the order Mortierellales . Then in 1967, Aquamortierella is a fungal genus in

104-454: A cup covers at least the base of the nut. Members of subgenus Cerris are distinguished from members of subgenus Quercus by few morphological features, their separation being largely determined by molecular phylogenetic evidence. The structure of the mature pollen is one feature that distinguishes the two subgenera: in subgenus Cerris , the small folds or wrinkles (rugulae) are visible or at most weakly obscured, whereas in subgenus Quercus ,

130-716: A member of the Académie de Bruxelles. He not only studied botany but also zoology. In 1835 Dumortier first proposed the genus Lepidozia . His reputation as a botanist was so brilliant that the Home Office asked him to be its representative in the Brussels’ Botanic Garden, then a joint stock company, supported by the State. In 1862, the Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique was created and Dumortier became its president. When

156-433: A section by George Bentham and William Jackson Hooker in 1880. It has also been treated as a subgenus. Members may be called cycle-cup oaks, or ring-cup oaks. Like all species of Quercus , those of section Cyclobalanopsis are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The staminate flowers are arranged in groups of usually one to three, but sometimes up to seven, along the axis of the inflorescence . The ornamentation of

182-502: A section under other names, including Quercus sect. Erythrobalanopsis Oerst. , Quercus sect. Castaneifolia O.Schwarz , Quercus sect. Vallonea O.Schwarz , Quercus sect. Aegilops (Reichenb.) O.Schwarz and the illegitimate name Quercus sect. Eucerris Oerst. Members may be called cerris oaks. Like all species of Quercus , those of section Cerris are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The staminate flowers have four to six stamens. The ornamentation of

208-521: A son, Barthélemy-Noël Dumortier (1830-1915). Barthélemy-Charles became politically active in the early eighteen twenties. In 1824 he founded the Courrier de l'Escaut , a paper critical of the government. He adhered in 1830 to the Belgian revolution . In 1831 he became a member of the first elected parliament of the new kingdom, as the member for Tournai. He remained elected until 1847. He then switched seats and

234-548: Is the only oak section with a centre of diversity in the Western Palearctic . The 2020 Red List of Oaks shows that within the species assessed across all eight sections of the genus Quercus , the sections Cyclobalanopsis and Ilex have the largest proportions of species put into the " critically endangered " category, representing the highest level of threat. A large number of section Cyclobalanopsis species occur in China:

260-525: The Flora of China states that 69 are native to China of which 43 are endemic. China has the largest number of threatened oak species. Subgenus In biology , a subgenus (plural: subgenera ) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus . In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name , in parentheses, placed between

286-455: The generic name and the specific epithet : e.g. the tiger cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea ( Cypraea ) tigris Linnaeus , which belongs to the subgenus Cypraea of the genus Cypraea . However, it is not mandatory, or even customary, when giving the name of a species, to include the subgeneric name. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp),

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312-451: The New World clade or the high-latitude clade. Quercus subgenus Cerris was first established by Anders Sandøe Ørsted in 1867. However, his conception and that of later workers, who often reduced it to a section, was closer to the modern section Cerris than the wider circumscription that has resulted from molecular phylogenetic studies, in which the subgenus is one of two divisions of

338-438: The analogous English translation: “The development of the conferve is as simple as its structure; it takes place by the attachment of new cells to the old, and this attachment always takes place from the end. The terminal cell elongates more than the deeper cells; then the production of a lateral bisector takes place in the inner fluid, which tends to divide the cell into two parts, of which the deeper one remains stationary, while

364-521: The company that ran the Brussels’ botanic garden collapsed, Dumortier developed the idea of a state-owned botanic garden in the capital. He succeeded in convincing the Parliament in 1869 of buying the impressive herbarium and dried collections of the late Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius. A few months later the state bought the garden of the 'Société Royale d’Horticulture de Belgique'. Dumortier hoped to create

390-405: The genus Quercus , and includes three sections. The following cladogram summarizes the relationships that Denk et al. used to draw up their 2017 classification: subg. Quercus sect. Cyclobalanopsis sect. Ilex sect. Cerris Quercus sect. Cyclobalanopsis was first established, as the genus Cyclobalanopsis , by Anders Sandøe Ørsted in 1867. It was first reduced from a genus to

416-574: The infield cellule; then a medium production takes place in the internal fluid, which tends to divide the cellule into two parts of which the infield remains stationary, while the terminal cell becomes denser again, producing yet another new internal cell, and so on. Is the production of the middle coat originally double or simple? Voilà ce qu'il est impossible de déterminer; mais toujours est-il vrai de dire que plus tard elle paraît double dans les conjuguées, et que quand deux cellules se séparent naturellement, chacune d'elles est close aux deux extrémités.” In

442-492: The mature pollen is a distinguishing feature of the section: pollen grains have vertical folds (rugulae). The stalk that joins the perianth to the ovary (the perianthopodium) has three to five distinct rings. The 'cup' (cupule) around the base of acorn also has distinct rings formed from thin membranes (lamellae), which also distinguishes the section from other oaks. The leaves are evergreen. The section contains about 90 species native to tropical and subtropical Asia including

468-487: The mature pollen is distinctive, consisting of scattered small bumps (verrucate). The cup of the acorn has narrowly triangular scales, thickened and with a keel and elongated recurved tips. The leaf is toothed, typically with bristle-like extensions to the teeth. There are about 13 species in Eurasia and North Africa, including the cork oak, Quercus suber , an important source of cork for wine stoppers, among other uses. It

494-488: The mature pollen is distinctive, consisting of wrinkles or folds (rugulae). The acorns mature either annually or after two years. The cup of the acorn has triangular scales, usually thin and membranous. The toothed leaves are evergreen with spines or bristles at the ends of the teeth. The section contains about 40 species native to Eurasia and North Africa. Quercus section Cerris was first established by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1829. It has been treated as

520-399: The rank of the division within the genus. Connecting terms are usually abbreviated, e.g. "subg." for "subgenus", and are not italicized. In zoological nomenclature, when a genus is split into subgenera, the originally described population is retained as the "nominotypical subgenus" or "nominate subgenus", which repeats the same name as the genus. For example, Panthera ( Panthera ) pardus ,

546-522: The rugulae are obscured by sporopollenin . The two subgenera are also distinguished to some extent by their different distributions. Subgenus Cerris is primarily Eurasian , with a few species in North Africa , and may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade. Subgenus Quercus occurs mainly in the Americas (although some species are also found in Eurasia and North Africa), and may be called

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572-427: The southern Himalayas. Quercus sect. Ilex was first established by John Claudius Loudon in 1838. It has also been treated as a subgenus, under the name Quercus subg. Heterobalanus Oerst. , and as subsection. Members may be called ilex oaks. Like all species of Quercus , those of section Ilex are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The staminate flowers have four to six stamens. The ornamentation of

598-459: The subgenus is one of the possible subdivisions of a genus. There is no limit to the number of divisions that are permitted within a genus by adding the prefix "sub-" or in other ways as long as no confusion can result. The secondary ranks of section and series are subordinate to subgenus. An example is Banksia subg. Isostylis , a subgenus of the large Australian genus Banksia . The ICNafp requires an explicit "connecting term" to indicate

624-401: The terminal part elongates again, forms a new inner partition, and so on. Is the production of the middle partition originally double or single? It is impossible to determine this, but it is always true that it later appears double when united, and that when two cells naturally separate, each of them is closed at both ends.” In 1872 he was awarded the honorary title of Minister of State. He also

650-577: Was awarded nobility with the title of earl. However, for unknown reasons, he did not raise the necessary patent letters and was therefore not ennobled. In the early 1820s, Dumortier published in Latin his first contribution to botany. In 1827 he published a complete national flora, the Florula Belgica . In 1829 Dumortier was already regarded as one of the greatest naturalists of the Low-Countries and became

676-460: Was now elected for the city of Roulers and held this seat until his death. Dumortier must be regarded as the first discoverer of cell division. In 1832, he described cell division in simple aquatic plants (French 'conferve'): “Le développement des conferves est aussi simple que leur structure; il s'opère par l'addition de nouvelles cellules aux anciennes, et cette addition se fait toujours par l'extrémité. The terminal cellule becomes more dense than

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